miRNATissueAtlas2: an update to the human miRNA tissue atlas.

Small non-coding RNAs (sncRNAs) are pervasive regulators of physiological and pathological processes. We previously developed the human miRNA Tissue Atlas, detailing the expression of miRNAs across organs in the human body. Here, we present an updated resource containing sequencing data of 188 tissue samples comprising 21 organ types retrieved from six humans. Sampling the organs from the same bodies minimizes intra-individual variability and facilitates the making of a precise high-resolution body map of the non-coding transcriptome. The data allow shedding light on the organ- and organ system-specificity of piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs), transfer RNAs (tRNAs), microRNAs (miRNAs) and other non-coding RNAs. As use case of our resource, we describe the identification of highly specific ncRNAs in different organs. The update also contains 58 samples from six tissues of the Tabula Muris collection, allowing to check if the tissue specificity is evolutionary conserved between Homo sapiens and Mus musculus. The updated resource of 87 252 non-coding RNAs from nine non-coding RNA classes for all organs and organ systems is available online without any restrictions (https://www.ccb.uni-saarland.de/tissueatlas2).

CoolMPS for robust sequencing of single-nuclear RNAs captured by droplet-based method.

Massively-parallel single-cell and single-nucleus RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq, snRNA-seq) requires extensive sequencing to achieve proper per-cell coverage, making sequencing resources and availability of sequencers critical factors for conducting deep transcriptional profiling. CoolMPS is a novel sequencing-by-synthesis approach that relies on nucleotide labeling by re-usable antibodies, but whether it is applicable to snRNA-seq has not been tested. Here, we use a low-cost and off-the-shelf protocol to chemically convert libraries generated with the widely-used Chromium 10X technology to be sequenceable with CoolMPS technology. To assess the quality and performance of converted libraries sequenced with CoolMPS, we generated a snRNA-seq dataset from the hippocampus of young and old mice. Native libraries were sequenced on an Illumina Novaseq and libraries that were converted to be compatible with CoolMPS were sequenced on a DNBSEQ-400RS. CoolMPS-derived data faithfully replicated key characteristics of the native library dataset, including correct estimation of ambient RNA-contamination, detection of captured cells, cell clustering results, spatial marker gene expression, inter- and intra-replicate differences and gene expression changes during aging. In conclusion, our results show that CoolMPS provides a viable alternative to standard sequencing of RNA from droplet-based libraries.

CoolMPS: evaluation of antibody labeling based massively parallel non-coding RNA sequencing.

Results of massive parallel sequencing-by-synthesis vary depending on the sequencing approach. CoolMPS™ is a new sequencing chemistry that incorporates bases by labeled antibodies. To evaluate the performance, we sequenced 240 human non-coding RNA samples (dementia patients and controls) with and without CoolMPS. The Q30 value as indicator of the per base sequencing quality increased from 91.8 to 94%. The higher quality was reached across the whole read length. Likewise, the percentage of reads mapping to the human genome increased from 84.9 to 86.2%. For both technologies, we computed similar distributions between different RNA classes (miRNA, piRNA, tRNA, snoRNA and yRNA) and within the classes. While standard sequencing-by-synthesis allowed to recover more annotated miRNAs, CoolMPS yielded more novel miRNAs. The correlation between the two methods was 0.97. Evaluating the diagnostic performance, we observed lower minimal P-values for CoolMPS (adjusted P-value of 0.0006 versus 0.0004) and larger effect sizes (Cohen's d of 0.878 versus 0.9). Validating 19 miRNAs resulted in a correlation of 0.852 between CoolMPS and reverse transcriptase-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Comparison to data generated with Illumina technology confirmed a known shift in the overall RNA composition. With CoolMPS we evaluated a novel sequencing-by-synthesis technology showing high performance for the analysis of non-coding RNAs.

Human genome sequencing using unchained base reads on self-assembling DNA nanoarrays.

Genome sequencing of large numbers of individuals promises to advance the understanding, treatment, and prevention of human diseases, among other applications. We describe a genome sequencing platform that achieves efficient imaging and low reagent consumption with combinatorial probe anchor ligation chemistry to independently assay each base from patterned nanoarrays of self-assembling DNA nanoballs. We sequenced three human genomes with this platform, generating an average of 45- to 87-fold coverage per genome and identifying 3.2 to 4.5 million sequence variants per genome. Validation of one genome data set demonstrates a sequence accuracy of about 1 false variant per 100 kilobases. The high accuracy, affordable cost of $4400 for sequencing consumables, and scalability of this platform enable complete human genome sequencing for the detection of rare variants in large-scale genetic studies.

Multiplexed SNP genotyping using nanobarcode particle technology.

Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) are the most common form of sequence variation in the human genome. Large-scale studies demand high-throughput SNP genotyping platforms. Here we demonstrate the potential of encoded nanowires for use in a particles-based universal array for high-throughput SNP genotyping. The particles are encoded sub-micron metallic nanorods manufactured by electroplating inert metals such as gold and silver into templates and releasing the resulting striped nanoparticles. The power of this technology is that the particles are intrinsically encoded by virtue of the different reflectivity of adjacent metal stripes, enabling the generation of many thousands of unique encoded substrates. Using SNP found within the cytochrome P450 gene family, and a universal short oligonucleotide ligation strategy, we have demonstrated the simultaneous genotyping of 15 SNP; a format requiring discrimination of 30 encoded nanowires (one per allele). To demonstrate applicability to real-world applications, 160 genotypes were determined from multiplex PCR products from 20 genomic DNA samples.