Long-term functional outcomes after primary surgical repair of acute and chronic patellar tendon rupture: Series of 25 patients.

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to evaluate the clinical outcomes after surgical repair of patellar tendon rupture (PTR) and compare the evolution of 2 types of rupture (acute and chronic) after the same rehabilitation protocol. METHODS: This was a prospective cohort study of patients with PTR treated between January 2006 and January 2014 in the department of trauma surgery, Ibn Rochd university hospital, Casablanca. RESULTS: We evaluated 25 patients (21 men) after a median follow-up of 75 months (range 29-120). The mean age was 34.7±8.59 years. Overall, 17 patients had acute rupture and 8 chronic rupture. Fifteen healthy volunteers (13 men) were recruited as a control group. Mean Knee Society Score (KSS) knee score was significantly higher after than before surgery (82.28±12.297 vs 20.64±7.6; P<0.0001) as was KSS function score (88.40±17.483 vs 23.40±8.98; P<0.0001). Pain measured on a visual analog scale was significantly lower after than before surgery (1.96±1.24 vs 6.60±1.26; P<0.0001). ROM and KSS knee and function scores were significantly lower on the operated than non-operated side after surgery. For both types of PTR, only knee extensor muscle strength was significantly lower on the operated than non-operated side and as compared with healthy volunteer knees. CONCLUSIONS: Surgical repair of PTR with reinforcement and an early rehabilitation program demonstrate good results after a long follow-up. However, chronic PTR may need longer or a different rehabilitation protocol of the knee-extensor apparatus.

Isokinetic imbalance of adductor-abductor hip muscles in professional soccer players with chronic adductor-related groin pain.

This study aims to compare the isokinetic profile of hip abductor and adductor muscle groups between soccer players suffering from chronic adductor-related groin pain (ARGP), soccer players without ARGP and healthy volunteers from general population. Study included 36 male professional soccer players, who were randomly selected and followed-up over two years. Of the 21 soccer players eligible to participate in the study, 9 players went on to develop chronic ARGP and 12 players did not. Ten healthy male volunteers were randomly selected from the general population as a control group. Comparison between the abductor and adductor muscle peak torques for players with and without chronic ARGP found a statistically significant difference on the dominant and non-dominant sides (p < .005), with the abductor muscle significantly stronger than the adductor muscle. In the group of healthy volunteers, the adductor muscle groups were significantly stronger than the abductor muscle groups on both dominant and non-dominant sides (p < .05). For the group of players who had developed chronic ARGP, abductor-adductor torque ratios were significantly higher on the affected side (p = .008). The adductor muscle strength was also significantly decreased on the affected side. This imbalance appears to be a risk factor for adductor-related groin injury. Therefore, restoring the correct relationship between these two agonist and antagonist hip muscles may be an important preventative measure that should be a primary concern of training and rehabilitation programmes.

[Urodynamic profile of voiding disorders persisting after treatment of posterior urethral valve]. / Profil urodynamique des troubles vésico-sphinctériens persistants après cure de valves de l'urètre postérieur.

PURPOSE: Posterior urethral valves (PUV) are the most common cause of bladder outlet obstruction in infancy that impairs renal and bladder function. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We realize a retrospective study and examined 35 boys with urinary disorders post-treatment of PUV, seen at the urodynamic consultation. RESULTS: The mean age: 7.56 years, urinary problems are dominated by recurrent urinary tract infections and urinary leakage, morphological assessment is marked by the constant expansion of the urinary tract and bladder, 18 children have end-stage renal disease of which 8 are candidates for transplantation. About urodynamic, the uroflowmetry with measure of post-void urine residue: dysuria with significant residual urine in 14 children; for cystometry, 20 children with bladder hyperactivity, 9 bladders are hypotonic hypoactive with high capacity, 6 explorations are normal. CONCLUSION: Urodynamic explorations are all interest when voiding symptoms persist after endoscopic section valves and despite a good radiological result.

Effector biology of plant-associated organisms: concepts and perspectives.

Every plant is closely associated with a variety of living organisms. Therefore, deciphering how plants interact with mutualistic and parasitic organisms is essential for a comprehensive understanding of the biology of plants. The field of plant-biotic interactions has recently coalesced around an integrated model. Major classes of molecular players both from plants and their associated organisms have been revealed. These include cell surface and intracellular immune receptors of plants as well as apoplastic and host-cell-translocated (cytoplasmic) effectors of the invading organism. This article focuses on effectors, molecules secreted by plant-associated organisms that alter plant processes. Effectors have emerged as a central class of molecules in our integrated view of plant-microbe interactions. Their study has significantly contributed to advancing our knowledge of plant hormones, plant development, plant receptors, and epigenetics. Many pathogen effectors are extraordinary examples of biological innovation; they include some of the most remarkable proteins known to function inside plant cells. Here, we review some of the key concepts that have emerged from the study of the effectors of plant-associated organisms. In particular, we focus on how effectors function in plant tissues and discuss future perspectives in the field of effector biology.

[Retroperitoneal laparoscopy for the management of lumbar ureter stones]. / L'approche lomboscopique dans le traitement des calculs urétéraux lombaires.

INTRODUCTION: Retroperitoneal laparoscopy is a recent alternative to conventional surgical treatment of ureterolithiasis. The objective of this study was to evaluate the place of retroperitoneal laparoscopic ureterolithotomy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The authors report 50 cases of retroperitoneal laparoscopy for lumbar ureter stones performed in 49 patients between January 2001 and December 2006. The indications were a very large (>15 mm) obstructive stone in the lumbar ureter in 88% of cases, failure of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) in 6% of cases and refusal of ESWL in 6% of cases. RESULTS: The mean stone diameter was 17 mm (range: 10-35 mm). The stone was removed by retroperitoneal laparoscopy in 46 out of 50 cases (92%). The mean operating time was 97 min. (range: 35-170 min.). The surgical conversion rate was 8%. Ten patients (20%) developed a urinary fistula requiring secondary drainage by double J ureteric stent. The mean hospital stay was 6.8 days. No cases of ureteric stenosis or kidney destruction was observed with a mean follow-up of 32 months. CONCLUSION: Retroperitoneal laparoscopic lumbar ureterolithotomy is a safe, effective and minimally invasive technique which could constitute an alternative to open ureterolithotomy in the majority of its current indications.

Management of penile fractures complicated by urethral rupture.

The combination of lesions of the penile urethra and the corpus cavernosum is rare and likely to go unremarked. It worsens the immediate and long-term prognosis and poses a problem of management. Among 312 cases of penile fracture, we performed a retrospective study of a series of 10-case of traumatic corpora cavernosa rupture complicated with urethral rupture, treated in the department of Urology at 'Charles Nicolle' Hospital in Tunis. The median patients' age was 30 years. The most common mechanism was manipulation of an erect penis, found in six cases. Urethral rupture was suspected in all patients given the presence of bloody urethral discharge. No preoperative radiographic investigations were necessary. All patients underwent immediate surgical exploration. The urethral injury was always partial and localized at the level of the corpora tear. Surgical repair of both urethral and corpora tear was done in all patients. The follow up was uneventful. Urethrography at the removal of the transurethral catheter did not visualize contrast extravasation in any patient. No urethral stricture or erectile complaints were noted within a 36-month mean follow-up. Urethral rupture must be suspected in any case of penile fracture presenting with bloody urethral discharge. Standard treatment is immediate surgical repair.

False penile fracture: report of 16 cases.

We determined the value of diagnostic and therapeutic approaches of false penile fractures and the outcome of treatment. We retrospectively reviewed 16 cases of presumed penile fracture with a negative surgical exploration. Clinical presentation, technique of treatment and outcome were noted. The mean age was 39 years (17-64). Nine patients were injured during sexual intercourse. All the patients presented with the presumptive diagnosis of penile fracture. False penile fracture was evoked in one patient presenting a new erection. Surgical penile exploration was carried out for all the patients without any radiological explorations. It revealed nonspecific dartos bleeding in 10 cases and avulsed superficial dorsal vein in six cases requiring venous ends ligation. All the patients regained penile appearance and potency. We can hardly distinguish false penile fracture from 'true' penile fracture with certainty either clinically or radiologically, thus, surgical exploration is mostly necessary. The prognosis is excellent.