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Resumen Objetivo: Explorar y discutir literatura científica teórica y práctica para comparar la diversificación y la especialización deportivas tempranas como un enfoque deportivo y educativo. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión sistemática siguiendo las pautas PRISMA, se incluyó un total de 61 estudios. Resultados: Entrenadores, padres e hijos consideran que la mejor forma de desarrollar el talento deportivo y alcanzar la élite en el deporte es participar en una sola disciplina y hacerlo lo antes posible para lograr la especialización y las máximas habilidades técnicas, físicas y psicológicas. Los caminos de especialización deportiva pueden conducir a una situación física, social y mental que comprometa su desarrollo integral. Conclusión: Se puede plantear, en primer lugar, la diversificación deportiva en edades tempranas y luego la especialización; una vez alcanzadas las bases de la fuerza, el acondicionamiento y el entrenamiento neuromuscular, así como una maduración psicomotora específica, para que su rendimiento deportivo y su salud no se vean comprometidos en el mediano o largo plazo. Es necesario considerar que pocos niños logran obtener un lugar en los deportes de élite, por lo que, para muchos de ellos, la educación en torno al deporte será la base para el ejercicio de su ciudadanía como personas activas.
Abstract Purpose: To explore and discuss theoretical and practical scientific literature to compare sports diversification and early sports specialization as a sport and educational approach. Methods: A systematic review was conducted following PRISMA guidelines, and 61 studies were included. Results: Coaches, parents, and children consider that the best way to develop sports talent and enter the elite in sports is to practice a single discipline as early as possible to achieve specialization and maximum technical skills and physical and psychological conditions. Sports specialization paths may lead to a physical, social, and mental state that compromises their integral development. Conclusion: Sports diversification should be considered first at an early age and, afterward, the specialization once the bases of strength, conditioning, neuromuscular training, and a specific psychomotor maturation have been achieved, so that sports performance and health are not compromised in the medium or long term. It is necessary to consider that few children enter elite sports, so for many of them, sports education will be the basis for exercising their citizenship as active people.
Resumo Objetivos: Explorar e discutir literatura científica teórica e prática para comparar a diversificação e especialização esportiva precoce como uma abordagem esportiva e educacional. Métodos: uma revisão sistemática foi realizada seguindo as diretrizes do PRISMA, um total de 61 estudos foram incluídos Resultados: Treinadores, pais e crianças acreditam que a melhor maneira de desenvolver talentos esportivos e ingressar na elite do esporte é participar de uma única disciplina e fazer o mais cedo possível para alcançar a especialização e o máximo de habilidades técnicas, físicas e psicológicas. Os caminhos da especialização esportiva podem levar a uma situação física, social e mental que comprometa seu desenvolvimento integral. Conclusão: Primeiro, a diversificação esportiva pode ser considerada em uma idade precoce e depois a especialização, uma vez que os princípios básicos de força, condicionamento e treinamento neuromuscular tenham sido alcançados, bem como a maturação psicomotora específica para que seu desempenho esportivo e saúde não sejam comprometidos a médio ou longo prazo. É necessário considerar que poucas crianças conseguem obter um lugar nos esportes de elite, de modo que, para muitas delas, a educação em torno do esporte será a base para o exercício de sua cidadania como pessoas ativas.
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Non-contact atomic force microscopy (nc-AFM) offers a unique experimental framework for topographical imaging of surfaces with atomic and/or sub-molecular resolution. The technique also permits to perform frequency shift spectroscopy to quantitatively evaluate the tip-sample interaction forces and potentials above individual atoms or molecules. The stiffness of the probe, k, is then required to perform the frequency shift-to-force conversion. However, this quantity is generally known with little precision. An accurate stiffness calibration is therefore mandatory if accurate force measurements are targeted. In nc-AFM, the probe may either be a silicon cantilever, a quartz tuning fork (QTF), or a length extensional resonator (LER). When used in ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) and at low temperature, the technique mostly employs QTFs, based on the so-called qPlus design, which actually covers different types of sensors in terms of size and design of the electrodes. They all have in common a QTF featuring a metallic tip glued at the free end of one of its prongs. In this study, we report the stiffness calibration of a particular type of qPlus sensor in UHV and at 9.8 K by means of thermal noise measurements. The stiffness calibration of such high-k sensors, featuring high quality factors (Q) as well, requires to master both the acquisition parameters and the data post-processing. Our approach relies both on numerical simulations and experimental results. A thorough analysis of the thermal noise power spectral density of the qPlus fluctuations leads to an estimated stiffness of the first flexural eigenmode of ≃2000 N/m, with a maximum uncertainty of 10%, whereas the static stiffness of the sensor without tip is expected to be ≃3300 N/m. The former value must not be considered as being representative of a generic value for any qPlus, as our study stresses the influence of the tip on the estimated stiffness and points towards the need for the individual calibration of these probes. Although the framework focuses on a particular kind of sensor, it may be adapted to any high-k, high-Q nc-AFM probe used under similar conditions, such as silicon cantilevers and LERs.
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Vanadium (V) concentrations in organisms are usually very low. To date, among animals, only some urochordate and annelid species contain very high levels of V in their tissues. A new case of hyper-accumulation of V in a distinct animal phylum (Porifera), namely, the two homoscleromorph sponge species Oscarella lobularis and O. tuberculata is reported. The measured concentrations (up to 30 g/kg dry weight) exceed those reported previously and are not found in all sponge classes. In both Oscarella species, V is mainly accumulated in the surface tissues, and in mesohylar cells, as V(IV), before being partly reduced to V(III) in the deeper tissues. Candidate genes from Bacteria and sponges have been identified as possibly being involved in the metabolism of V. This finding provides clues for the development of bioremediation strategies in marine ecosystems and/or bioinspired processes to recycle this critical metal.
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Poríferos , Urocordados , Animales , Vanadio , EcosistemaRESUMEN
Topological insulators, such as the Bi2Se3 material, exhibit significant optical nonlinearities. This work investigates the impact of the pulse duration on the nonlinear optical responses of Bi2Se3 layers. Scanning electron microscopy studies have been performed to reveal the crystalline structure of the samples. The nonlinear optical performance has been investigated for a wide range of pulse durations, from 400 fs to 10 ps, using 1030â nm laser excitation. The nonlinear absorption coefficients recorded in this study range from -1.45 x10-7 m/W to -4.86 x10-7 m/W. The influence of two different mechanisms on optical nonlinearities was observed and discussed. Identical experimental conditions have been employed throughout the studies allowing a direct comparison of the results.
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Obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are chronic pathologies with a high incidence worldwide. They share some pathological mechanisms, including hyperinsulinemia, the production and release of hormones, and hyperglycemia. The above, over time, affects other systems of the human body by causing tissue hypoxia, low-grade inflammation, and oxidative stress, which lay the pathophysiological groundwork for cancer. The leading causes of death globally are T2DM and cancer. Other main alterations of this pathological triad include the accumulation of advanced glycation end products and the release of endogenous alarmins due to cell death (i.e., damage-associated molecular patterns) such as the intracellular proteins high-mobility group box protein 1 and protein S100 that bind to the receptor for advanced glycation products (RAGE) - a multiligand receptor involved in inflammatory and metabolic and neoplastic processes. This review analyzes the latest advanced reports on the role of RAGE in the development of obesity, T2DM, and cancer, with an aim to understand the intracellular signaling mechanisms linked with cancer initiation. This review also explores inflammation, oxidative stress, hypoxia, cellular senescence, RAGE ligands, tumor microenvironment changes, and the "cancer hallmarks" of the leading tumors associated with T2DM. The assimilation of this information could aid in the development of diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to lower the morbidity and mortality associated with these diseases.
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BACKGROUND: Increasing cesarean section (CS) rates are a global concern because they are related to higher maternal and neonatal complication rates and do not provide positive childbirth experiences. In 2019, Brazil ranked second globally, given its overall CS rate of 57%. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), populational CS rates of 10-15% are associated with decreased maternal, neonatal, and infant mortality rates. This study aimed to investigate whether multidisciplinary care following evidence-based protocols associated with a high motivation of both women and professionals for a vaginal birth leads to less overuse of CS in a Brazilian private practice (PP). METHODS: This cross-sectional study evaluated CS rates by Robson group for women who sought vaginal birth in a private practice in Brazil comparing with Swedish data. Collaborative care of midwives and obstetricians who adopted evidence-based guidelines was offered. CS rates, overall and by Robson group, contribution of each Robson group to the overall CS rate, clinical and nonclinical interventions, vaginal birth, pre-labor CS, and intrapartum CS proportions were estimated. The expected CS rate was calculated using the World Health Organization C-model tool. The analysis used Microsoft Excel and R Studio (version 1.2.1335. 2009-2019). RESULTS: The PP overall CS rate was 15.1% (95%CI, 13.4-17.1%) versus the 19.8% (95%CI, 14.8-24.7%) rate expected by the WHO C-model tool. The population included 43.7% women in Robson Group 1 (nulliparous, single, cephalic, at term, spontaneous labor), 11.4% in Group 2 (nulliparous, single, cephalic, at term, induced labor or CS before labor), and 14.9% in Group 5 (multiparous women with previous CS), the greatest contributors to higher CS rates (75.4% of them). The Swedish overall CS rate was 17.9% (95%CI, 17.6-18.1%) in a population of 27% women in Robson Group 1, 10.7% in Group 2, and 9.2% in Group 5. CONCLUSIONS: Multidisciplinary care following evidence-based protocols, associated with high motivation of both women and professionals for vaginal birth, may lead to a significant and safe reduction of CS rates even in contexts such as Brazil, with high medicalization of obstetric care and excess CS.
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Cesárea , Parto , Embarazo , Lactante , Recién Nacido , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Brasil/epidemiología , Estudios Transversales , Práctica PrivadaRESUMEN
Resumen: Propósito 1: Este estudio determinó el efecto de un programa de entrenamiento sensoriomotor sobre el equilibrio estático en nadadores con síndrome de Down (SD) y discapacidad intelectual (DI). Metodología: Participantes: 13 personas. Instrumentos y materiales: Se utilizó el Modified Clinical Test for Sensory Integration for Balance para determinar el equilibrio y un equipo Wii Balance Board y computadora con programa de análisis del centro de gravedad. Procedimientos: se aplicó un pretest y luego se aplicó un entrenamiento neuromotor (3 sesiones semanales, de 30 minutos, durante 4 semanas), al terminar se aplicó el postest. Por tratarse de deportistas activos continuaron con su rutina sin alteraciones en la carga de entrenamiento. Se usó estadística descriptiva y ANOVA de dos vías 2X2, mediciones y grupos. Resultados: No hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre la variable mediciones (F = 0.14; p = 0.7162) ni por grupos (F = 0.2; p = 0.6659) en variable ojos abiertos estable. En la variable ojos cerrados inestable sí hubo diferencias significativas (F = 0.952; p = 0.350), por grupos (F = 6.066; p = 0.320), en la variable ojos abiertos inestable no hubo diferencias ni en mediciones (F = 0.852; p = 0.376) ni en grupos (F = 2.484; p = 0.143). En variable ojos cerrados estable no hubo diferencias en mediciones (F = 0.716; p = 0.415) ni por grupos (F = 0.801; p = 0.390). Se demostró que este entrenamiento en esa población produce mejora en la variable equilibrio ya que muestra una diferencia significativa p < 0.05 en la variable ojos abiertos inestable 0.32.
Abstract: Purpose2: This study seeks to determine the effect of a sensorimotor training program on static equilibrium in swimmers with Down syndrome and intellectual disability. Method: Participants: a total of 13 swimmers. Instruments and materials: the Modified Clinical Test for Sensory Integration for Balance, a Wii device with a platform, and a computer with a program to analyze the center of gravity were used in the study. Procedures: a pretest was applied, then a neuromotor training was delivered for four weeks, in three sessions of 30 minutes each, and finally, a posttest was applied. Since they were active athletes, they continued their routine without altering the training load. Statistical analysis: descriptive statistics and a two-way ANOVA (2x2, measures and groups) were used. Results: there were no statistically significant differences between the variables measured (F = 0.14, p = 0.7162) or per groups (F = 0.2, p = 0.6659) for the variable open eyes on a stable surface. For the variable closed eyes on an unstable surface, there were significant differences between the variables measured (F = 0.952, p = 0.350) and between groups (F = 6.066, p = 0.320), while for open eyes on an unstable surface there were no differences between the variables measured (F = 0.852, p = 0.376) or between groups (F = 2, .484, p = 0.143). For the variable closed eyes on a stable surface there were no significant differences between the variables measured (F = 0.716, p = 0.415) or between groups (F = 0.801, p = 0.390). It was found that this training in this population produced an improvement (p <0.05) for the variable closed eyes on a stable surface 0.32.
Resumo: Propósito 3: Este estudo determinou o efeito de um programa de treinamento sensório-motor sobre o equilíbrio estático em nadadores com síndrome de Down e deficiência intelectual. Metodologia: Participarem 13 nadadores. Instrumentos e materiais: Se utilizo o Modified Clinical Test for Sensory Integration for Balance (Teste Clínico Modificado de Integração Sensorial para Equilíbrio) para determinar o equilíbrio e um dispositivo Wii Balance Board e computador com um programa de análise do centro de gravidade. Procedimentos: Foi aplicado um pre-teste, quando foi iniciado o treinamento neuromotor por quatro semanas, três sessões de 30 minutos cada uma; ao finalizar o programa, o pós-teste foi aplicado. Pois como eram atletas ativos, eles continuaram com uma carga constante. Foram usadas estatísticas descritivas e ANOVA 2X2 bidirecional, medições e grupos. Resultados: Não houve diferenças estatisticamente significantes entre a variável medições (F = 0,14; p = 0,7162) nem por grupos (F = 0,2; p = 0,6659) na variável olhos abertos estável. Na variável olhos fechados instável houve diferenças significativas (F = 0,952; p = 0,350) e por grupos (F = 6,066; p = 0,320); mas na variável olhos abertos instável não houve diferenças nem em medições (F = 0,852; p = 0,376) nem em grupos (F = 2, 484; p = 0,143). Na variável olhos fechados estável, não houve diferenças significativas em medições (F = 0,716; p = 0,415) nem por grupos (F = 0,801; p = 0,390). Foi demonstrado que este treinamento nestas pessoas melhora a variável equilíbrio, já que mostra uma diferença estatisticamente significante p <0,05 na variável olhos abertos instável 0,32.
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Humanos , Propiocepción , Natación , Síndrome de Down , Discapacidad Intelectual , Costa RicaRESUMEN
The increase of low-cost technology for underwater filming has made quantitative analysis an affordable resource for swimming coaches on a frequent basis. In this context, a synthesis of the kinematic determinants of underwater undulatory swimming (UUS) seems to be lacking. The aim of the present study was to synthesise the scientific evidence on the kinematic characteristics of competitive swimmers during UUS and the main kinematic determinants of UUS performance, as well as to summarise the main methodological considerations for UUS kinematic analysis. A systematic literature search was performed through four electronic databases following the PRISMA guidelines and STROBE for evaluating the quality of the included studies. Twenty-three research studies from the first search and two from the second search were finally considered. In total, 412 competitive swimmers (321 males and 91 females) with a performance standard of international B (11%), national (51%), or regional (35%) level were analysed. Most studies focused on a two-dimensional analysis of the ventral UUS performed from a push start and filmed 6-12 m from the starting wall. Kinematic analysis of UUS included kicking parameters (kicking length, frequency, and amplitude) as well as selected segmental kinematics in 76% of studies and the analysis of UUS performance determinants in 36%. Information about the determinants of UUS performance was inconsistent due in part to inconsistencies in the definition of kinematic parameters. Further research studies where automatic motion capture systems are applied to the analysis of UUS on the aforementioned conditions should be conducted.
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Natación , Fenómenos Biomecánicos , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Movimiento (Física)RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Surgical failure-to-rescue (FTR, death rate following complications) is a reliable cross-sectional quality of care marker, but has not been evaluated dynamically. We aimed to study changes in FTR following emergency surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Matched cohort study including all COVID-19-non-infected adult patients undergoing emergency general surgery in 25 Spanish hospitals during COVID-19 pandemic peak (March-April 2020), non-peak (May-June 2020), and 2019 control periods. A propensity score-matched comparative analysis was conducted using a logistic regression model, in which period was regressed on observed baseline characteristics. Subsequently, a mixed effects logistic regression model was constructed for each variable of interest. Main variable was FTR. Secondary variables were post-operative complications, readmissions, reinterventions, and length of stay. RESULTS: 5003 patients were included (948, 1108, and 2947 in the pandemic peak, non-peak, and control periods), with comparable clinical characteristics, prognostic scores, complications, reintervention, rehospitalization rates, and length of stay across periods. FTR was greater during the pandemic peak than during non-peak and pre-pandemic periods (22.5% vs. 17.2% and 12.7%), being this difference confirmed in adjusted analysis (odds ratio [OR] 2.13, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.27-3.66). There was sensible inter-hospital variability in FTR changes during the pandemic peak (median FTR change +8.77%, IQR 0-29.17%) not observed during the pandemic non-peak period (median FTR change 0%, IQR -6.01-6.72%). Greater FTR increase was associated with higher COVID-19 incidence (OR 2.31, 95% CI 1.31-4.16) and some hospital characteristics, including tertiary level (OR 3.07, 95% CI 1.27-8.00), medium-volume (OR 2.79, 95% CI 1.14-7.34), and high basal-adjusted complication risk (OR 2.21, 95% CI 1.07-4.72). CONCLUSION: FTR following emergency surgery experienced a heterogeneous increase during different periods of the COVID-19 pandemic, suggesting it to behave as an indicator of hospital resilience. FTR monitoring could facilitate identification of centres in special needs during ongoing health care challenges.
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COVID-19 , Humanos , Adulto , COVID-19/epidemiología , Pandemias , Estudios Retrospectivos , Puntaje de Propensión , Estudios de Cohortes , Estudios Transversales , Mortalidad Hospitalaria , Hospitales , Complicaciones Posoperatorias/epidemiología , Complicaciones Posoperatorias/etiologíaRESUMEN
Tungsten disulfide nanosheets were successfully prepared by one-step chemical vapor deposition using tungsten oxide and thiourea in an inert gas environment. The size of the obtained nanosheets was subsequently reduced down to below 20 nm in width and 150 nm in length using high-energy ball milling, followed by 0.5 and 1 wt% graphene loading. The corresponding vibrational and structural characterizations are consistent with the fabrication of a pure WS2 structure for neat sampling and the presence of the graphene characteristic vibration modes in graphene@WS2 compounds. Additional morphological and crystal structures were examined and confirmed by high-resolution electron microscopy. Subsequently, the investigations of the optical properties evidenced the high optical absorption (98%) and lower band gap (1.75 eV) for the graphene@WS2 compared to the other samples, with good band-edge alignment to water-splitting reaction. In addition, the photoelectrochemical measurements revealed that the graphene@WS2 (1 wt%) exhibits an excellent photocurrent density (95 µA/cm2 at 1.23 V bias) compared with RHE and higher applied bias potential efficiency under standard simulated solar illumination AM1.5G. Precisely, graphene@WS2 (1 wt%) exhibits 3.3 times higher performance compared to pristine WS2 and higher charge transfer ability, as measured by electrical impedance spectroscopy, suggesting its potential use as an efficient photoanode for hydrogen evolution reaction.
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New 4th-generation synchrotron sources, with their increased brilliance, promise to greatly improve the performances of coherent X-ray microscopy. This perspective is of major interest for crystal microscopy, which aims at revealing the 3D crystalline structure of matter at the nanoscale, an approach strongly limited by the available coherent flux. Our results, based on Bragg ptychography experiments performed at the first 4th-generation synchrotron source, demonstrate the possibility of retrieving a high-quality image of the crystalline sample, with unprecedented quality. Importantly, the larger available coherent flux produces datasets with enough information to overcome experimental limitations, such as strongly deteriorated scanning conditions. We show this achievement would not be possible with 3rd-generation sources, a limit that has inhibited the development of this otherwise powerful microscopy method, so far. Hence, the advent of next-generation synchrotron sources not only makes Bragg ptychography suitable for high throughput studies but also strongly relaxes the associated experimental constraints, making it compatible with a wider range of experimental set-ups at the new synchrotrons.
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Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) have some limitations in the physiological environment, however, a modification on their surface, such as a core-shell structure with gold (SPIONs@Au), can enhance their applicability. In this study, SPIONs were synthesized by the chemical coprecipitation method, stabilized by sodium citrate, and followed by the gold-coating process. SPIONs@Au were functionalized with EGF-α-lipoic acid and chlorin e6 (Ce6)-cysteamine complexes, composing a Theranostic Nanoprobe (TP). The outcomes showed that the SPIONs@Au had changed in color to red and had an absorption band centered at 530 nm. The coating was verified in the TEM micrographs in bright and dark fields by EDS mapping, which indicated the presence of Au and Fe. The Ce6-cysteamine complex had a resonant band at 670 nm that enabled the diagnosis of biological samples using fluorescence analysis. In the measure of TNBC cell uptake, the maximum value of TP fluorescence intensity was obtained within 4 h of internalization. At 2 h, the incorporation of the TP in the cytoplasm as well as in the nuclei was observed, suggesting that it could be employed as a diagnostic marker. The PTT results showed significant percentages of apoptosis in the TNBC cell line, which confirms the efficacy of the TP.
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BACKGROUND: COVID-19 infection is associated with a higher mortality rate in surgical patients, but surgical risk scores have not been validated in the emergency setting. We aimed to study the capacity for postoperative mortality prediction of the P-POSSUM score in COVID-19-positive patients submitted to emergency general and digestive surgery. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Consecutive patients undergoing emergency general and digestive surgery from March to June 2020, and from March to June 2019 in 25 Spanish hospitals were included in a retrospective cohort study. MAIN OUTCOME: 30-day mortality. P-POSSUM discrimination was quantified by the area under the curve (AUC) of ROC curves; calibration was assessed by linear regression slope (ß estimator); and sensitivity and specificity were expressed as percentage and 95% confidence interval (CI). RESULTS: 4988 patients were included: 177 COVID-19-positive; 2011 intra-pandemic COVID-19-negative; and 2800 pre-pandemic. COVID-19-positive patients were older, with higher surgical risk, more advanced pathologies, and higher P-POSSUM values (1.79% vs. 1.09%, p < 0.001, in both the COVID-19-negative and control cohort). 30-day mortality in the COVID-19-positive, intra-pandemic COVID-19-negative and pre-pandemic cohorts were: 12.9%, 4.6%, and 3.2%. The P-POSSUM predictive values in the three cohorts were, respectively: AUC 0.88 (95% CI 0.81-0.95), 0.89 (95% CI 0.87-0.92), and 0.91 (95% CI 0.88-0.93); ß value 0.97 (95% CI 0.74-1.2), 0.99 (95% CI 0.82-1.16), and 0.78 (95% CI 0.74-0.82); sensitivity 83% (95% CI 61-95), 91% (95% CI 84-96), and 89% (95% CI 80-94); and specificity 81% (95% CI 74-87), 76% (95% CI 74-78), and 80% (95% CI 79-82). CONCLUSION: The P-POSSUM score showed a good predictive capacity for postoperative mortality in COVID-19-positive patients submitted to emergency general and digestive surgery.
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COVID-19 , Humanos , Complicaciones Posoperatorias , Curva ROC , Estudios Retrospectivos , Medición de Riesgo , SARS-CoV-2 , Índice de Severidad de la EnfermedadRESUMEN
At the nanoscale, elastic strain and crystal defects largely influence the properties and functionalities of materials. The ability to predict the structural evolution of catalytic nanocrystals during the reaction is of primary importance for catalyst design. However, to date, imaging and characterising the structure of defects inside a nanocrystal in three-dimensions and in situ during reaction has remained a challenge. We report here an unusual twin boundary migration process in a single platinum nanoparticle during CO oxidation using Bragg coherent diffraction imaging as the characterisation tool. Density functional theory calculations show that twin migration can be correlated with the relative change in the interfacial energies of the free surfaces exposed to CO. The x-ray technique also reveals particle reshaping during the reaction. In situ and non-invasive structural characterisation of defects during reaction opens new avenues for understanding defect behaviour in confined crystals and paves the way for strain and defect engineering.
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Resumen Rojas-Valverde, D., Fallas-Campos, A., y Alpízar-Alpízar, M. (2020). Esports en tiempos de una pandemia global: oportunidades y futuros desafíos al transformar el juego en un deporte en Costa Rica. PENSAR EN MOVIMIENTO: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 18(2), 1- 11. En respuesta a la pandemia relacionada con COVID-19, el mundo ha sufrido una serie de cambios drásticos. Debido a ellos, se han anunciado aplazamientos y cancelaciones de múltiples grandes eventos anuales en los deportes, las cuales dan paso a nuevas alternativas digitales que responden a las disposiciones de aislamiento del gobierno. Los eSports se muestran como una alternativa en rápida evolución para mantener el espíritu deportivo y la pasión que los deportes provocan en la población en general. En Costa Rica, este deporte ha comenzado su crecimiento, tal como sucedió en todo el mundo, y se ha acelerado con una alta tasa de evolución. En este sentido, el país enfrenta grandes desafíos para su promoción, incluyendo la de futuros eventos, el desarrollo de profesionales y la creación de una estructura organizacional para su práctica óptima. Este manuscrito busca analizar cómo la pandemia global expone la necesidad de poner atención a las alternativas deportivas digitales como el eSport y los desafíos futuros que enfrenta Costa Rica al tratar de desarrollarlo de manera efectiva y eficiente.
Abstract Rojas-Valverde, D., Fallas-Campos, A., & Alpízar-Alpízar, M. (2020). Esports in times of a global pandemic: opportunities and future challenges when transforming gaming into a sport in Costa Rica. PENSAR EN MOVIMIENTO: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 18(2), 1-11. In response to the COVID-19 global pandemic, the world has undergone a series of drastic changes. Due to this, postponement and cancellation of multiple annual big sports events have been announced, giving way to new digital alternatives that follow government isolation provisions. eSports has shown to be a rapidly evolving alternative to maintain the sportsmanship and passion that sports bring to the general population. In Costa Rica, like everywhere else, this sport has seen accelerated growth with a high rate of evolution. In this regard, the country faces significant challenges to promote future eSports events, professional development, and the creation of an organizational structure for its optimal practice. This paper aims to analyze how the global pandemic exposes the need to direct the attention to digital sports alternatives such as eSport and the future challenges that Costa Rica will face to develop it in an effective and efficient way.
Resumo Rojas-Valverde, D., Fallas-Campos, A., e Alpízar-Alpízar, M. (2020). Os esportes eletrônicos em tempos de uma pandemia global: oportunidades e futuros desafios ao transformar o jogo em um esporte na Costa Rica. PENSAR EN MOVIMIENTO: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 18(2), 1-11. Como resposta à pandemia relacionada com a COVID-19, o mundo sofreu uma série de mudanças drásticas. Devido a isso, foram anunciados adiamentos e cancelamentos de múltiplos eventos esportivos de grande porte levados a cabo anualmente, abrindo espaço para novas alternativas digitais que respondem às disposições governamentais no que diz respeito ao isolamento. Os Esportes Eletrônicos ou eSports demonstram ser uma alternativa em rápida evolução para manter o espírito esportivo e a paixão que os esportes provocam na população em geral. Na Costa Rica, esse esporte começou a crescer, assim como aconteceu em todo o mundo, e acelerou com uma alta taxa de evolução. Neste sentido, o país enfrenta grandes desafios para sua promoção, incluindo a de futuros eventos, o desenvolvimento de profissionais e a criação de uma estrutura organizacional para que a prática seja adequada. Este manuscrito busca analisar como a pandemia global expõe a necessidade de estar alerta às alternativas esportivas digitais como o eSport e aos desafios futuros enfrentados pela Costa Rica para desenvolvê-las efetiva e eficientemente.
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Deportes , COVID-19 , Videojuego de Ejercicio , Desarrollo Tecnológico , Realidad VirtualRESUMEN
We report the electron microscopy-based analysis of the major lateral tooth of the limpet Colisella subrugosa during early and intermediate stages of development. We aimed to analyze the structural relationship among the needle-like crystals of the iron oxide goethite, the amorphous silica phase that forms the tooth base and occupy inter-crystalline spaces in the cusp, and the chitin fibers of the matrix. Goethite crystals followed the three dimensional organization pattern of the chitin fibers in the cusp. In the tooth base, spherical individual silica granules were found in regions where the chitin fibers cross. The spherical granules near the interface between the tooth base and the cusp (junction zone) formed an almost continuous medium that could easily be ultrathin-sectioned for further analysis. By contrast, the nearby silica-rich region localized on the other side of the junction zone contained needle-like goethite crystals immersed in the matrix and presented a conchoidal fracture. The chitin fibers from the silica granules of the tooth base were dotted or undulating in projection with a periodicity of about 6 nm when observed by high magnification transmission electron microscopy. Very thin goethite crystals were present in the base of the cusp near the junction zone surrounded by silica. On several occasions, crystals presented internal thin straight white lines parallel to the major axis, indicating a possible growth around fibers. We propose that silica and iron oxide phases mineralization may occur simultaneously at least for some period and that silica moderates the dimensions of the iron oxide crystals.
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Minerales/química , Dióxido de Silicio/química , Diente/química , Animales , Quitina/química , Compuestos Férricos/química , Gastrópodos/química , Compuestos de Hierro/química , Microscopía Electrónica de Transmisión/métodosRESUMEN
The increasingly frequent detection of resistant organic micropollutants in waters calls for better treatment of these molecules that are recognized to be dangerous for human health and the environment. As an alternative to conventional adsorbent material such as activated carbon, silica-clay nanocomposites were synthesized for the removal of pharmaceuticals in contaminated water. Their efficiency with respect to carbamazepine, ciprofloxacin, danofloxacin, doxycycline, and sulfamethoxazole was assessed in model water and real groundwater spiked with the five contaminants. Results showed that the efficacy of contaminant removal depends on the chemical properties of the micropollutants. Among the adsorbents tested, the nanocomposite made of 95% clay and 5% SiO2 NPs was the most efficient and was easily recovered from solution after treatment compared with pure clay, for example. The composite is thus a good candidate in terms of operating costs and environmental sustainability for the removal of organic contaminants.
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Nanocompuestos , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua , Purificación del Agua , Adsorción , Antibacterianos , Arcilla , Humanos , Dióxido de Silicio , Agua , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/análisisRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The early integration of supportive care in oncology improves patient-centered outcomes. However, data are lacking regarding how to achieve this in resource-limited settings. We studied whether patient navigation increased access to multidisciplinary supportive care among Mexican patients with advanced cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This randomized controlled trial was conducted between August 2017 and April 2018 at a public hospital in Mexico City. Patients aged ≥18 years with metastatic tumors ≤6 weeks from diagnosis were randomized (1:1) to a patient navigation intervention or usual care. Patients randomized to patient navigation received personalized supportive care from a navigator and a multidisciplinary team. Patients randomized to usual care obtained supportive care referrals from treating oncologists. The primary outcome was the implementation of supportive care interventions at 12 weeks. Secondary outcomes included advance directive completion, supportive care needs, and quality of life. RESULTS: One hundred thirty-four patients were randomized: 67 to patient navigation and 67 to usual care. Supportive care interventions were provided to 74% of patients in the patient navigation arm versus 24% in usual care (difference 0.50, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.34-0.62; p < .0001). In the patient navigation arm, 48% of eligible patients completed advance directives, compared with 0% in usual care (p < .0001). At 12 weeks, patients randomized to patient navigation had less moderate/severe pain (10% vs. 33%; difference 0.23, 95% CI 0.07-0.38; p = .006), without differences in quality of life between arms. CONCLUSION: Patient navigation improves access to early supportive care, advance care planning, and pain for patients with advanced cancer in resource-limited settings. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: The early implementation of supportive care in oncology is recommended by international guidelines, but this might be difficult to achieve in resource-limited settings. This randomized clinical trial including 134 Mexican patients with advanced cancer demonstrates that a multidisciplinary patient navigation intervention can improve the early access to supportive and palliative care interventions, increase advance care planning, and reduce symptoms compared with usual oncologist-guided care alone. These results demonstrate that patient navigation represents a potentially useful solution to achieve the adequate implementation of supportive and palliative care in resource-limited settings globally.
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Neoplasias , Navegación de Pacientes , Adolescente , Adulto , Humanos , México , Neoplasias/terapia , Cuidados Paliativos , Calidad de VidaRESUMEN
Abstract In response to the COVID-19 global pandemic, the world has undergone a series of drastic changes. Due to this, postponement and cancellation of multiple annual big sports events have been announced, giving way to new digital alternatives that follow government isolation provisions. eSports has shown to be a rapidly evolving alternative to maintain the sportsmanship and passion that sports bring to the general population. In Costa Rica, like everywhere else, this sport has seen accelerated growth with a high rate of evolution. In this regard, the country faces significant challenges to promote future eSports events, professional development, and the creation of an organizational structure for its optimal practice. This paper aims to analyze how the global pandemic exposes the need to direct the attention to digital sports alternatives such as eSport and the future challenges that Costa Rica will face to develop it in an effective and efficient way.
Resumen En respuesta a la pandemia relacionada con COVID-19, el mundo ha sufrido una serie de cambios drásticos. Debido a ellos, se han anunciado aplazamientos y cancelaciones de múltiples grandes eventos anuales en los deportes, las cuales dan paso a nuevas alternativas digitales que responden a las disposiciones de aislamiento del gobierno. Los eSports se muestran como una alternativa en rápida evolución para mantener el espíritu deportivo y la pasión que los deportes provocan en la población en general. En Costa Rica, este deporte ha comenzado su crecimiento, tal como sucedió en todo el mundo, y se ha acelerado con una alta tasa de evolución. En este sentido, el país enfrenta grandes desafíos para su promoción, incluyendo la de futuros eventos, el desarrollo de profesionales y la creación de una estructura organizacional para su práctica óptima. Este manuscrito busca analizar cómo la pandemia global expone la necesidad de poner atención a las alternativas deportivas digitales como el eSport y los desafíos futuros que enfrenta Costa Rica al tratar de desarrollarlo de manera efectiva y eficiente.
Resumo Como resposta à pandemia relacionada com a COVID-19, o mundo sofreu uma série de mudanças drásticas. Devido a isso, foram anunciados adiamentos e cancelamentos de múltiplos eventos esportivos de grande porte levados a cabo anualmente, abrindo espaço para novas alternativas digitais que respondem às disposições governamentais no que diz respeito ao isolamento. Os Esportes Eletrônicos ou eSports demonstram ser uma alternativa em rápida evolução para manter o espírito esportivo e a paixão que os esportes provocam na população em geral. Na Costa Rica, esse esporte começou a crescer, assim como aconteceu em todo o mundo, e acelerou com uma alta taxa de evolução. Neste sentido, o país enfrenta grandes desafios para sua promoção, incluindo a de futuros eventos, o desenvolvimento de profissionais e a criação de uma estrutura organizacional para que a prática seja adequada. Este manuscrito busca analisar como a pandemia global expõe a necessidade de estar alerta às alternativas esportivas digitais como o eSport e aos desafios futuros enfrentados pela Costa Rica para desenvolvê-las efetiva e eficientemente.