Cryoglobulinaemic vasculitis at diagnosis predicts mortality in primary Sjögren syndrome: analysis of 515 patients.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the fulfilment of classification criteria for cryoglobulinaemic vasculitis (CV) at diagnosis in a large cohort of patients with primary SS and their correlation with poor outcomes. METHODS: We included 515 consecutive patients tested for serum cryoglobulins who fulfilled the 2002 classification criteria for primary SS. CV classification criteria and serum cryoglobulins at diagnosis were assessed as predictors of death and lymphoma using Cox proportional-hazards regression analysis adjusted for age and gender. RESULTS: Positive serum cryoglobulins were detected in 65 (12%) patients, of whom 21 (32%) fulfilled CV classification criteria. Compared with patients positive for cryoglobulins who did not fulfil CV criteria, patients with CV had a higher frequency of type II cryoglobulinaemia (86% vs 43%, P = 0.04), a higher mean cryocrit level (6.58% vs 1.25%, P < 0.001) and a higher cumulated mean EULAR-SS disease activity index score (35.3 vs 16.2, P < 0.001). After a mean follow-up of 110 months, 45 (9%) patients developed B-cell lymphoma and 33 (6%) died. Compared with patients without cryoglobulins, patients with cryoglobulins who fulfilled [hazard ratio (HR) = 7.47, 95% CI: 3.38, 16.53] and did not fulfil (HR = 2.56, 95% CI: 1.03, 6.35) CV criteria both showed a higher risk of B-cell lymphoma in the univariate analysis, but not in the multivariate models. Compared with patients without cryoglobulins, patients with CV had a higher risk of death in both the univariate (HR = 11.68, 95% CI: 4.44, 30.74) and multivariate (HR = 4.36, 95% CI: 1.32, 14.47) models. CONCLUSION: Patients with primary SS who fulfilled criteria for cryoglobulinaemic vasculitis at diagnosis are at higher risk of death.

Infection is the major trigger of hemophagocytic syndrome in adult patients treated with biological therapies.

INTRODUCTION: Hemophagocytic syndromes (hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, HLH) are characterized by a wide range of etiologies, symptoms, and outcomes, but have a common etiopathogenic pathway leading to organ damage: an excessive inflammatory response. Biological therapies have been proposed as a therapeutic option for refractory HLH, but have also been related to the development of HLH in severe immunosuppressed patients. OBJECTIVES AND METHODS: The purpose of this study was to analyze the clinical characteristics and outcomes of adult patients who developed HLH after receiving biological therapies. RESULTS: We identified 30 patients (29 from the PubMed search and one unpublished case), including 19 women and 11 men, with a mean age of 46.5 years. Underlying diseases consisted of rheumatologic/autoimmune diseases in 24 patients and hematological neoplasia in the remaining 6. Biological agents received before the development of HLH were mainly anti-TNF agents (n = 19). Search for microorganisms confirmed systemic infection in 20 (67%) patients, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis (n = 5), cytomegalovirus (CMV) (n = 4), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) (n = 3), Histoplasma capsulatum (n = 3), Escherichia coli (n = 2), Staphylococcus aureus, Leishmania amastigotes and Brucella melitensis (n = 1, respectively); viral infections were mainly reported in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients. Patients with infections had more frequently received previous immunosuppressive therapies (p = 0.036) and had lower leukocyte counts (p = 0.020) in comparison with patients without associated infections. The outcome was described in 29 patients. After a mean follow-up of 6.3 months, 8 patients died (28%) and 6 had received anti-TNF agents. There was a high mortality rate in patients aged >65 years and those with tuberculosis (62% and 60%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: In patients receiving biological therapies who develop HLH, searching for a concomitant infectious process is mandatory, and specific surveillance for EBV/CMV infections (in patients with IBD) and for bacteria, including mycobacteria (in elderly patients receiving anti-TNF therapy), is recommended.

How hepatitis C virus modifies the immunological profile of Sjögren syndrome: analysis of 783 patients.

INTRODUCTION: We conducted a study to analyze how infection by hepatitis C virus (HCV) may influence the immunological serum pattern of patients with Sjögren syndrome (SS). METHODS: Since 1994, we have tested serum HCV-IgG antibodies in 783 patients with SS diagnosed according to the 1993 European classification criteria. The immunological profile at diagnosis was compared according to the presence or absence of HCV. RESULTS: Of the 783 patients with SS, 105 (13.4 %) tested positive for HCV-IgG antibodies (88 females, 17 males, mean age at SS diagnosis: 62.9 years). Multivariate analysis showed that patients with SS-HCV had a higher mean age and a higher frequency of low C3/C4 levels, cryoglobulins, and hematological neoplasia compared with patients without HCV. The frequency of anti-La antibodies compared with anti-Ro antibodies was higher in patients with SS-HCV (17 % vs. 15 %) and lower in patients without HCV infection (30 % vs. 43 %). The frequency of concomitant detection of the three main cryoglobulin-related markers (cryoglobulins, rheumatoid factor activity, and C4 consumption) was threefold higher in patients with SS-HCV compared with patients without HCV. SS-HCV patients with genotype 1b showed the highest frequencies of immunological abnormalities related to cryoglobulins and the lowest frequencies of anti-Ro/La antibodies. CONCLUSIONS: We found HCV infection in 13 % of a large series of Spanish patients with SS. The HCV-driven autoimmune response was characterized by a lower frequency of anti-Ro/La antibodies, an abnormal predominance of anti-La among anti-Ro antibodies, and a higher frequency of cryoglobulinemic-related immunological markers in comparison with patients without HCV infection. This immunological pattern may contribute to the poor outcomes found in patients with SS-HCV.

Etiopathogenic role of surfactant protein d in the clinical and immunological expression of primary Sjögren syndrome.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the etiopathogenic role of genetic polymorphisms and serum levels of surfactant protein-D (SP-D) in primary Sjögren syndrome (pSS). METHODS: We analyzed 210 consecutive patients with pSS. SFTPD genotyping (M11T polymorphism rs721917) was analyzed by sequence-based typing and serum SP-D by ELISA. RESULTS: Thirty-two patients (15%) had the Thr11/Thr11 genotype, 80 (38%) the Met11/Met11 genotype, and 96 (46%) the Met11/Thr11 genotype; 2 patients could not be genotyped. Patients carrying the Thr11/Thr11 genotype had a higher prevalence of renal involvement (13% vs 1% and 4% in comparison with patients carrying the other genotypes, p = 0.014). Serum SP-D levels were analyzed in 119 patients (mean 733.94 ± 49.88 ng/ml). No significant association was found between serum SP-D levels and the SP-D genotypes. Higher mean values of serum SP-D were observed in patients with severe scintigraphic involvement (851.10 ± 685.69 vs 636.07 ± 315.93 ng/ml, p = 0.038), interstitial pulmonary disease (1053.60 ± 852.03 vs 700.36 ± 479.33 ng/ml, p = 0.029), renal involvement (1880.64 ± 1842.79 vs 716.42 ± 488.01 ng/ml, p = 0.002), leukopenia (899.83 ± 661.71 vs 673.13 ± 465.88 ng/ml, p = 0.038), positive anti-Ro/SS-A (927.26 ± 731.29 vs 642.75 ± 377.23 ng/ml, p = 0.006), and positive anti-La/SS-B (933.28 ± 689.63 vs 650.41 ± 428.14 ng/ml, p = 0.007), while lower mean values of serum SP-D were observed in patients with bronchiectasis (489.49 vs 788.81 ng/ml, p = 0.019). CONCLUSION: In pSS, high SP-D levels were found in patients with severe glandular involvement, hypergammaglobulinemia, leukopenia, extraglandular manifestations, and positive anti-Ro/La antibodies. The specific association between SP-D levels and pulmonary and renal involvements may have pathophysiological implications.

Factors influencing dry mouth in patients with primary Sjögren syndrome: usefulness of the ESSPRI index.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate health-related quality of life in a large series of primary SS patients using the recently-proposed ESSPRI questionnaire and to evaluate the relationship between the intensity of oral dryness and other signs and symptoms frequently found in these patients. METHODS: We evaluated 90 primary SS patients seen consecutively; all fulfilled the current classification criteria. All patients completed the ESSPRI questionnaire. We compared the mean values of the ESSPRI-dry mouth item with other ESSPRI items related to sicca features, general symptoms, quality of life, quality of sleep, psychological and psychiatric features, extraglandular involvement, laboratory features and immunological markers and cardiovascular risk factors. Multivariate regression analysis with a backwards stepwise selection method was performed to identify those variables that were independently associated with dry mouth. RESULTS: Mean intensity of oral dryness measured by the corresponding ESSPRI item was 7.17±0.23. Oral dryness correlated with age both at diagnosis and at study inclusion (p=0.013), but not with gender or with time of disease evolution. No significant correlation was found with the SF-36, HAQ and FIQ questionnaires. We found a significant correlation between the intensity of oral dryness and the quality of sleep (p=0.001), anxiety and depression measured by the GH28 (p=0.004 and 0.024, respectively), and a statistically-significant trend for anxiety and depression measured by the HADS (p=0.08 and 0.07, respectively). No significant correlation was found with the main extraglandular and immunological features; however, a significant correlation between oral dryness and hypertension (p=0.019), type II diabetes mellitus (p=0.005) and hypercholesterolemia (p=0.011) was found. Multivariate regression analysis shows that fatigue measured by ESSPRI (p=0.049), sleep quality (p=0.008) and hypercholesterolemia (p=0.008) were independently associated with dry mouth. CONCLUSION: We report on the usefulness of the ESSPRI index in evaluating HRQOL associated with oral dryness in primary SS patients. Oral dryness correlated with age and the other sicca symptoms measured by ESSPRI, but not with the main systemic and immunological SS features. In contrast, oral dryness was strongly correlated with fatigue, pain, psychological distress, poor sleep and vascular risk factors. A multidisciplinary therapeutic approach may be the best way of minimizing oral dryness and its consequences in primary SS patients.

Life-Threatening Cryoglobulinemic Patients With Hepatitis C: Clinical Description and Outcome of 279 Patients.

Cryoglobulinemia is characterized by a wide range of causes, symptoms, and outcomes. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is detected in 30%-100% of patients with cryoglobulins. Although more than half the patients with cryoglobulinemic vasculitis present a relatively benign clinical course, some may present with potentially life-threatening situations. We conducted the current study to analyze the clinical characteristics and outcomes of HCV patients presenting with life-threatening cryoglobulinemic vasculitis. We evaluated 181 admissions from 89 HCV patients diagnosed with cryoglobulinemic vasculitis consecutively admitted to our department between 1995 and 2010. In addition, we performed a systematic analysis of cases reported to date through a MEDLINE search.The following organ involvements were considered to be potentially life-threatening in HCV patients with cryoglobulinemic vasculitis: cryoglobulinemic, biopsy-proven glomerulonephritis presenting with renal failure; gastrointestinal vasculitis; pulmonary hemorrhage; central nervous system (CNS) involvement; and myocardial involvement. A total of 279 patients (30 from our department and 249 from the literature search) fulfilled the inclusion criteria: 205 presented with renal failure, 45 with gastrointestinal vasculitis, 38 with CNS involvement, 18 with pulmonary hemorrhage, and 3 with myocardial involvement; 30 patients presented with more than 1 life-threatening cryoglobulinemic manifestation. There were 146 (52%) women and 133 (48%) men, with a mean age at diagnosis of cryoglobulinemia of 54 years (range, 25-87 yr) and a mean age at life-threatening involvement of 55 years (range, 25-87 yr). In 232 (83%) patients, life-threatening involvement was the first clinical manifestation of cryoglobulinemia. Severe involvement appeared a mean of 1.2 years (range, 1-11 yr) after the diagnosis of cryoglobulinemic vasculitis. Patients were followed for a mean of 14 months (range, 3-120 mo) after the diagnosis of life-threatening cryoglobulinemia. Sixty-three patients (22%) died. The main cause of death was sepsis (42%) in patients with glomerulonephritis, and cryoglobulinemic vasculitis itself in patients with gastrointestinal, pulmonary, and CNS involvement (60%, 57%, and 62%, respectively). In conclusion, HCV-related cryoglobulinemia may result in progressive (renal involvement) or acute (pulmonary hemorrhage, gastrointestinal ischemia, CNS involvement) life-threatening organ damage. The mortality rate of these manifestations ranges between 20% and 80%. Unfortunately, this may be the first cryoglobulinemic involvement in almost two-thirds of cases, highlighting the complex management and very elevated mortality of these cases.

Primary Sjögren syndrome: an update on current pharmacotherapy options and future directions.

INTRODUCTION: Primary Sjögren syndrome (SS) is a chronic systemic autoimmune disease characterized by sicca features and systemic manifestations, and requires a multidisciplinary therapeutic approach. AREAS COVERED: Treatment of sicca manifestations is symptomatic and is based on the administration of topical therapies (saliva substitutes and preservative-free artificial tears). In severe cases of keratoconjunctivitis sicca, topical cyclosporine A may be used. For patients with residual salivary gland function, stimulation of salivary flow with a sialogogue (pilocarpine or cevimeline) is the treatment of choice. The management of extraglandular features must be tailored to the specific organ(s) involved. Hydroxychloroquine may be appropriate for patients with fatigue, arthralgia and myalgia, while glucocorticoids and immunosuppressive agents should be reserved for severe systemic involvement (although no controlled trials in primary SS guide their use). RCTs have demonstrated the lack of efficacy of antitumor necrosis factor agents and promising results for B-cell depleting agents. EXPERT OPINION: The overall low level of evidence in therapeutic studies in primary SS suggests that much larger trials of the most promising therapies are necessary. The use of drugs targeting molecules and receptors involved in the etiopathogenesis of primary SS may open up a new era in the therapeutic management of the disease, but the potential risks and benefits of these agents must be weighed carefully.

Diagnosis of Liver Involvement in Primary Sjögren Syndrome.

Liver involvement was one of the first extraglandular manifestations to be reported in patients with primary Sjögren syndrome (SS). In the 1990s, a study of liver involvement in patients with primary SS integrated the evaluation of clinical signs of liver disease, liver function and a complete panel of autoantibodies. Recent developments in the field of hepatic and viral diseases have significantly changed the diagnostic approach to liver involvement in SS. The most recent studies have shown that, after eliminating hepatotoxic drugs and fatty liver disease, the two main causes of liver disease in primary SS are chronic viral infections and autoimmune liver diseases. The differential diagnosis of liver disease in primary SS (viral vs autoimmune) is clinically important, since the two processes require different therapeutic approaches and have different prognoses. With respect to viral infections, chronic HCV infection is the main cause of liver involvement in SS patients from the Mediterranean area, while chronic HBV infection may be the main cause of liver involvement in SS patients from Asian countries. After eliminating viral hepatitis, primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) should be considered the main cause of liver disease in primary SS. PBC-related SS patients may have a broad spectrum of abnormalities of the liver, including having no clinical or analytical data suggestive of liver disease. Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is the second most frequently found autoimmune liver disease to be associated with SS (all reported cases are type I), and nearly 10% of these patients have an AIH-PBC overlap. Finally, IgG4-related disease must be investigated in patients with SS presenting with sclerosing cholangitis, especially when autoimmune pancreatitis or retroperitoneal fibrosis are also present.

Classification and characterisation of peripheral neuropathies in 102 patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome.

OBJECTIVES: This paper aims to analyse the etiology, characterisation and outcomes of the different types of peripheral neuropathy in patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome (SS) and their association with clinical and immunological disease expression. METHODS: A total of 563 consecutive patients diagnosed with primary SS were evaluated. We retrospectively assessed the results of nerve conduction studies carried out in patients with suspected peripheral nervous system involvement. Peripheral neuropathies were classified into mononeuropathy, mononeuropathy multiplex, polyneuropathy and neuronopathy according to the patterns evidenced by electrodiagnostic studies. RESULTS: Nerve conduction studies were carried out in 158/563 (28%) SS patients. The results were normal in 49 and abnormal in 109 patients, in whom peripheral neuropathy was diagnosed in 102. After excluding patients with neuropathy associated with other diseases and patients with entrapment mononeuropathies, 55/563 (10%) patients were classified as having SS-related peripheral neuropathy, including axonal sensorimotor polyneuropathy (n=24), pure sensory neuronopathy (n=15), mononeuropathy multiplex (n=15) and demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (n=1). In spite of therapy, clinical progression measured by the MOHS scale was observed in 12% of patients with axonal polyneuropathy, 13% of those with mononeuropathy multiplex and 47% of those with neuronopathy. Survival was significantly reduced in patients with peripheral neuropathy (especially in those with mononeuropathy multiplex and axonal polyneuropathy) in comparison with the control group (log rank =0.001). CONCLUSIONS: We found a prevalence of SS-related peripheral neuropathy of 10%. Classification of neuropathy according to the clinical presentation and electrodiagnostic tests may be useful in determining the functional outcome, therapeutic response and survival.

Anti-Ro52 antibody testing influences the classification and clinical characterisation of primary Sjögren's syndrome.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate how determination of antibodies against the Ro52 antigen influences the classification and clinical characterisation of patients with suspected primary Sjögren's syndrome (SS). METHODS: The cohort study included 187 patients who fulfilled at least four of the six 1993 SS classification criteria, including positive autoantibodies (antinuclear antibodies [ANA], rheumatoid factor [RF], anti-Ro/SSA and/or anti-La/SS-B antibodies) as mandatory criterium. Anti-Ro/SSA antibodies were tested by qualitative ELISA using a commercial assay. Anti-Ro52 antibodies were detected by a semiquantitative ELISA. RESULTS: Anti-Ro52 antibodies were found in 70/187 (37%) patients. A significant percentage of patients with anti-Ro/SSA antibodies were negative for anti-Ro52 antibodies (22%), while 13 patients (12%) were negative for anti-Ro/SSA antibodies but positive for anti-Ro52 antibodies, meaning that they fulfilled the 2002 SS criteria while avoiding the need for a salivary biopsy. Higher mean titers of anti-Ro52 antibodies were associated with severe scintigraphic involvement, positive salivary gland biopsy, parotid enlargement, anaemia, leukopenia and RF. A statistical correlation was found between anti-Ro52 titers and age, gammaglobulin levels, RF titers and serum IgA and IgG. Patients with positive anti-Ro/SSA and anti-Ro52 antibodies had a higher frequency of positive salivary gland biopsy, parotid enlargement and positive RF, and higher levels of serum IgG and IgA levels in comparison with patients with positive anti-Ro/SSA but negative anti-Ro52 antibodies. CONCLUSIONS: Anti-Ro52 antibodies were closely associated with the main clinical, histopathological and immunological features of primary SS. Anti-Ro52 autoantibody testing may help to identify a specific subset of SS patients with more aggressive disease, in whom a closer follow-up and earlier, more robust therapeutic management may be necessary.

Monoclonal gammopathy related to Sjögren syndrome: a key marker of disease prognosis and outcomes.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the monoclonal expression of SS through the detection of serum monoclonal immunoglobulins (mIgs) in a large series of patients with Sjögren syndrome (SS), focusing on the etiology, characterization and evolution of the monoclonal band and the association with SS clinical expression and outcomes. METHODS: Serum immunoelectrophoresis (IE) was performed to 408 consecutive patients who were evaluated by our unit between 1992 and 2011: 221 patients who fulfilled the 2002 American-European criteria for primary SS, 122 primary SS patients who fulfilled exclusively the 1993 European criteria and 65 patients with SS-associated hepatitis C virus infection. IE was performed at diagnosis and every year during the follow-up. RESULTS: Of the 221 patients with primary SS, 48 (22%) had monoclonal gammopathy. In the control groups, the prevalence was 16% in patients with SS who fulfilled the 1993 criteria (p > 0.05) and 52% in SS-HCV patients (p < 0.001). Monoclonal bands were characterized in 47/48 patients with primary SS: IgG (n = 21), IgM (n = 16), IgA (n = 5) and free light chains (n = 5); the light chain was κ in 28 patients and λ in 19 (κ:λ ratio 1.5). Primary SS patients with monoclonal gammopathy had a higher prevalence of parotidomegaly (38% vs 20%, p = 0.021), vasculitis (21% vs 6%, p = 0.003), neurological involvement (42% vs 23%, p = 0.016), higher mean values of circulating gammaglobulins (23.4 vs 20.6%, p = 0.026), ESR (56.6 vs 37.6 mm/h, p = 0.003), a higher prevalence of RF (69% vs 50%, p = 0.022), low C3 levels (24% vs 11%, p = 0.028), low C4 levels (24% vs 7%, p = 0.003), low CH50 activity (28% vs 11%, p = 0.008) and cryoglobulins (23% vs 8%, p = 0.012) compared with those without monoclonal gammopathy. Of the 48 patients with primary SS and monoclonal gammopathy, 8 developed hematologic neoplasia after a mean follow-up of 10 years, a higher prevalence than observed in patients without monoclonal gammopathy (17% vs 5%, p = 0.009). Survival rates according to the presence or absence of monoclonal gammopathy were 83% and 97%, respectively (log rank 0.004). CONCLUSION: Monoclonal gammopathy was detected in 22% of patients with primary SS fulfilling the 2002 criteria, with mIgGκ being the most frequent type of band detected. In HCV-associated SS patients, the prevalence was higher (52%) with IgMκ being the most prevalent band detected. Monoclonal gammopathy was associated with a higher prevalence of parotid enlargement, extraglandular features, hypergammaglobulinemia, cryoglobulinemia and related markers (rheumatoid factor, hypocomplementemia), and with a poor prognosis (development of neoplasia and death).

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) reactivation in patients receiving tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-targeted therapy: analysis of 257 cases.

The emergence of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)-targeted therapies as a key therapeutic option for patients with rheumatic, digestive, and dermatologic autoimmune diseases has been associated with increasing reports of liver damage in patients with hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. We studied the current evidence on the use of anti-TNF agents in patients with HBV through a systematic analysis of cases reported in the MEDLINE and EMBASE databases using the MeSH term "hepatitis B virus" combined with the terms "infliximab," "etanercept," "adalimumab," "certolizumab," "golimumab," and "anti-TNF agents," and summarize the results here. We analyzed 257 patients with positive HBV markers who received anti-TNF therapy (255 identified in the search strategy and 2 new cases), 89 HBsAg+ carriers, and 168 anti-HBc+ persons. HBV reactivation was reported in 35 (39%) HBsAg+ carriers. The percentage of reactivation was higher in patients previously treated with immunosuppressive agents (96% vs. 70%, p=0.033) and lower in those who received antiviral prophylaxis (23% vs. 62%, p=0.003). Acute liver failure was reported in 5 patients, 4 of whom died. Infliximab was associated with a higher rate of induced liver disease (raised transaminase levels, clinical signs, viral reactivation, and acute liver failure) compared with etanercept. In anti-HBc+ persons, reactivation was reported in 9 (5%) cases, including 1 patient who died due to fulminant liver failure.In summary, our search of the current evidence identified 257 reported HBV+ patients treated with anti-TNF agents, with a significant percentage of liver damage in HBsAg+ carriers, including raised transaminase levels (42%), signs and symptoms of liver disease (16%), reappearance of serum HBV-DNA (39%), and death related to liver failure (5%). The rate of reactivation in anti-HBc+ persons was 7-fold lower than in HBsAg+ carriers. The increasing number of reported cases of HBV reactivation following TNF-targeted therapies and the associated morbidity and mortality demand specific preventive strategies.

Interstitial lung disease induced or exacerbated by TNF-targeted therapies: analysis of 122 cases.

OBJECTIVES: To analyze the clinical characteristics, outcomes, and patterns of association with the different biologic agents used in all reported cases of adult patients developing interstitial lung disease (ILD) after biologic therapy. METHODS: In 2006, the Study Group on Autoimmune Diseases of the Spanish Society of Internal Medicine created the BIOGEAS project. One objective was to collect data on autoimmune diseases secondary to the use of biologic agents by quarterly Medline search surveillance of reported cases. For this study, the baseline included articles published between January 1990 and March 2010, including the MeSH term "lung diseases, interstitial" as the key research term. In addition, we report an unpublished case of ILD secondary to biologic therapy. RESULTS: There are 122 reported cases of new-onset or exacerbation of ILD secondary to administration of biologic therapies. Biologic agents associated with ILD were overwhelmingly anti-tumor necrosis factor agents (etanercept in 58 cases and infliximab in 56) and were administered for rheumatoid arthritis in 108 (89%) patients. ILD appeared a mean of 26 weeks after initiation of biologic agents. ILD was confirmed by pulmonary biopsy in 26 cases, although a specific histopathologic description was detailed in only 20: 7 patients were classified as usual interstitial pneumonia, 6 as nonspecific interstitial pneumonia, 5 as organizing pneumonia, 1 as diffuse alveolar damage, and 1 as lymphoid interstitial pneumonia. Treatment of ILD included withdrawal of biologic agents in all cases but 1. The outcome of ILD was detailed in 52 cases. Complete resolution was reported in 21 (40%) cases, improvement or partial resolution in 13 (25%), and no resolution in 18 (35%). Fifteen (29%) patients died during the follow-up, the majority (70%) during the first 5 weeks after initiating biologic therapy. In comparison with survivors, patients who died were aged >65 years (67% vs 33%, P = 0.036), with later onset of ILD (46 weeks vs 15 weeks, P = 0.006), received immunosuppressive drugs more frequently (33% vs 8%, P = 0.036), and more often had a previous diagnosis of ILD (67% vs 29%, P = 0.025). CONCLUSIONS: We found that 97% of cases of ILD associated with biologic agents were associated with agents blocking tumor necrosis factor-α, a cytokine that has been implicated in the pathophysiology of pulmonary fibrosis. Strikingly, drug-induced ILD had a poor prognosis, with an overall mortality rate of around one third, rising to two thirds in patients with preexisting ILD.

Outcomes in biopsy-proven lupus nephritis: evaluation of 190 white patients from a single center.

We describe the natural history of lupus nephritis (LN) in a historical cohort of 190 white patients with the diagnosis of biopsy-proven LN followed in a single reference center.We evaluated 670 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) consecutively followed in our department from 1970 until 2006. All patients fulfilled the 1997 revised criteria for the classification of SLE. White patients (Spanish-born) with biopsy-proven LN were selected as the study population.The cohort included 190 patients (170 female patients and 20 male) with a mean age at LN diagnosis of 31 years. Renal biopsy revealed type I LN in 8 (4%) patients, type II in 33 (17%), type III in 46 (24%), type IV in 72 (38%), type V in 28 (15%), and type VI in 3 (2%) patients. Induction remission was achieved in 85% of patients with types I and II, 78% with type III, 70% with type IV, and 32% of patients with type V. After a mean follow-up of 2391 patient-years, 62 (33%) patients developed chronic renal failure and 18 (9%) evolved to end-stage renal disease. Adjusted multivariate Cox regression analysis identified male sex (hazard ratio [HR], 4.33) and elevated creatinine at LN diagnosis (HR, 5.18) as independent variables for renal failure. Survival was 92% at 10 years of follow-up, 80% after 20 years, and 72% after 30 years.Our results suggest that biopsy-proven LN in white patients has an excellent prognosis. Ethnicity should be considered a key factor when evaluating the prognosis and therapeutic response to different agents in patients with LN.

Thrombin activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor and clot lysis time in women with recurrent miscarriage associated with the antiphospholipid syndrome.

Antiphospholipid syndrome patients with recurrent miscarriage have an impairment in fibrinolysis demonstrated by prolonged clot lysis time (CLT) that cannot be attributed to differences in thrombin activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI) antigen levels. Patients with unexplained recurrent miscarriage have an impairment in fibrinolysis demonstrated by increased CLT, that can be at least partly explained by higher TAFI antigen levels.

Clinical and prognostic significance of parotid scintigraphy in 405 patients with primary Sjogren's syndrome.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between the degree of involvement shown by parotid scintigraphy at diagnosis and the disease expression, outcomes, and prognosis of primary Sjögren's syndrome (SS). METHODS: All patients consecutively diagnosed with primary SS in our department between 1984 and 2008 were evaluated. The scintigraphic stages were classified into class 4 (severe involvement), class 2-3 (mild to moderate involvement), and class 1 (normal results). RESULTS: A total of 405 patients with primary SS underwent parotid scintigraphy at diagnosis (47 had class 1 involvement, 314 had class 2-3, and 44 had class 4). Patients with class 4 had a higher frequency of parotid enlargement (p < 0.001), systemic involvement (p = 0.007), high titers of antinuclear antibody (p = 0.016), positive rheumatoid factor (p = 0.002), anti-Ro/SSA (p = 0.001), anti-La/SSB (p = 0.001), low C4 levels (p = 0.001), and low CH50 (p = 0.001) in comparison with the other 2 groups. A higher rate of lymphoma development was observed in patients with class 4 involvement. Adjusted multivariate Cox regression analysis showed a hazard ratio (HR) of 10.51 (p = 0.002) and Kaplan-Meier analysis a log-rank of 0.0005. Mortality was 5-fold higher in patients with class 4 involvement. Adjusted multivariate Cox regression analysis showed an HR of 5.33 (p = 0.001) and Kaplan-Meier analysis a log-rank of 0.033. CONCLUSION: Patients with SS presenting with severe scintigraphic involvement at diagnosis had a more pronounced autoimmune expression, a higher risk of developing systemic features and lymphoma, and a lower survival rate. Study of the degree of salivary gland dysfunction at diagnosis by parotid scintigraphy offers valuable clinical information on the prognosis and outcome of primary SS.

Sjögren syndrome or sjögren disease? The histological and immunological bias caused by the 2002 criteria.

The current 2002 classification criteria do not cover the broad clinical and immunological heterogeneity of primary Sjögren syndrome (SS), since five of the six criteria focus exclusively on glandular involvement and the remaining criterion is the mandatory presence of anti-Ro/La antibodies. The aim of this study was to analyze the clinical features of patients with a well-established diagnosis of primary SS who do not fulfill the 2002 classification criteria. Five hundred seven patients diagnosed with primary SS (1993 criteria) were consecutively included and followed up. Two hundred twenty-one (44%) patients did not fulfill the 2002 criteria. These patients were older at diagnosis (p < 0.001) and had a lower frequency of parotid enlargement (p = 0.002), fever (p = 0.041), arthritis (p = 0.041), vasculitis (p = 0.050), peripheral neuropathy (p = 0.002), cranial nerve involvement (p = 0.015), raised erythrocyte sedimentation rate ( ESR) levels (p < 0.001), anemia (p < 0.001), leukopenia (p = 0.037), hypergammaglobulinemia (p < 0.001), positive rheumatoid factor ( RF; p = 0.002), and cryoglobulinemia (p = 0.049) in comparison with those fulfilling 2002 criteria. However, there were no significant differences in the prevalence of sicca features, diagnostic tests, overall systemic involvement, antinuclear antibodies , complement levels, development of B-cell lymphoma, or survival. Patients with anti-Ro antibodies had the highest frequencies of systemic features, hematological abnormalities, and altered immunological markers. In conclusion, patients fulfilling the 2002 criteria, who have either a specific histological diagnosis (lymphocytic infiltration) or highly specific autoantibodies (Ro/La), might well be considered to have Sjögren "disease." In contrast, etiopathogenic mechanisms other than lymphocytic-mediated epithelial damage could be involved in patients with negative Ro and negative biopsy, in whom the term Sjögren "syndrome" seems more adequate.

Chronic hepatitis B virus infection in Sjögren's syndrome. Prevalence and clinical significance in 603 patients.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the prevalence and clinical characteristics of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in a large series of patients with Sjögren syndrome (SS). METHODS: We investigated the prevalence of chronic HBV infection in 603 consecutive patients with SS diagnosed in our department between 1994 and 2008. There were 517 patients with primary SS (482 women and 35 men, with a mean age at the time of fulfillment of the classification criteria of 57 years) and 86 patients with SS associated with chronic HCV infection (66 women and 20 men, with a mean age at the time of fulfillment of the classification criteria of 65 years). All patients fulfilled 4 or more of the 1993 European Community Study Group criteria for SS. RESULTS: The presence of HBsAg+ was detected in five (0.83%) of the 603 patients with SS. All HBsAg+ patients had primary SS. No patient with HCV-related SS had HBV coinfection. There were 4 women and 1 man, with a mean age at diagnosis of primary SS of 65 years (range 31 to 89 years). All patients showed sicca and systemic involvement. The main extraglandular feature was articular involvement in 5 (100%) patients (including arthritis in two). The main immunologic features were RF in 4 (80%) patients and ANA in 3 (60%). No patient had hypocomplementemia, cryoglobulinemia, antimitochondrial or anti-LKM1 antibodies. Liver involvement was detected in two patients and consisted of slightly raised levels of transaminases. No patient showed clinical manifestations of liver disease such as hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, jaundice or clinical features of hepatic decompensation (ascites, encephalopathy or gastrointestinal bleeding). CONCLUSIONS: We found a prevalence of chronic HBV infection of 0.83% in SS, very similar to the prevalence in general population in Spain (0.7%). In contrast to the close association between SS and HCV, chronic HBV infection is not associated with SS in our geographical area, with a ratio SS-HBV/SS-HCV cases of 1:10.

Factor XIII-A subunit Val34Leu polymorphism is associated with the risk of thrombosis in patients with antiphospholipid antibodies and high fibrinogen levels.

Recent reports have described the factor XIII A subunit (FXIII-A) Val34Leu polymorphism as a protective factor against venous and arterial thrombosis. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between the FXIII-A Val34Leu polymorphism, its interaction with fibrinogen concentration, and thrombosis in patients with antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL). We included 172 consecutive patients with aPL: 88 with primary antiphospholipid syndrome (APS), 38 with APS associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (APS-SLE), 32 with SLE and aPL but without APS (SLE-aPL), and 14 asymptomatic individuals with aPL (A-aPL). The FXIII-A Val34Leu polymorphism was assessed by polymerase chain reaction techniques. We found no significant differences in FXIII-A Leu34 allele frequencies between primary APS (allele frequency 0.22), APS-SLE (0.23), SLE-aPL (0.22) and A-aPL (0.32) patients, or between patients with (0.21) and without thrombosis (0.26). FXIII-A Leu34 allele frequencies were significantly lower in patients with thrombosis and those in the upper fibrinogen tertile (>3.40 g/l) (allele frequency 0.07) compared with patients without thrombosis in the upper fibrinogen tertile (0.29) and patients with (0.29) and without (0.25) thrombosis in the mid- and lower fibrinogen tertiles. The FXIII-A Leu34 allele had a protective effect against thrombosis in patients in the upper fibrinogen tertile (odds ratio [OR] = 0.20, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.07-0.60) but not in those in the other tertiles (OR = 1.20, 95% CI 0.67-2.16). The FXIII-A Leu34 allele seems to have a protective effect on the development of thrombosis in patients with aPL, but only in those with high plasma fibrinogen values.