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Abstract Introduction: Even though the anatomy of the knee and its ligaments are well characterized in the literature, several studies have found new structures associated with this joint, such as the anterolateral ligament (ALL) of the knee. The prevalence of this ligament varies significantly across the globe, and studies addressing this topic in the Colombian population are scarce. Objective: To determine the prevalence of the ALL and its morphometric characteristics in a sample of Colombian human cadavers. Materials and methods: Cross-sectional study in which the knee joints of 15 human cadavers were dissected and analyzed. In order to preserve the integrity of anatomical structures such as ligaments and tendons, specimens should not have undergone previous dissections, so only 29 knees were included for analysis. The presence of the ligament was confirmed, and the proximal and distal insertion site, as well as its length and width, were established through dissection. Results: The prevalence of ALL was 24.13%, as it was identified in 7 of the 29 dissected knees (4 left and 3 right knees). The average length and width of the ALLs found were 37.5mm (range: 24-52.4mm) and 3.9mm (range: 2.6-6mm), respectively. Conclusions: This study allowed confirming the presence of the ALL in the Colombian population, although with a lower prevalence than that described in countries such as France, India, China, USA, and Brazil. In turn, its morphometric characteristics were similar to those reported worldwide, since the average length and width found here are consistent with those described in the literature.
Resumen Introducción. La anatomía de la rodilla y sus ligamentos está claramente descrita en la literatura; sin embargo, diversos estudios han encontrado nuevas estructuras relacionadas con esta articulación, tales como el ligamento anterolateral (LAL) de la rodilla. La prevalencia de este ligamento es muy variable a nivel mundial y los estudios sobre el tema en población colombiana son escasos. Objetivo. Determinar la prevalencia del LAL y sus características morfométricas en una muestra de cadáveres humanos colombianos. Materiales y métodos. Estudio transversal en el que se diseccionaron y analizaron las articulaciones de rodilla de 15 cadáveres humanos. Los especímenes no debían tener disecciones previas para garantizar la integridad de estructuras anatómicas como ligamentos y tendones, por lo que solo se incluyeron 29 rodillas. Mediante la disección se verificó la presencia del ligamento y se estableció el sitio de inserción proximal y distal, así como su longitud y anchura. Resultados. La prevalencia del LAL fue de 24.13%, pues este se identificó en 7 de las 29 rodillas diseccionadas (4 rodillas izquierdas y 3 derechas). La longitud y ancho promedio de los LAL encontrados fueron 37.5mm (rango: 24-52.4mm) y 3.9mm (rango: 2.6-6mm), respectivamente. Conclusiones. El presente estudio permitió confirmar la presencia del LAL en población colombiana, aunque con una menor prevalencia a la descrita en países como Francia, India, China, EE. UU. y Brasil. Por su parte, sus características morfométricas fueron similares a las reportadas a nivel mundial, pues los promedios de longitud y ancho encontrados aquí coinciden con lo descrito en la literatura.
RESUMEN
Crude protein and amino acid (AA) content in rearing diets affect body composition and reproductive performance. This study evaluated the effects of 4 dietary AA levels during rearing on BW, egg production and composition, fertility, hatchability, and embryo mortality up to 65 wk of age on Cobb 500 slow-feathering (SF) broiler breeders. The treatments consisted in 80% (low-AA), 90% (moderate-AA), 100% (standard-AA), and 110% (high-AA) of the AA recommendations for Cobb 500 SF pullets from 5 to 24 wk. AA was guided by an ideal protein profile based on digestible Lys. A total of 1,360 pullets and 288 Cobb MV cockerels were randomly placed in 16 pullets and 16 cockerel floor-pens. At 22 wk, 1,040 females and 112 males were transferred into 16-floor pens in a laying house. BW increased linearly (P < 0.01) as AA augmented at 25, 36, and 40 wk. No effects (P > 0.05) at the onset of lay were observed. Moderate-AA and standard-AA resulted in the best hen-housed egg production (HHEP) at 65 wk with 174.3 and 176.5 eggs, respectively. The optimum level of AA for HHEP at 65 wk was estimated (P < 0.001) in 96.7% and 94.7% by the quadratic and broken line models, respectively. Overall, the lightest egg weight (P = 0.022) was obtained with 89%AA during rearing, and the heaviest eggs (P < 0.001) were found at 54 wk. Response surface regression indicated linear effects on albumen and yolk percentages (P < 0.01) increasing and decreasing, respectively, as AA levels augmented; consequently, AA had a negative linear effect on Y:A ratio (P = 0.004) with quadratic effects (P < 0.01) of age (R2 = 0.92). No statistical effect of treatments was observed in fertility (P > 0.05), but AA had a quadratic effect (P = 0.046) on hatchability up to 50 wk of age with 97% as optimum, and decreased linearly (P = 0.004) from 51 to 65 wk. A few effects of treatments (P < 0.05) on embryo mortality were observed. In conclusion, AA levels during rearing affect broiler breeder reproductive performance.