High-resolution air-clad imaging fibers.

We present a coherent fiber bundle comprising over 11,000 doped silica cores separated by an air-filled cladding. The fiber is characterized, and its imaging quality is shown to be a substantial improvement over the commercial state of the art, with comparable resolution over an unparalleled spectral range.

All-fibre pseudo-slit reformatters.

We report two different types of all-fibre pseudo-slit reformatters made either by tapering bundles of single-mode fibres or by postprocessing a photonic crystal fibre. These devices convert the modes of a multimode core to the modes of a linear pseudo-slit output structure, achieving a diffraction limited pattern in one direction.

Low index contrast imaging fibers.

We present high-resolution imaging fibers made from low-cost commercially available fiber preforms manufactured for the telecommunications industry. Our fabrication method involves multi-stacking arrays of different sized cores in order to suppress core-to-core crosstalk whilst building up a large array of cores. One of the fibers, based on a square array of cores, has comparable imaging performance to commercial imaging fibers but without the need for exceptionally high refractive index contrasts, and will enable the development of economically viable single-use disposable imaging fibers.

Endoscopic sensing of alveolar pH.

Previously unobtainable measurements of alveolar pH were obtained using an endoscope-deployable optrode. The pH sensing was achieved using functionalized gold nanoshell sensors and surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). The optrode consisted of an asymmetric dual-core optical fiber designed for spatially separating the optical pump delivery and signal collection, in order to circumvent the unwanted Raman signal generated within the fiber. Using this approach, we demonstrate a ~100-fold increase in SERS signal-to-fiber background ratio, and demonstrate multiple site pH sensing with a measurement accuracy of ± 0.07 pH units in the respiratory acini of an ex vivo ovine lung model. We also demonstrate that alveolar pH changes in response to ventilation.

Optical micro-knot resonator hydrophone.

We present results of what are believed to be the first underwater acoustic sensor using an optical micro-knot resonator. The mechanism involves straining the micro-fibre loop of the knot via an appropriate encapsulation material. The micro-knot sensor exhibited a spectral full-width half-depth of 37.7pm with a Q-factor of 41100 after deconvolution with the source. The shift in wavelength at 1550nm was observed to be around 67pm RMS when exposed to underwater acoustic excitation at 40Hz demonstrating a normalized sensitivity of -288 dB re µPa(-1), or 5.83 fm/Pa.

Adiabatically-tapered fiber mode multiplexers.

Simple all-fiber three-mode multiplexers were made by adiabatically merging three dissimilar single-mode cores into one multimode core. This was achieved by collapsing air holes in a photonic crystal fiber and (in a separate device) by fusing and tapering separate telecom fibers in a fluorine-doped silica capillary. In each case the LP01 mode and both LP11 modes were individually excited from three separate input cores, with losses below 0.3 and 0.7 dB respectively and mode purities exceeding 10 dB. Scaling to more modes is challenging, but would be assisted by using single-mode fibers with a smaller ratio of cladding to core diameter.

Ultraviolet four-wave mixing in the LP(02) fiber mode.

We report UV four-wave mixing in the LP(02) mode of a photonic crystal fiber when pumped by a frequency-doubled 532 nm microchip laser in the normal dispersion regime. A pure LP(02) mode was generated for the pump light by a broadband all-fiber mode converter. Ultraviolet signal wavelengths as short as 342 nm were generated.

Nonlinear optics in the LP(02) higher-order mode of a fiber.

The distinct disperion properties of higher-order modes in optical fibers permit the nonlinear generation of radiation deeper into the ultraviolet than is possible with the fundamental mode. This is exploited using adiabatic, broadband mode convertors to couple light efficiently from an input fundamental mode and also to return the generated light to an output fundamental mode over a broad spectral range. For example, we generate visible and UV supercontinuum light in the LP(02) mode of a photonic crystal fiber from sub-ns pulses with a wavelength of 532 nm.

Ultrafast laser inscription of a 121-waveguide fan-out for astrophotonics.

Using ultrafast laser inscription, we report the fabrication of a prototype three-dimensional 121-waveguide fan-out device capable of reformatting the output of a 120-core multicore fiber (MCF) into a one-dimensional linear array. When used in conjunction with an actual MCF, we demonstrate that the reformatting function using this prototype would result in an overall through put loss of ≈7.0 dB. However, if perfect coupling from the MCF into the fan-out could be achieved, the reformatting function would result in an overall loss of only ≈1.7 dB. With adequate development, similar devices could efficiently reformat the output of so-called "photonic lanterns" fabricated using highly multicore fibers.

"Photonic lantern" spectral filters in multi-core Fiber.

Fiber Bragg gratings are written across all 120 single-mode cores of a multi-core optical Fiber. The Fiber is interfaced to multimode ports by tapering it within a depressed-index glass jacket. The result is a compact multimode "photonic lantern" filter with astrophotonic applications. The tapered structure is also an effective mode scrambler.

A complex multi-notch astronomical filter to suppress the bright infrared sky.

A long-standing and profound problem in astronomy is the difficulty in obtaining deep near-infrared observations due to the extreme brightness and variability of the night sky at these wavelengths. A solution to this problem is crucial if we are to obtain the deepest possible observations of the early Universe, as redshifted starlight from distant galaxies appears at these wavelengths. The atmospheric emission between 1,000 and 1,800 nm arises almost entirely from a forest of extremely bright, very narrow hydroxyl emission lines that varies on timescales of minutes. The astronomical community has long envisaged the prospect of selectively removing these lines, while retaining high throughput between them. Here we demonstrate such a filter for the first time, presenting results from the first on-sky tests. Its use on current 8 m telescopes and future 30 m telescopes will open up many new research avenues in the years to come.

Hydrophobic photonic crystal fibers.

We propose and demonstrate hydrophobic photonic crystal fibers (PCFs). A chemical surface treatment for making PCFs hydrophobic is introduced. This repels water from the holes of PCFs, so that their optical properties remain unchanged even when they are immersed in water. The combination of a hollow core and a water-repellent inner surface of the hydrophobic PCF provides an ultracompact dissolved-gas sensor element, which is demonstrated for the sensing of dissolved ammonia gas.

Optofluidic microchannels in aerogel.

We report optofluidic waveguides made by filling microchannels in aerogel with water. The aerogel cladding is a nanoporous material with an extremely low refractive index of ~1.05, giving a large index step from the water core. Channels were formed by removing embedded optical fibers, which could be nonuniform or multiple. The porosity of the aerogel allowed air to be displaced from the channel, preventing the trapping of bubbles. The attenuation of red light in the highly multimode water core waveguide was no greater than 1.5 dB/cm.

High finesse microfiber knot resonators made from double-ended tapered fibers.

We fabricated optical microfiber knot resonators from thin tapered fibers (diameter down to 1 µm) linked to untapered fiber at both ends. We demonstrated a finesse of about 100, over twice as high as previously reported for microfiber resonators. Low-loss encapsulation of microfiber knot resonators in hydrophobic silica aerogel was also investigated.

Ultrafast laser inscription of an integrated photonic lantern.

We used ultrafast laser inscription to fabricate three-dimensional integrated optical transitions that efficiently couple light from a multimode waveguide to a two-dimensional array of single mode waveguides and back. Although the entire device has an average insertion loss of 5.7 dB at 1539 nm, only ≈0.7 dB is due to mode coupling losses. Based on an analysis which is presented in the paper, we expect that our device should convert a multimode input into an array of single modes with a loss of ≈2.0 dB, assuming the input coupling losses are zero. Such devices have applications in astrophotonics and remote sensing.

Stable low-loss optical nanofibres embedded in hydrophobic aerogel.

Nanofibres, optical fibres narrower than the wavelength of light, degrade in hours on exposure to air. We show that encapsulation in hydrophobic silica aerogel (refractive index 1.05) provides protection and stability (over 2 months) without sacrificing low attenuation, strong confinement and accessible evanescent field. The measured attenuation was <0.03 dB/mm, over 10 × lower than reported with other encapsulants. This enables many nanofibre applications based on their extreme small size and strong external evanescent field, such as optical sensors, nonlinear optics, nanofibre circuits and high-Q resonators. The aerogel is more than a waterproof box, it is a completely-compatible gas-permeable material in intimate contact with the nanofibre and hydrophobic on both the macroscopic and molecular scales. Its benefits are illustrated by experiments on gas sensing (exploiting the aerogel's porosity) and supercontinuum generation (exploiting its ultra-low index).

Silica aerogel core waveguide.

We have selectively filled the core of hollow photonic crystal fibre with silica aerogel. Light is guided in the aerogel core, with a measured attenuation of 0.2 dB/cm at 1540 nm comparable to that of bulk aerogel. The structure guides light by different mechanisms depending on the wavelength. At long wavelengths the effective index of the microstructured cladding is below the aerogel index of 1.045 and guidance is by total internal reflection. At short wavelengths, where the effective cladding index exceeds 1.045, a photonic bandgap can guide the light instead. There is a small region of crossover, where both index- and bandgap-guided modes were simultaneously observed.

More than threefold expansion of highly nonlinear photonic crystal fiber cores for low-loss fusion splicing.

We have formed low-loss fusion splices from highly nonlinear (HNL) photonic crystal fibers (PCFs) with small cores and high air-filling fractions to fibers with much larger mode field diameters (MFDs). The PCF core was locally enlarged by the controlled collapse of holes around the core while keeping other holes open. The fiber was then cleaved at the enlarged core and spliced to the large MFD fiber with a conventional electric arc fusion splicer. Splice losses as low as 0.36 dB were achieved between a PCF and a standard single-mode fiber (SMF) with MFDs of 1.8 microm and 5.9 microm, respectively.

Low bend loss in tightly-bent fibers through adiabatic bend transitions.

We demonstrate low bend loss for tightly bent optical fibers by winding the fiber around a mandrel designed to follow an adiabatic transition path into the bend. Light in the fundamental core-guided mode is smoothly transferred to a single cladding mode of the bent fiber, and back to the core mode as it leaves the bent region again. Design of the transition is based on modeling of the propagation and coupling characteristics of the core and cladding modes, which clearly illustrate the physical processes involved.

Square-lattice large-pitch hollow-core photonic crystal fiber.

We report on the design, fabrication and characterization of silica square-lattice hollow core photonic crystal fibers optimized for low loss guidance over an extended frequency range in the mid-IR region of the optical spectrum. The fiber's linear optical properties include an ultra-low group velocity dispersion and a polarization cross-coupling as low as -13.4 dB over 10 m of fiber.