The Effect of Antibacterial-Osteogenic Surface Modification on the Osseointegration of Titanium Implants: A Static and Dynamic Strategy.

Titanium (Ti) and its alloys are widely used biomaterials in bone repair. Although these biomaterials possess stable properties and good biocompatibility, the high elastic modulus and low surface activity of Ti implants have often been associated with infection, inflammation, and poor osteogenesis. Therefore, there is an urgent need to modify the surface of Ti implants, where changes in surface morphology or coatings loading can confer specific functions to help them adapt to the osseointegration formation phase and resist bacterial infection. This can further ensure a healthy microenvironment for bone regeneration as well as the promotion of immunomodulation, angiogenesis, and osteogenesis. Therefore, in this review, we evaluated various functional Ti implants after surface modification, both in terms of static modifications and dynamic response strategies, mainly focusing on the synergistic effects of antimicrobial activities and functionalized osteogenic. Finally, the current challenges and future perspectives are summarized to provide innovative and effective solutions for osseointegration and bone defect repair.

Multifaceted Materials for Enhanced Osteogenesis and Antimicrobial Properties on Bioplastic Polyetheretherketone Surfaces: A Review.

Implant-associated infections and the increasing number of bone implants loosening and falling off after implantation have become urgent global challenges, hence the need for intelligent alternative solutions to combat implant loosening and falling off. The application of polyetheretherketone (PEEK) in biomedical and medical therapy has aroused great interest, especially because its elastic modulus close to bone provides an effective alternative to titanium implants, thereby preventing the possibility of bone implants loosening and falling off due to the mismatch of elastic modulus. In this Review, we provide a comprehensive overview of recent advances in surface modifications to prevent bone binding deficiency and bacterial infection after implantation of bone implants, starting with inorganics for surface modification, followed by organics that can effectively promote bone integration and antimicrobial action. In addition, surface modifications derived from cells and related products of biological activity have been proposed, and there is increasing evidence of clinical potential. Finally, the advantages and future challenges of surface strategies against medical associated poor osseointegration and infection are discussed, with promising prospects for developing novel osseointegration and antimicrobial PEEK materials.

The application of small intestinal submucosa in tissue regeneration.

The distinctive three-dimensional architecture, biological functionality, minimal immunogenicity, and inherent biodegradability of small intestinal submucosa extracellular matrix materials have attracted considerable interest and found wide-ranging applications in the domain of tissue regeneration engineering. This article presents a comprehensive examination of the structure and role of small intestinal submucosa, delving into diverse preparation techniques and classifications. Additionally, it proposes approaches for evaluating and modifying SIS scaffolds. Moreover, the advancements of SIS in the regeneration of skin, bone, heart valves, blood vessels, bladder, uterus, and urethra are thoroughly explored, accompanied by their respective future prospects. Consequently, this review enhances our understanding of the applications of SIS in tissue and organ repair and keeps researchers up-to-date with the latest research advancements in this area.

Significance of combined tests of serum golgi glycoprotein 73 and other biomarkers in diagnosis of small primary hepatocellular carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: The most practical serum biomarker AFP is negative in 80% patients with small tumor in the early stage of primary hepatocellular carcinoma (PHC). OBJECTIVE: To investigate significance of combined tests of serum golgi glycoprotein 73 (GP73), lens culinaris agglutinin-reactive alpha-fetoprotein (AFP-L3), glypican 3 (GPC3), des-gamma-carboxy prothrombin (DCP), CA199, ferritin (FER) and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in diagnosis of small PHC with negative AFP. METHODS: A total of 50 cases of small PHC, 60 cases of non-PHC digestive system disorders and 40 cases of healthy controls were collected. Serum GP73, GPC3 and DCP were analyzed by enzyme-1inked immunosorbent assay. AFP-L3 was separated by microspincolumn; the levels of CA199, FER, CEA, AFP-L3 and total AFP were quantified by electrochemiluminescence immunoassays; percentage of AFP-L3 to total AFP was calculated. RESULTS: Levels of those biomarkers except FER were all significantly different among three groups (P < 0.01). Positive detection rates of seven biomarkers in PHC were higher than other groups (P < 0.01). In individual detection, the highest sensitivity, accuracy rate and area under ROC curve were 72.0%, 86.7% and 0.826 by GP73 and the highest specificity was 98.0% by GPC3. In combined detection with those seven biomarkers, the sensitivity, specificity, accuracy rate and area under ROC curve were 82.0%, 95.0%, 90.1% and 0.884. CONCLUSIONS: GP73 and AFP-L3 are superior biomarkers to aid the diagnosis of small PHC with negative AFP. The combined detection of biomarkers improved the diagnostic accuracy.