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Over the past decade, the frequency of abdominal delivery in Russia has increased to an average of 25 %. The widespread use of abdominal delivery has not been without an increase in the incidence of complications. Among them is an infectious complication of a surgical obstetric wound (ICD O86.1) on the anterior abdominal wall after a caesarean section, which in some regions reaches 43 %. The development of complications is facilitated by various clinical and laboratory risk factors, the analysis of which in women of the Kirov region is the subject of this article. The analysis of clinical and laboratory risk factors was carried out on the basis of the data presented in the case histories of women hospitalized in the gynecological departments of the city of Kirov. Statistical data processing was carried out on a personal computer using the R-4.0.2 statistical program and Excel spreadsheets. When assessing the relevance of the problem for the Kirov region, it was found that the frequency of caesarean section over the past 10 years from 2011 to 2021 increased from 27,0 % to 34,0 %. The incidence of infectious complications in the Kirov region can be presented as follows: infection of the surgical obstetric wound (ICD O86.1) on the anterior abdominal wall after caesarean section - 27,0 %; peritonitis after caesarean section - 0,94 %-1,01 %; diffuse sepsis - 0,93 %-0,97 %. An important role, according to reports, in the addition of an infection of a surgical obstetric wound after cesarean section is played by the general morbidity and obstetric history in women with abdominal delivery, a detailed statistical analysis of which is presented in the materials of the article. The results of the study substantiated the problem of the development of an infection of a surgical obstetric wound after a caesarean section for the healthcare of the Kirov region, comparable to that for the healthcare of the entire Russian Federation. The analysis of clinical and laboratory risk factors showed the feasibility of using a comprehensive analysis of infection of a surgical wound after cesarean section at an early stage of its development to quickly resolve complications, reduce the duration of hospitalization of women after cesarean section, and subsequently preserve the reproductive function of a woman.
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Cesárea , Herida Quirúrgica , Cesárea/efectos adversos , Cesárea/métodos , Femenino , Humanos , Embarazo , Factores de Riesgo , Federación de Rusia/epidemiología , Infección de la Herida Quirúrgica/epidemiología , Infección de la Herida Quirúrgica/etiologíaRESUMEN
A comparative analysis of the detection of CagA-positive strains of H. pylori by immunochromatographic and molecular genetic methods was carried out. We used H. pylori strains isolated from individuals with diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. The immunochromatographic method was implemented using a developed experimental model of an immunochromatographic test system for detecting the H. pylori CagA protein in various biological materials. Determination of the pathogenicity gene cagA of H. pylori was carried out using the «Helikopol SA¼ test system («Litekh¼, Russia). The assessment of the comparability of the results of detecting CagA-positive strains of H. pylori was carried out using statistical methods: Monte-Carlo, calculation of the chi-square test (χ2) and Kendall's τ-b and Somer's d coefficients. Statistical analysis was performed using the software packages «Microsoft Office Excel¼, «Statistica 10.0¼, «WinBUGS 1.4.0.¼ The study showed the absence of a statistically significant difference and the presence of a direct strong correlation between the results of detecting CagA-positive strains by molecular genetic and immunochromatographic methods, which indicates that these methods provide similar results in identifying highly pathogenic strains of H. pylori.
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Infecciones por Helicobacter , Helicobacter pylori , Antígenos Bacterianos/genética , Proteínas Bacterianas/genética , Infecciones por Helicobacter/diagnóstico , Helicobacter pylori/genética , Humanos , VirulenciaRESUMEN
In this review, we discuss the progress in the study and modification of subtilisin proteases. Despite longstanding applications of microbial proteases and a large number of research papers, the search for new protease genes, the construction of producer strains, and the development of methods for their practical application are still relevant and important, judging by the number of citations of the research articles on proteases and their microbial producers. This enzyme class represents the largest share of the industrial production of proteins worldwide. This situation can explain the high level of interest in these enzymes and points to the high importance of designing domestic technologies for their manufacture. The review covers subtilisin classification, the history of their discovery, and subsequent research on the optimization of their properties. An overview of the classes of subtilisin proteases and related enzymes is provided too. There is a discussion about the problems with the search for (and selection of) subtilases from natural strains of various microorganisms, approaches to (and specifics of) their modification, as well as the relevant genetic engineering techniques. Details are provided on the methods for expression optimization of industrial subtilases of various strains: the details of the most important parameters of cultivation, i.e., composition of the media, culture duration, and the influence of temperature and pH. Also presented are the results of the latest studies on cultivation techniques: submerged and solid-state fermentation. From the literature data reviewed, we can conclude that native enzymes (i.e., those obtained from natural sources) currently hardly have any practical applications because of the decisive advantages of the enzymes modified by genetic engineering and having better properties: e.g., thermal stability, general resistance to detergents and specific resistance to various oxidants, high activity in various temperature ranges, independence from metal ions, and stability in the absence of calcium. The vast majority of subtilisin proteases are expressed in producer strains belonging to different species of the genus Bacillus. Meanwhile, there is an effort to adapt the expression of these enzymes to other microbes, in particular species of the yeast Pichia pastoris.
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Methylotrophic yeasts have been used as the platform for expression of heterologous proteins since the 1980's. They are highly productive and allow producing eukaryotic proteins with an acceptable glycosylation level. The first Pichia pastoris-based system for expression of recombinant protein was developed on the basis of the treeexudate- derived strain obtained in the US southwest. Being distributed free of charge for scientific purposes, this system has become popular around the world. As methylotrophic yeasts were classified in accordance with biomolecular markers, strains used for production of recombinant protein were reclassified as Komagataella phaffii. Although patent legislation suggests free access to these yeasts, they have been distributed on a contract basis. Whereas their status for commercial use is undetermined, the search for alternative stains for expression of recombinant protein continues. Strains of other species of methylotrophic yeasts have been adapted, among which the genus Ogataea representatives prevail. Despite the phylogenetic gap between the genus Ogataea and the genus Komagataella representatives, it turned out possible to use classic vectors and promoters for expression of recombinant protein in all cases. There exist expression systems based on other strains of the genus Komagataella as well as the genus Candida. The potential of these microorganisms for genetic engineering is far from exhausted. Both improvement of existing expression systems and development of new ones on the basis of strains obtained from nature are advantageous. Historically, strains obtained on the southwest of the USA were used as expression systems up to 2009. Currently, expression systems based on strains obtained in Thailand are gaining popularity. Since this group of microorganisms is widely represented around the world both in nature and in urban environments, it may reasonably be expected that new expression systems for recombinant proteins based on strains obtained in other regions of the globe will appear.
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The immunochromatographic test-system was developed for detecting protein of pathogenicity of CagA Helicobacter pylori in various biological samples (feces, content of dento-gingival recesses) and also in culture of H.pylori. The test-system represents multi-membrane composite on the basis of membranes manufactured by "MDI" (India). The main immunochemical components of test-system are conjugate of nanoparticles of colloid gold with size of 30 nm with monoclonal antibodies (clone HP-387), applied to membrane for conjugate; monoclonal antibodies (clone HP-1811) and anti-species antibodies of goat against Ig of mouse, applied to nitrocellulose membrane correspondingly in test and control zones. All antibodies are produced by the firm "Bialeksa" (Russia).
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Antígenos Bacterianos/aislamiento & purificación , Proteínas Bacterianas/aislamiento & purificación , Infecciones por Helicobacter/inmunología , Helicobacter pylori/patogenicidad , Inmunoensayo , Animales , Anticuerpos Antibacterianos/inmunología , Anticuerpos Monoclonales/inmunología , Ratones , VirulenciaRESUMEN
The article summarizes data of research studies concerning searching optimal conditions of development of highly specific and highly sensitive immune chromatography test-systems designed for detection of agents of infectious diseases. The analysis was implemented concerning choosing of optimal size of nano-particles of colloid gold and concentration of antibodies for production of conjugate. The alternatives are presented concerning the most frequently used combinations of buffer solutions applied for development and analysis of immune chromatography test-systems. The preferences are established in the field of characteristics of membranes used in composition of multi-membrane composite of immune chromatographic test-systems.
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Cromatografía , Enfermedades Transmisibles/inmunología , Inmunoconjugados/inmunología , Nanopartículas/química , Anticuerpos/inmunología , Enfermedades Transmisibles/diagnóstico , Oro Coloide/química , Humanos , Inmunoconjugados/aislamiento & purificación , Membranas ArtificialesRESUMEN
UNLABELLED: Upper eyelid weigh gold implant is the widely accepted standard for the treatment of paralytic lagophthalmos (PL). AIM: To evaluate late outcomes of PL correction with chain gold implants. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Chain gold implants were inserted in the upper eyelids of 70 patients with lagophthalmos due to chronic facial paralysis. A comprehensive ophthalmic examination was performed prior to surgery and then at months 1, 3, 6, 12, 24, and 36. RESULTS: The results obtained prove the method highly effective. None of the patients developed any severe complications. Cases of implant removal were few. Some of the studied biometric parameters decreased significantly after surgery, while the upper eyelid excursion increased. The implant had no effect on the inner surface of the cornea and its peripheral thickness. CONCLUSION: Efficacy of the proposed eyelid implant has been convincingly demonstrated; late complications have been analyzed.
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Blefaroplastia , Blefaroptosis , Enfermedades de la Córnea , Parálisis Facial/complicaciones , Oro/uso terapéutico , Complicaciones Posoperatorias/epidemiología , Implantación de Prótesis , Blefaroplastia/instrumentación , Blefaroplastia/métodos , Blefaroptosis/etiología , Blefaroptosis/cirugía , Enfermedades de la Córnea/epidemiología , Enfermedades de la Córnea/etiología , Párpados/cirugía , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Diseño de Prótesis , Implantación de Prótesis/instrumentación , Implantación de Prótesis/métodos , Federación de Rusia , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
The article deals with experimental evaluation with flow cytofluorimetry technique of the level of cellular immunologic memory in persons vaccinated with plague and anthrax live dry vaccines. It is established that the introduction of plague and anthrax live dry vaccines into organism of vaccinated persons ignites immunologic rearrangement manifested by reliable increase of level of blood concentration of Th1-lymphocytes (immunologic memory cells) against the background of vaccination. The higher correlation coefficient is detected between leucocytes lysis coefficient and stimulation coefficient according blood concentration level of T-lymphocytes predominantly at the expense of Th1-lymphocytes. The values of stimulation coefficient were calculated for corresponding blood cells of vaccinated persons. This data testifies the effectiveness of application of vaccination against plague and anthrax.
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Carbunco/inmunología , Memoria Inmunológica , Peste/inmunología , Linfocitos T/inmunología , Carbunco/patología , Carbunco/prevención & control , Citometría de Flujo , Humanos , Inmunidad Celular , Activación de Linfocitos , Peste/patología , Peste/prevención & control , VacunaciónRESUMEN
The article discusses the effectiveness of the technique of immune-enzyme detection of anti-botulin antibodies type A in human blood serum. The presence of antibodies is registered in blood serum after second and subsequent immunization with botulin trianatoxin (titer from 1:400 to 1:3200). The establishment of relationship between the registered titers of anti-botulin antibodies and the activity of serum during protection of white mice from toxin revealed the correlation coefficient between these values as 0.58.
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Anticuerpos Antibacterianos/sangre , Toxinas Botulínicas , Inmunización , Toxoides/administración & dosificación , Animales , Anticuerpos Antibacterianos/inmunología , Botulismo/sangre , Botulismo/inmunología , Botulismo/prevención & control , Ensayo de Inmunoadsorción Enzimática , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Ratones , Toxoides/inmunologíaRESUMEN
By taking into account the leading role of specific cellular immunity in the development of protection against the majority of dangerous and extremely dangerous infections of bacterial, viral, and rickettsial nature, the study of the above immunity should be considered as most important on estimating the body's immunological rearrangement when vaccines against respective infections are administered. The battery of the test used to date for the analysis of specific cellular immunity is mainly restricted to skin tests that have disadvantages. This paper reviews the currently available laboratory methods for in vitro studies of a specific cellular immune response as a criterion for evaluating the efficiency of immunization.
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Infecciones Bacterianas/prevención & control , Inmunidad Celular , Pruebas Inmunológicas/métodos , Vacunación , Vacunas/administración & dosificación , Virosis/prevención & control , HumanosRESUMEN
AIM: Electromuscular stimulation (EMS) with VEINOPLUS® has recently emerged as a new technique to activate the calf muscle pump, improving the symptoms of venous disease. The aim of the study was to evaluate efficacy of EMS and its impact on evening edema, venous pain, venous outflow and patients quality of life. METHODS: Thirty patients (32 legs) aged 19-50 (mean 45.2±1.3) classified CEAP C3 with chronic evening venous edema took part in the study (22 limbs: C3, S, Ep, Asp, Pr and 10 limbs: C3, S, Es, Aspd, Pr). All patients were treated with CE-registered VEINOPLUS® neuromuscular stimulator for 30 days. 3 sessions per day (each session lasted for 20 minutes) for the first 10 days, the next 10 days 2 sessions per day and one session per day for the last 10 days. The main evaluated criteria for venous edema was the circumference of the supramaleoal shin segment, measured twice with a tape measure; in the evening the day before and then 5 days after the treatment. All measurements were taken during the interval between 6 and 8 o'clock P.M. All the patients were asked to evaluate venous pain using the Visual Analog Scale, and to fill in a CIVIQ questionnaire (validated for Russian patients) for the Quality Of Life (QOL) measurement. Also venous refilling time (RT) was measured by digital PPG. That was also made twice - before the treatment and in 35 days after the treatment. No other treatments were used. RESULTS: The EMS treatment was well tolerated by patients. There were no drop outs and patients had no need to change their lifestyles. After the treatment, total or partial reduction of evening edema was shown in 93.8% of limbs, the circumference of the lower leg diminished by 20.3mm (P<0.001), the number of painful legs reduced from 28 to 12 and the severity score of venous pain was cut from 8.3 ±1.1 to 3.8 points ±0.9 (P<0.001), QOL improved significantly as the score dropped from 34.5 ±7.8 to 17.2 points ±4.6 (P<0.001) and RT increased from 17.3 ±0.9 to 21.5 seconds ±1.1 (P<0.001). Three months after VEINOPLUS® treatment, total remission of symptoms was observed in 50% of legs, despite there being no other treatments. CONCLUSION: VEINOPLUS® stimulation is an effective and well-tolerated therapeutic method for the treatment of chronic venous disease. The introduced scheme of EMS application was shown to be useful for treatment of chronic edema, for reducing pain and improving quality of life. It can be used as an additional mean in treatment and to prevent symptoms of CVI. This study also reveals that stimulation of calf muscles with VEINOPLUS® can improve venous outflow and symptoms of CVI. This finding should be investigated and confirmed in further studies.
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Edema/terapia , Terapia por Estimulación Eléctrica , Extremidad Inferior/irrigación sanguínea , Extremidad Inferior/inervación , Insuficiencia Venosa/terapia , Adulto , Enfermedad Crónica , Edema/diagnóstico , Edema/fisiopatología , Terapia por Estimulación Eléctrica/efectos adversos , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Contracción Muscular , Dimensión del Dolor , Fotopletismografía , Calidad de Vida , Federación de Rusia , Índice de Severidad de la Enfermedad , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Factores de Tiempo , Resultado del Tratamiento , Insuficiencia Venosa/diagnóstico , Insuficiencia Venosa/fisiopatología , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
The study of the time course of changes in cell immunological parameters by a magnetic separation technique in human beings during the administration of plague vaccine in relation to the immunological load revealed the higher blood levels of all T lymphocyte subpopulations on day 14 after vaccination. These changes are most typical of a primary vaccinated cohort. The increased frequency of plague vaccine administration and multiple immunizations with live plague, anthrax, and tularemia vaccines produce the time-course of changes in T lymphocyte populations (subpopulations) in response to the regular administration of plague vaccine. A high immunological load in man also promotes a significant reduction in the level of B lymphocytes.
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Vacuna contra la Peste/inmunología , Peste/prevención & control , Vacunas contra el Carbunco/inmunología , Linfocitos B/inmunología , Vacunas Bacterianas/inmunología , Francisella tularensis/inmunología , Humanos , Inmunidad Celular , Peste/inmunología , Subgrupos de Linfocitos T/inmunología , Linfocitos T/inmunología , Vacunación , Vacunas Atenuadas/inmunologíaRESUMEN
The possibility of using the motility of Paramecium caudatum for computer biotesting of toxic substances was studied. The method is based on measuring the number and duration of impulses that arise when protozoa chaotically moving in a layer 0.5 mm thick cross a red light beam (1 mm in diameter). It was found that, in the presence of Cu2+ ions and menadione bisulfite, a compound having prooxidant properties, the number of impulses decreased with a concurrent increase in the duration of impulses. The high correlation between the number of impulses and the reciprocal of impulse duration indicates that the motility of paramecium by the action of Cu2+ ions and menadione slow down, and even an immobilization of some of them occurs. The mean swimming velocity of protozoa was reduced by half within 20 min by the action of Cu2+ at a concentration of 90 microM (6 mg/l of Cu2+ ions) and within 80 min by the action of menadione bisulfite at a concentration of 50 microM. It was shown that the slowing down of motility, which indicates the presence of a toxicant in the medium, is a faster physiological reaction than cell death.