Inclusion of the direct-fed microbial Clostridium butyricum in diets for weanling pigs increases growth performance and tends to increase villus height and crypt depth, but does not change intestinal microbial abundance.

An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that inclusion of the direct fed microbial Clostridium butyricum in diets for weanling pigs will improve growth performance, systemic immune function, microbiota composition, and gut morphology in weaned pigs. A total of 275 newly weaned pigs (20 ± 2 d of age) with an average initial BW of 6.4 ± 0.8 kg were allotted to a randomized complete block design with 11 pens per treatment. Diets included a positive control diet containing Carbadox, a negative control diet without Carbadox, and three treatment diets in which 1,250 × 108 cfu/kg, 2,500 × 108 cfu/kg, or 3,500 × 108 cfu/kg of C. butyricum was added to the negative control diet. A two-phase feeding program was used (phase 1, 14 d; phase 2, 21 d). At the conclusion of the experiment (day 35), a blood sample was collected from one pig per pen (11 pigs per treatment) and this pig was then euthanized and digesta and tissues samples were collected. Results indicated that for the overall phase, pigs fed the positive control diet had greater (P < 0.05) ADG and ADFI and tended (P = 0.064) to have greater final BW than pigs fed the negative control diet. The ADG and G:F increased and then decreased as increasing doses of C. butyricum were included in the diet (quadratic, P < 0.05). The concentration of tumor necrosis factor-α was less (P < 0.05) in pigs fed the positive control diet compared with pigs fed the negative control diet or diets containing C. butyricum. Crypt depth tended (P = 0.08) to be less in pigs fed the negative control diet compared with pigs fed the positive control diet and villus height tended to increase as the doses of C. butyricum increased in the diets (quadratic, P = 0.08). Villus height also tended (P = 0.084) to be greater in pigs fed diets containing C. butyricum compared with pigs fed the positive control diet. Crypt depth increased as the dose of C. butyricum increased (quadratic, P < 0.05) and villus width at the bottom tended to increase (linear, P = 0.072) as the dose of C. butyricum increased in the diet. Alpha and beta diversity indices of ileal and colonic microbiota were not affected by diet. In conclusion, addition of 1,250 × 108 cfu/kg of C. butyricum, but not greater levels, to diets fed to weanling pigs increased growth performance and tended to increase villus height and crypt depth, but changes in the abundance of intestinal microbiota were not observed.

Non-antibiotic feed additives in diets for pigs: A review.

A number of feed additives are marketed to assist in boosting the pigs' immune system, regulate gut microbiota, and reduce negative impacts of weaning and other environmental challenges. The most commonly used feed additives include acidifiers, zinc and copper, prebiotics, direct-fed microbials, yeast products, nucleotides, and plant extracts. Inclusion of pharmacological levels of zinc and copper, certain acidifiers, and several plant extracts have been reported to result in improved pig performance or improved immune function of pigs. It is also possible that use of prebiotics, direct-fed microbials, yeast, and nucleotides may have positive impacts on pig performance, but results have been less consistent and there is a need for more research in this area.

Effects of full fat rice bran and defatted rice bran on growth performance and carcass characteristics of growing-finishing pigs.

The objective was to test the hypothesis that increasing inclusion levels of full fat rice bran (FFRB) or defatted rice bran (DFRB) are not detrimental to growth or carcass characteristics, longissimus muscle (LM) quality, or fat quality when fed to growing-finishing pigs. A total of 224 barrows and gilts were randomly allotted to 7 treatments, with 4 pigs per pen and 8 pen replicates per treatment. Pigs had an average initial BW of 28.2 ± 4.1 kg and a 3-phase feeding program was used. A basal diet containing corn and soybean meal, 3 diets containing corn, soybean meal, and 10, 20, or 30% FFRB, and 3 diets containing corn, soybean meal, and 10, 20, or 30% DFRB were formulated within each phase. Daily feed allotments and pig BW at the start of the experiment and at the conclusion of each phase were recorded. On the last day of the experiment, 1 pig per pen was harvested and carcass characteristics, LM quality, and fat quality were determined. For the overall experimental period, no effects of dietary treatments were observed for average daily gain. However, average daily feed intake (ADFI) decreased (linear, P < 0.05) and gain to feed ratio (G:F) increased (linear, P < 0.05) for pigs fed diets with increasing concentrations of FFRB. In contrast, ADFI increased linearly (P < 0.05) and G:F decreased (linear, P < 0.05) as DFRB was included in the diets. There were no effects of dietary treatments on LM quality. The length of the bellies decreased (linear and quadratic, P < 0.05) as the inclusion of FFRB or DFRB increased in the diets. The concentration of crude fat in the adipose tissue of pigs increased linearly (P < 0.05) as the concentration of FFRB or DFRB increased in the diets. The concentration of saturated fatty acids in the adipose tissue of pigs fed diets containing FFRB decreased (linear, P < 0.05), whereas the concentration of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) increased (linear, P < 0.05). In contrast, addition of DFRB did not affect the concentration of fatty acids in adipose tissues. In conclusion, 30% FFRB included in diets for growing-finishing pigs may improve G:F without affecting carcass characteristics or LM quality with the exception that PUFA in adipose tissues will increase. However, inclusion of DFRB in diets for growing-finishing pigs will reduce G:F without affecting the LM quality or composition of adipose tissues.

Characterization of pig farms in the main swine producing regions of Colombia / Caracterización de los sistemas de producción porcina en las principales regiones porcicolas colombianas / Caracterização dos sistemas de produção de suínos nas principais regiões suínas da Colômbia

The goal of this study was to characterize intensive pig farms with inventories of 200 or more sows. Farms were located in the three major swine rearing areas of Colombia, representing 62% of the national total sow inventory. A random sample of 67 farms was evaluated, considering a 95% confidence level, 10% precision and 50% variability. A survey was applied to each farm, registering health and production indexes within each production stage, such as acclimatization, farrowing, weaning, and growing/finishing. Index differences between regions were established (p<0.05) and herd performance was analyzed to identify strengths and weaknesses of the main Colombian swine industry. Herds in the evaluated regions had a 87.6% farrowing rate, with a total of 11.7 pigs born per litter, of which 10.8 were born alive; and 10 pigs were weaned per litter, with an average production of 22.3 pigs weaned per sow/year. The average slaughter age was 166.1 days with 102.2 kg per pig. Indexes established in the present study were similar or higher compared to the ones reported for other countries. These data suggest that Colombian swine producers still have great opportunities to increase profitability if production costs decrease and the number of pigs and the amount of pork produced per year is increased.

El presente estudio tuvo como objeto caracterizar productivamente las granjas porcícolas colombianas de producción intensiva con más de 200 hembras en el pie de cría en las tres regiones con mayor influencia sobre la producción nacional lo cual representó el 62% del inventario nacional de madres. Se seleccionó aleatoriamente una muestra de 67 granjas con un nivel de confianza del 95%, una precisión del 10% y una variabilidad del 50%. Se aplicó una encuesta para estimar los principales indicadores sanitarios y de productividad en cada una de las etapas de producción: aclimatización, cría, precebo y ceba. Se establecieron las diferencias de los indicadores entre las regiones evaluadas (p<0.05) y se obtuvo una aproximación al desempeño productivo de las granjas identificando las fortalezas y debilidades de los sistemas en las regiones estudiadas. En promedio se estimó que las granjas tienen una tasa de parición del 87.6%, un promedio de 11.7 lechones nacidos totales, 10.8 lechones nacidos vivos y 10 lechones destetos por cerda; producen 22.3 lechones por cerda al año y sacrifican animales de 102 kg de peso con 166.1 días al sacrificio en promedio. Los resultados obtenidos demostraron que los indicadores de competitividad son similares a los reportados en otros países e inclusive superiores, siendo importante considerar que la porcicultura colombiana está en capacidad de disminuir costos de producción asociados al incremento en el número de cerdos y kilogramos producidos por cerda al año.

Este estudo teve como objectivo caracterizar produtivamente as empresas suínas com mais de e 200 fêmeas reprodutoras em três regiões com maior influência nacional, que representaram 62% do inventário nacional das mães. Foi seleccionada aleatoreamente uma amostra de 67 granjas com um nível de confiança de 95%, uma precisão de 10% e uma variabilidade de 50%. Um inquérito foi utilizado para estimar indicadores de saúde e produtividade em todas as fases de produção: aclimatação, cria, reprodução, pré engorda e engorda. Foram encontradas diferencias entre granjas nos indicadores entre as regiões avaliadas (p<0.05) e obteve-se uma aproximação do desempenho produtivo das granjas identificando-se os pontos fortes e fracos dos sistemas nas regiões estudadas. Em média as granjas agrícolas apresentaram uma taxa de natalidade do 87.6%, 11.7 leitões nascidos totais, 10.8 leitões nascidos vivos e 10 leitões desmamados por porca, produzidos 22.3 leitões por porca por ano e o abate foi de 102 kg com 166.1 dias. Os resultados mostraram que os indicadores da competitividade são semelhantes aos relatados em outros países e até mesmo maior, sendo importante considerar que o porco da Colômbia é capaz de reduzir os custos de produção associados ao aumento do número de leitões e kilogramas produzidos por porca ao ano.

Propiedades matemáticas del modelo de Gompertz y su aplicación al crecimiento de los cerdos / Mathematical properties of the Gompertz model and its application to the growing pig / Propriedades matemáticas do modelo de Gompertz e sua aplicação ao crescimento de suínos

En esta investigación se utiliza el modelo de crecimiento de Gompertz para describir el crecimiento corporal, de la canal y de los componentes químicos (proteína, lípido, ceniza y agua) de cerdos en condiciones comerciales de producción. La descripción del crecimiento y los cambios en la deposición de macromoléculas se realizó en 10 edades (1, 21, 63, 99, 126, 154, 175, 210, 239 y 273 días de edad), sacrificando 39 cerdos. Se colectaron muestras de canal, vísceras rojas y vísceras blancas y se analizaron los componentes químicos. Se verificó que los parámetros del modelo tienen un significado y sensibilidad biológica, que pueden ser interpretados por la madurez al 50% y el peso adulto, los cuales sirven para estimar la influencia de factores ambientales que modifican los parámetros de crecimiento. Los hallazgos de este estudio sitúan las tasas de retención de proteína en 129 g/día, es decir un 17.3% inferior a los hallazgos con genotipos altamente seleccionados y soportan la teoría que establece que las tasas de retención de proteína están estrechamente relacionadas con los patrones de ganancia diaria de peso corporal. El grupo experimental presentó comportamientos en la deposición de los componentes químicos corporales similares a las de animales no mejorados.

In this study, the Gompertz model is used to describe the changes in chemical components (protein, lipids, ash and water) in growing pigs, as body weigh increases. Growth and changes in deposition of several molecules was evaluated at 10 different ages (1, 21, 63, 99,126,154,175, 210, 239 and 273 days of age) in 39 pigs. Carcass samples, red and white viscera were collected and submitted for chemical analysis. Our study demonstrated that the model parameters have significance and biological sensitivity, which can be interpreted through maturity at 50% and at adult weight. These traits can be used to estimate the effect of environmental factors on growth and adult weight. The 129 g/day protein retention rate found in the present study was 17.3% lower than the rate observed for highly selected genotypes, and it supports the theory that protein retention rates are highly related to daily body weight gain patterns. The studied genotype presented a similar pattern for the dynamics of chemical components as non-selected animals.

Nesta pesquisa é utilizado o modelo de crescimento de Gompertz para descrever as relações entre o peso corporal, o peso da canal e os componentes químicos (proteína, lipídeos, cinzas e água) do suíno. A descrição do crescimento e das mudanças na acumulação de macromoléculas foi realizada em 10 diferentes períodos (1, 21, 63, 99, 126, 154, 175, 210, 239 y 273 dias de idade), por meio do sacrifício de 39 suínos. Foram coletadas amostras de canal, vísceras vermelhas e brancas para analise dos componentes químicos. Foi demonstrado que os parâmetros do modelo têm um significado e uma sensibilidade biológica que pode ser interpretada pela maturidade ao 50% e o peso adulto que são úteis para estimar a influencia dos fatores ambientais que modificam o crescimento e o peso adulto. Os resultados desta pesquisa mostraram taxas de retenção de proteína de 129 g/dia, quer dizer 17.3% inferior aos encontrados com genótipos altamente escolhidos e sustenta a teoria que estabelece que as taxas de retenção de proteína estejam intimamente relacionadas com os padrões de ganho diário de peso corporal. O genótipo avaliado apresentou comportamentos na dinâmica dos componentes químicos corporais similares aos dos animais não melhorados.

Componentes anatómicos y coefi cientes alométricos en cerdos machos castrados desde el nacimiento / Componentes anatômicos e coeficientes alométricos em suínos machos castradosdesde o nascimento / Anatomic components and allometric coefficients of barrows at birth

El propósito de este trabajo fue describir los cambios en los componentes anatómicos: canal, víscerasy órganos en cerdos machos castrados de un genotipo comercial, desde el nacimiento hasta los 273 díasde edad y cuantificar las relaciones entre cada uno de ellos, mediante el uso de ecuaciones alométricas.Para el análisis de los cambios en los componentes anatómicos se sacrificaron 39 cerdos machos castrados(cuatro por edad) de un cruce terminal, a 10 edades (1, 21, 63, 99, 126, 154, 175, 210, 239 y 273 días deedad), se aplicó estadística descriptiva y se evaluaron seis ecuaciones alométricas. El peso corporal vacío,el peso de la canal, la masa de vísceras total y la masa de vísceras rojas y blancas mostraron una tendencialineal cuadrática con respecto al peso vivo, mientras que la tendencia del peso de la canal fue solamentelineal (p<0.01) con respecto al peso corporal vacío. Todos los órganos evaluados incrementaron su peso demanera lineal, cuadrática y cúbica, con excepción del bazo, cuya tendencia fue solamente lineal (p<0.01).Las mismas relaciones (lineal – cuadrática) fueron observadas para el peso de la vísceras rojas, blancasy el total de vísceras (p<0.01). Se encontró que las ecuaciones que mejor describieron las relaciones entreel peso corporal y los diferentes componentes corporales y órganos fueron la alométrica aumentada y laalométrica linealizada. Los valores de los interceptos obtenidos para las ecuaciones evaluadas, difierende los reportados en la literatura, debido probablemente a la alta presión de selección a la que se sometenlos genotipos para producción intensiva, la cual puede conducir a cambios fisiológicos que se expresan adiferentes niveles anatómicos.

This paper describes the changes in anatomic components such as carcass, viscera and organs incommercial genotype barrows from birth to 273 days old. The relationships between them were quantifiedby using allometric equations. To analyze the changes in anatomic components, 39 terminal cross barrows(four per age) were slaughtered. The barrows were 1, 21, 63, 99, 126, 154, 175, 210, 239 and 273 days old.Descriptive statistics were used and six allometric equations were evaluated. Empty body weight, carcassweight, total viscera mass and total red and white viscera mass showed a quadratic linear trend in relationto live weight. Carcass weight trend was linear (p< 0.0001) with regard to empty body weight. Evaluatedorgans increased their weight in a linear, quadratic and cubic way except for the spleen, whose trendwas linear (P<0.001). The same ratios (linear-quadratic) were observed in red, white and total visceraweight (p<0.01). The equations that best described the relationship between body weight and the differentbody components and organs were the increased allometric and the linearized allometric equations. Theintercept values obtained for the evaluated equations were different from the ones reported in the literature,probably due to the high selection pressure imposed on swine genotypes used for pork production. Thisselection pressure may imply physiological and anatomical changes.

Com este trabalho objetivou-se descrever as mudanças nos componentes anatômicos: carcaça víscerase órgãos de suínos machos canal, vísceras y órgãos em suínos machos castrados, desde o nascimento até os273 dias de idade e quantificar as relações entre cada um deles, mediante o uso de equações alométricas.Para a análise das mudanças nos componentes anatômicos foram sacrificados 39 suínos de idades 1,21, 63, 99, 126, 154, 175, 210, 239 e 273 dias. Foi realizada a estatística descritiva e foram avaliadas seisequações alométricas. O peso corporal vazio, o peso da carcaça, a massa das vísceras vermelha, branca etotal mostraram uma tendência linear quadrática com respeito ao peso vivo, entretanto o peso da canalfoi somente linear com respeito ao peso corporal vazio. Todos os órgãos avaliados incrementaram seupeso de maneira linear, quadrática e cúbica, com exceção ao bazo, onde a tendência foi somente linear.As mesmas relações (linear – quadrática) foram observadas para o peso das vísceras vermelhas, brancase total. Encontrou-se que as equações que melhor descreveram as relações entre o peso corporal e osdiferentes componentes corporais e órgãos foram a alométrica aumentada e a alométrica linearizada. Osvalores dos interceptos obtidos para as equações avaliadas diferem dos reportados na literatura, devidoprovavelmente à alta confiabilidade da seleção dos suínos.