Endocervical microglandular hyperplasia: Colposcopic aspects, physiopathology and differential diagnosis.

Endocervical microglandular hyperplasia (MGH) is a reactive type of glandular lesion that may be confused with endocervical adenocarcinoma from the macroscopic and the colposcopic findings, as well as from a histological. Differential diagnosis is very important. Here, we report a case of a 21 years-old women with a challenging differential diagnosis in the colposcopy and a MGH as histological finding.

[The "immune checkpoints", how does it work]. / Les « immune checkpoints ¼, comment ça marche.

Costimulatory molecules allow the full lymphocyte activation, whereas co-inhibitory molecules are negative counterparts that act as immune regulators, avoiding excessive response. In some context of chronic inflammation such as cancer, co-inhibitory immune checkpoint as CTLA-4, PD-1, Lag-3, Tim-3 can accumulate at the membrane of T cells leading to a state of anergy and therefore the loss of tumor growth control. Consequently, these immune checkpoints are considered as potential target in the treatment of cancer. Immunotherapy by anti-CTLA-4 and anti-PD-1/PD-L1 early demonstrated very good proof of efficacy in the setting of several cancers types, supporting the role of these molecules in tumor immune escape. The aim of this review is to summarize the pathophysiology of immune checkpoints and their therapeutic applications in cancer.