RESUMEN
Influenza A viruses (IAV) impose significant respiratory disease burdens in both swine and humans worldwide, with frequent human-to-swine transmission driving viral evolution in pigs and highlighting the risk at the animal-human interface. Therefore, a comprehensive One Health approach (interconnection among human, animal, and environmental health) is needed for IAV prevention, control, and response. Animal influenza genomic surveillance remains limited in many Latin American countries, including Colombia. To address this gap, we genetically characterized 170 swine specimens from Colombia (2011-2017). Whole genome sequencing revealed a predominance of pandemic-like H1N1 lineage, with a minority belonging to H3N2 and H1N2 human seasonal-like lineage and H1N1 early classical swine lineages. Significantly, we have identified reassortant and recombinant viruses (H3N2, H1N1) not previously reported in Colombia. This suggests a broad genotypic viral diversity, likely resulting from reassortment between classical endemic viruses and new introductions established in Colombia's swine population (e.g. the 2009 H1N1 pandemic). Our study highlights the importance of a One Health approach in disease control, particularly in an ecosystem where humans are a main source of IAV to swine populations, and emphasizes the need for continued surveillance and enhanced biosecurity measures. The co-circulation of multiple subtypes in regions with high swine density facilitates viral exchange, underscoring the importance of monitoring viral evolution to inform vaccine selection and public health policies locally and globally.
Asunto(s)
Evolución Molecular , Variación Genética , Subtipo H1N1 del Virus de la Influenza A , Subtipo H3N2 del Virus de la Influenza A , Infecciones por Orthomyxoviridae , Filogenia , Enfermedades de los Porcinos , Animales , Porcinos , Colombia/epidemiología , Infecciones por Orthomyxoviridae/virología , Infecciones por Orthomyxoviridae/veterinaria , Infecciones por Orthomyxoviridae/epidemiología , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/virología , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/epidemiología , Subtipo H3N2 del Virus de la Influenza A/genética , Subtipo H3N2 del Virus de la Influenza A/clasificación , Subtipo H3N2 del Virus de la Influenza A/aislamiento & purificación , Subtipo H1N1 del Virus de la Influenza A/genética , Subtipo H1N1 del Virus de la Influenza A/clasificación , Subtipo H1N1 del Virus de la Influenza A/aislamiento & purificación , Salud Única , Humanos , Virus de la Influenza A/genética , Virus de la Influenza A/clasificación , Virus de la Influenza A/aislamiento & purificación , Secuenciación Completa del Genoma , Genoma Viral , Monitoreo Epidemiológico , Virus Reordenados/genética , Virus Reordenados/clasificación , Virus Reordenados/aislamiento & purificación , Subtipo H1N2 del Virus de la Influenza A/genética , Subtipo H1N2 del Virus de la Influenza A/aislamiento & purificación , Subtipo H1N2 del Virus de la Influenza A/clasificación , Gripe Humana/virología , Gripe Humana/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 continues to threaten public health. The virus is causing breakthrough infections in vaccinated individuals. Also, scarce information is available about cutaneous manifestations after severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection. CASE PRESENTATION AND FINDINGS: A case of a triple-vaccinated (Pfizer) 37-year-old Hispanic American (Colombian) male who developed urticaria after Omicron BA.5.1 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 breakthrough infection is described. Virus isolation and whole genome sequencing along with immune and molecular assays were performed. Dermatological manifestations (skin rash and urticaria) after Omicron BA.5.1 infection were observed. Sequence analysis of the Omicron BA.5.1 isolate also revealed several important mutations. Hemogram analysis revealed leukocytosis and neutrophilia. Serology testing revealed anti-spike immunoglobulin G serum titers but negative detection of immunoglobulin M at 10 days after symptom onset. Anti-nucleocapsid, anti-spike 1 immunoglobulin G, anti-spike trimer, and anti-receptor-binding-domain immunoglobulin G and immunoglobulin E sera were detected at different titers 10 days after symptom onset. Several serum levels of chemokines/cytokines (Interferon-α, interferon-γ, interleukin-12/interleukin-23p40, interleukin-18, interferon gamma-induced protein-10, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, monokine induced by gamma, macrophage inflammatory protein-1α, chemokine (C-C motif) ligand-5 , tumor necrosis factor-ß1, Tumor necrosis factor-α) were detected, but interleukin-2, interleukin-4, interleukin-6, interleukin-8, and interleukin-17A were below the limit of detection. INTERPRETATION AND CONCLUSIONS: To our knowledge, this is the first study describing skin effects of a severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 Omicron BA.5 variant breakthrough infection in a triple-vaccinated patient in Colombia. Several important mutations were found in the spike glycoprotein of the virus isolated; these mutations are associated with immune evasion and changes in antigenic properties of the virus. Physicians overseeing coronavirus disease 2019 cases should be aware of the potential skin effects of the infection. Pathogenesis of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection and its association with proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines may enhance the development of urticaria and other skin manifestations in immunized individuals. However, further studies are needed to better understand the complexity of coronavirus disease in such situations.