Analysis of food supplements and sports foods consumption patterns among a sample of gym-goers in Portugal.

BACKGROUND: Gym-goers usually seek methods to improve performance, muscle gain, and overall health. One of the main strategies is including food supplements (FS) into their routine as aids to enhance their athletic capabilities and satisfy their nutritional needs. Thus, this study aimed to investigate and characterize the main FS and Sports Foods (SF) currently consumed, as well as the main reasons for their use and the source of advice in a group of gym-goers in the Lisbon Metropolitan Area (Portugal). METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted, including 303 gym-goers from Lisbon, Portugal, who were 133 women and 170 males (30.8 ± 12.9 years old). Face-to-face interviews were used by qualified researchers to gather data. RESULTS: Most of the interviewed athletes (71.95 %) took FS/SF, being men the main consumers. On average, 1.59 supplements were consumed per athlete. Logistic regression models indicated significant associations between age, gender, and motivations for gym attendance. While men and younger groups attended mainly for hypertrophy, women and older groups were focused on well-being. Protein (59.17 %) was the most used FS/SF, followed by creatine (41.28 %) and multivitamins (27.06 %). Men and younger individuals preferred protein and creatine, while older individuals focused more on specific vitamins and minerals. Women seemed to prefer L-carnitine and protein yogurts. Main sources of information included the internet, friends, and dietitians with notable gender and age-based preferences. Online stores were the main place of purchase. Monthly expenditures on FS/SF were not significantly affected by age or gender, but motivations for use had an influence. CONCLUSION: Most of the athletes interviewed took FS/SF, being men the major consumers. Protein was the principal FS/SF used, with online stores being the main place of purchase and the internet the primary source of information. Age and gender were key factors in adopted training, in the FS/SF chosen, and in the source of information selected. It is crucial that health professionals take primary responsibility for providing this guidance.

Construction of the discomfort assessment scale for immobilized trauma victims (DASITV).

BACKGROUND: Immobilization is an intervention widely administered to trauma victims and aims to reduce the victim's movements, ensuring the alignment of anatomical structures suspected of being injured. Despite the benefits of immobilization, it is responsible for the occurrence of pressure injuries, increases in intercranial pressure, pain, and discomfort. AIM: To develop an instrument to assess the discomfort caused by immobilization in trauma victims - Discomfort Assessment Scale for Immobilized Trauma Victims (DASITV). METHODS: A sequential mixed-methods design was used, divided into three distinct but complementary phases: (1) Conceptualization Phase - Construction of the DASITV; (2) Focus Group with a Panel of ten Technical Experts in the care of immobilized trauma victims to approve the DASITV proposal; (3) Acceptance of the scale proposal using a modified e-Delphi technique with 30 pre-hospital health professionals. RESULTS: The first phase led to the construction of a scale made up of two sub-scales. The Numerical Discomfort Scale assesses the level of discomfort the person reports from 0 to 10, with 0 being no discomfort and 10 being maximum discomfort. The second evaluation parameter gives the level of pressure in mmHg that the body exerts on the surface where it is immobilized. The combined interpretation of these two sub-scales leads to 4 different possibilities - ordered by level of severity. The Focus Group made it possible to improve the scale, with input from the group of experts and, using the modified e-Delphi technique, a wider group of professionals showed agreement with the DASITV. CONCLUSION: This study allowed us to propose a preliminary scale to assess the discomfort felt by victims of trauma caused by immobilization.

Nurses' perception of the impact of professional development sessions on their pre-hospital clinical practice with trauma victims.

Background: Continuing education is important for the quality of clinical practice because it complements it and focuses primarily on producing qualified pre-hospital nurses with operationally defined competence in nursing standards. The objective of this study was to assess pre-hospital nurses' opinion of the impact of professional development sessions on their clinical practice. Method: A descriptive and quantitative study was carried out involving Portuguese pre-hospital nurses. Six professional development sessions were presented in 2020 to pre-hospital registered nurses in four of Portugal's main cities. To collect the data, at the end of each session, we apply a questionnaire designed specifically for this study. This data collection instrument consists of 11 questions, six designed to evaluate the session and five designed to evaluate the trainer responsible for the session. A five-point Likert scale was used for each question, where 1 corresponds to very dissatisfied and 5 to extremely satisfied. Results: Two hundred and two nurses, which represents 55% of all Portuguese pre-hospital nurses, took part in the assessment of the professional development sessions. The nurses were from the Northern region of Portugal (51%; n = 102), the Centre region (29%; n = 59) and the Southern region of Portugal (20%; n = 41). Nurses found the session extremely satisfactory. All the assessment scores ranged between 4.4 and 4.7 points, on a scale of 1 to 5. 76.2% of the participants considered that the knowledge acquired could have a major impact [score = 5] on their future clinical practice. The majority of pre-hospital nurses (96.5%) felt that the session could have a major impact [score = 5; 76.2%, n = 154] or a very important impact [score = 4; 20.3%, n = 41] on their clinical practice. Conclusion: The professional development sessions provide pre-hospital nurses with the latest research findings and the majority of nurses considered that the training had a huge impact on their clinical practice. However, it is important that future research aims to explore the cause-effect relationship between training and improved clinical practice.

The relationship between acute pain and other types of suffering in pre-hospital trauma victims: An observational study.

BACKGROUND: Acute pain is an important complaint reported by trauma victims, however, the relationship between it and other types of discomfort, such as discomfort caused by cold, discomfort caused by immobilization, and psychological distress such as fear, anxiety, and sadness is limitedly studied and documented. AIM: To assess the relationship between acute trauma pain and other types of suffering in pre-hospital trauma victims. METHODS: This is a prospective multicentre cohort study conducted in Immediate Life Support Ambulances in Portugal. All adult trauma victims with a mechanism of blunt and penetrating injuries, falls, road accidents and explosions, were included. RESULTS: 605 trauma victims were included, mainly male, with a mean age of 53.4 years. Before the intervention of the rescue teams, 90.5 % of the victims reported some level of pain, 39.0 % reported discomfort caused by cold, while 15.7 % felt fear, 8.4 % sadness, 49.8 % anxiety and 4.5 % apathy. Victims with high discomfort caused by cold tend to have higher pain levels. Significantly higher pain intensity were observed in victims with fear and anxiety. Univariate and multivariate analysis indicates that immobilization is associated with increased pain levels. CONCLUSIONS: There is a statistically significant relationship between acute trauma pain, anxiety, fear, cold and immobilization.

Prehospital interventions to reduce discomfort caused by immobilization in adult trauma victims: a scoping review protocol.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this review is to identify the level of discomfort caused by immobilization as reported by trauma victims, and to map all the interventions in the prehospital context where they have been implemented and evaluated in order to reduce discomfort in adult victims of trauma. INTRODUCTION: Immobilization is a cause of discomfort for trauma victims, which has important implications for the deterioration of vital signs and quality of life. However, discomfort caused by immobilization remains an under-explored topic by the scientific community. INCLUSION CRITERIA: This scoping review will consider studies of adult victims of trauma, aged 18 years or over, in prehospital emergency care. Studies that focus on interventions designed to reduce immobilization discomfort, implemented and evaluated by health professionals, of any form, duration, frequency, and dose will be considered. METHODS: An initial search of PubMed and CINAHL will be undertaken, followed by a second search for published and unpublished studies without time restrictions, in major health care-related electronic databases. Studies in English, French, Spanish, and Portuguese will be included. Data extraction will be performed independently by 2 reviewers in a tabular format and will include details about the level of discomfort, interventions, populations, study methods, and outcomes of interest. A narrative synthesis will accompany the results and will describe how they relate to the review objectives. REVIEW REGISTRATION NUMBER: OSF https://osf.io/4scg5/.

Impact of emergent coronary angiography after out-of-the-hospital cardiac arrest without ST-segment elevation - A systematic review and meta-analysis.

INTRODUCTION: Coronary artery disease is a leading cause of out-of-the-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). However, there is no consensus on whether OHCA patients without ST-segment elevation (STE) benefit from emergent (ie < 2 h) coronary angiography (CAG). Our aim was to assess the impact of emergent CAG in no-STE OHCA patients. METHODS: We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis by searching the MEDLINE, Cochrane, Scopus, CINAHL and JBI databases for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing emergent CAG versus standard of care (ie CAG >2 h after OHCA or not performed) in no-STE OHCA patients of presumed cardiac aetiology. The primary outcome was short term survival. Secondary outcomes included survival with good neurological outcome, mid-term survival, left ventricle ejection fraction (LVEF), acute kidney injury (AKI) and renal replacement therapy (RRT), ventricular arrhythmias and major bleeding during hospital stay. RESULTS: Seven RCTs met the inclusion and exclusion criteria and were included; one was included only in the analysis of mid-term survival and another in the LVEF analysis. Five studies (1278 patients, 643 with early CAG and 635 with no early CAG) were included in the analysis of the primary endpoint. The groups were balanced for all baseline characteristics but previous PCI, which was more frequent in the standard of care groups. There were no significant differences between groups for short-term survival (57 vs 61%; OR0.85, 95% CI0.68-1.07; I2 = 0%). There were also no differences for any of the secondary endpoints. CONCLUSION: Routine emergent CAG did not improve survival in comatose survivors of OHCA with shockable rhythm and no-STE.

Tratamento pré-hospitalar da dor traumática aguda: um estudo observacional / Tratamiento prehospitalario del dolor traumático agudo: un estudio observacional / Pre-hospital treatment of acute trauma pain: an observational study

Resumo Objetivo Descrever e analisar a eficácia das intervenções levadas a cabo pelos enfermeiros para reduzir a dor dos doentes com lesões traumáticas. Métodos Estudo de coorte prospetivo realizado junto das Ambulâncias de Suporte Imediato de Vida em Portugal, entre 1 de março de 2019 e 30 de abril de 2020. Foram recolhidos dados sobre o tipo de intervenções implementadas e sobre o tempo que durou a aplicação dos procedimentos de salvamento. De forma a poder estudar a evolução das dores traumáticas agudas, foi utilizada uma Escala de Classificação Numérica composta por 11 pontos. As alterações do nível de dor registadas ao longo dos três momentos de avaliação realizados foram estudadas utilizando modelos lineares mistos com interceptos aleatórios para se poder analisar as medidas repetidas aplicadas ao mesmo paciente. Estas alterações foram avaliadas antes e depois da aplicação das intervenções para alívio da dor. Resultados 596 pacientes foram incluídos neste estudo. A maioria era do sexo masculino (65,9%) e tinha média de idade de 53,05±19,72 anos. Houve redução na intensidade média da dor na ordem dos 2,44 pontos (p<0,005) entre o início e o fim da avaliação, e redução de 39,62% entre os pacientes que apresentavam nível de dor igual ou superior a 7 (46,7% contra 7,08%, p<0,05). As medidas que envolvem o uso de morfina, crioterapia e intervenções de suporte emocional provaram ser eficazes. As medidas de conforto como um todo não parecem ser capazes de ter um impacto significativo no alívio da dor. Conclusão As intervenções pré-hospitalares farmacológicas e não farmacológicas levadas a cabo pelos enfermeiros provaram ser eficazes na redução da dor. As medidas de conforto não provaram ser eficazes, pelo que o seu potencial deve ser repensado e reforçado.

Resumen Objetivo Describir y analizar la eficacia de las intervenciones llevadas a cabo por los enfermeros para reducir el dolor de los enfermos con lesiones traumáticas. Métodos Estudio de corte prospectivo realizado con las Ambulancias de Soporte Inmediato de Vida en Portugal, entre el 1º de marzo de 2019 y el 30 de abril de 2020. Se recopilaron datos sobre el tipo de intervenciones implementadas y sobre el tiempo que duró la aplicación de los procedimientos de salvamento. De forma a poder estudiar la evolución de los dolores traumáticos agudos, se utilizó una Escala de Clasificación Numérica compuesta por 11 puntos. Las alteraciones en el nivel de dolor registradas a lo largo de los tres momentos de evaluación realizados fueron estudiadas utilizando modelos lineales mixtos con interceptos aleatorios para posibilitar el análisis de medidas repetidas aplicadas con el mismo paciente. Estas alteraciones fueron evaluadas antes y después de la aplicación de las intervenciones para el alivio del dolor. Resultados 596 pacientes fueron incluidos en este estudio. La mayoría era del sexo masculino (65,9 %), con un promedio de edad entre de 53,05±19,72 años. Hubo una reducción en la intensidad promedio del dolor del orden de 2,44 puntos (p<0,005) entre el inicio y el fin de la evaluación y una reducción del 39,62 % entre los pacientes que presentaban un nivel de dolor igual o superior a 7 (46,7 % contra 7,08 %, p<0,05). Las medidas que involucran el uso de morfina, crioterapia e intervenciones de soporte emocional probaron que son eficaces. No parece que las medidas de confort, de forma general, sean capaces de tener un impacto significativo en el alivio del dolor. Conclusión Las intervenciones prehospitalarias farmacológicas y no farmacológicas llevadas a cabo por los enfermeros comprobaron que son eficaces en la reducción del dolor. Las medidas de confort no comprobaron ser eficaces, motivo este por el que se debe volver a pensar su potencial y reforzarlo.

Abstract Objective To describe and analyze the effectiveness of nurses' interventions in pain reduction among patients with traumatic injury. Methods Prospective cohort study conducted in the Immediate Life Support Ambulances in Portugal from March 1, 2019 to April 30, 2020. We have collected data on the kind of interventions implemented and the time elapsed during rescue procedures. To investigate the course of acute trauma pain, a 11-point Numeric Rating Scale was used. Changes in the level of pain registered throughout the three assessment moments were studied using linear mixed-effects models with random intercepts to account for the repeated measurements conducted on the same patient. These changes were assessed before and after the administration of the pain relief interventions. Results 596 patients were included in this study. Most of them were male (65.9%) and had a mean age of 53.05±19.72 years. There was a reduction in the average pain intensity of 2.44 points (p<0.005), between the beginning and end of the assessment, and a reduction of 39.62% among the patients who were experiencing a level of pain equal to or greater than 7 (46.7% vs 7.08%, p<0.05). Measures involving the use of morphine, cryotherapy and relationship-based measures have proven to be effective. Comfort measures as a whole do not seem to have a significant impact on pain relief. Conclusion Pre-hospital pharmacological and non-pharmacological nurses' interventions have proven to be effective in reducing pain. Comfort measures have not been proved to be effective, so their potential must be rethought and enhanced.

Determinantes psicológicos da qualidade-de-vida em pessoas com artrite reumatóide / Determinantes psicológicos de la calidad de vida en personas con artritis reumatoide / Psychological determinants of quality of life in patients with rheumatoid arthritis

Resumo Objetivo Avaliar o estado emocional, nas dimensões ansiedade e depressão, e a qualidade de vida, em pessoas com artrite reumatóide. Métodos Estudo primário, descritivo e transversal, desenvolvido na região norte de Portugal, com uma amostra de 139 pessoas com artrite reumatóide (79,86% mulheres) e com média de idades de 63.05 anos. Foram aplicados: um questionário sociodemográfico, a escala "Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale" e o questionário "EQ-5D - Avaliação de Ganhos em Saúde". Na análise de dados, por meio do programa IBM Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) Statistics 24 , recorreu-se à estatística inferencial, considerando-se estatisticamente significativo um p < 0,05. Resultados Os achados sobre o estado emocional mostraram níveis de ansiedade severos em 45,3%, ansiedade moderada em 36,7%, ansiedade leve em 10,1% e apenas 7,9% dos participantes pontuaram sem ansiedade. A maioria não apresenta sintomatologia depressiva (71,9%) e 13,7% manifestou depressão leve. Os baixos níveis de depressão foram associados a uma melhor qualidade-de-vida, contrariamente aos níveis de ansiedade, onde uma diminuição dos mesmos diminui a qualidade-de-vida (p=0,000). Conclusão Observou-se que a ansiedade e a depressão emergiram como preditores da QDV em pessoas com AR. Para proteger e melhorar a saúde dos pacientes, destaca-se a necessidade de implementar intervenções de enfermagem direcionadas ao controle dos fatores que induzem comportamentos ansiogênicos e depressivos.

Resumen Objetivo Evaluar el estado emocional, en las dimensiones ansiedad y depresión, y la calidad de vida, en personas con artritis reumatoide. Métodos Estudio primario, descriptivo y transversal, desarrollado en la región norte de Portugal, con una muestra de 139 personas con artritis reumatoide (79,86 % mujeres) con un promedio de edad de 63.05 años. Se aplicaron: un cuestionario sociodemográfico, la escala "Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale" y el cuestionario "EQ-5D - Avaliação de Ganhos em Saúde". En el análisis de datos, por medio del programa IBM Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) Statistics 24 , se recorrió a la estadística inferencial, y se consideró estadísticamente significante un p < 0,05. Resultados Los hallazgos sobre el estado emocional mostraron niveles de ansiedad severos en 45,3 %, ansiedad moderada en 36,7 %, ansiedad leve en 10,1 % y apenas el 7,9 % de los participantes puntuaron sin ansiedad. La mayoría no presenta sintomatología depresiva (71,9 %) y el 13,7 % manifestó depresión leve. Los bajos niveles de depresión estuvieron asociados a una mejor calidad de vida, contrariamente a los niveles de ansiedad, en la que una disminución en ellos disminuyó la calidad de vida (p=0,000). Conclusión Se observó que la ansiedad y la depresión emergieron como predictores de la CDV en personas con AR. Para proteger y mejorar la salud de los pacientes, se destaca la necesidad de implementar intervenciones de enfermería direccionadas al control de los factores que inducen a comportamientos ansiogénicos y depresivos.

Abstract Objective To assess the emotional states of the anxiety and depression dimensions and the quality of life in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Methods A primary, descriptive, and cross-sectional study conducted in the northern region of Portugal, using a sample of 139 people suffering from rheumatoid arthritis (79.86% of whom were women) with a mean age of 63.05 years. A sociodemographic questionnaire, the "Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale" and the "EQ-5D - Health Gains questionnaire were administered. Inferential statistics were used to conduct data analysis. IBM Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) Statistics 24 program was the instrument of choice and p < 0.05 was deemed statistically significant. Results Findings on emotional state showed severe/extreme anxiety levels in 45.3% of the respondents, moderate anxiety in 36.7% of them, mild anxiety in 10.1% and only 7.9% of participants showed no sign of anxiety. Most of the participants did not present any sort of depressive symptoms (71.9%) and 13.7% of them were diagnosed with mild depression. Low levels of depression were associated with a better quality of life. On the other hand, low levels of anxiety see to lead to poorer quality of life (p=0.000). Conclusion Evidence shows that anxiety and depression are predictors of QOL in patients with RA. That way, nursing interventions aimed at controlling the factors that trigger anxiogenic and depressive behaviours must be implemented to protect and improve patients' health.

PRO-Trauma: Protocolo para promoção do conforto às vítimas de trauma imobilizadas / Pro-trauma: protocol to promoting comfort in immobilised trauma victims / Pro-trauma: protocolo para promover la comodidad en las víctimas de traumas inmovilizados

Objetivo: Apresentar o protocolo de um estudo que procura desenvolver uma escala para avaliação do desconforto provocado pela imobilização nas vítimas de trauma e um modelo de maca eficaz na imobilização da vítima de trauma em desenvolvimento. Método: Realizar-se-ão quatro estudos sequenciais: Estudo descritivo, exploratório de abordagem quantitativa para avaliar o grau de desconforto provocado pela imobilização na maca de vácuo e/ou plano duro; Estudo psicométrico para construir e validar um instrumento que permita avaliar o desconforto provocado pela imobilização na maca de vácuo e plano duro; Construção da ImoConfort Mattress para imobilização e transporte de vítimas; e Ensaio clínico randomizado para avaliar a eficácia da ImoConfort Mattress quanto ao conforto, imobilização, aquecimento e controlo da trepidação/vibração provocada pelo transporte. Considerações finais: A criação de um instrumento que monitorize o desconforto durante o socorro e transporte com imobilização, contribuirá para melhorar o tratamento implementado às vítimas de trauma. Espera-se que a ImoConfort Mattress contribua para a melhoria da qualidade da assistência clínica durante o socorro extra-hospitalar. (AU)

Objective: To present the protocol of a study that seeks to develop a scale to assess the discomfort caused by immobilisation in trauma victims and an effective mattress model for immobilization of trauma victims, in desenvolviment. Methods: Four sequential studies will be carried out: Descriptive, exploratory quantitative approach study to assess the degree of discomfort caused by the vacuum mattress splint and/or spine board; Psychometric study to construct and validate an instrument to assess the discomfort caused by immobilization on vacuum mattress splint and/or spine board; Construction of the ImoConfort Mattress for immobilization and transportation of victims; Randomized clinical trial to assess the effectiveness of the mattress in terms of comfort, immobilization, rewarming and control of trepidation/vibration caused by transportation. Final considerations: The creation of an instrument to monitor discomfort during rescue and transport with immobilisation will help to improve all the treatment implemented for trauma victims. The construction of ImoConfort Mattress will improve the quality of clinical care during out-of-hospital rescue. (AU)

Objetivo: Presentar el protocolo de un estudio que pretende desarrollar una escala para evaluar las molestias causadas por la inmovilización en las víctimas de trauma y un modelo de una camilla efectiva para la inmovilización de la víctima de trauma en desenvolvimiento. Métodos: Se llevarán a cabo cuatro estudios secuenciales: Estudio descriptivo y exploratorio del enfoque cuantitativo para evaluar el grado de incomodidad causado por la camilla de vacío y/o plano duro; Estudio psicométrico para construir y validar un instrumento para evaluar la incomodidad causada por la inmovilización; Construcción del ImoConfort Mattress para la inmovilización y el transporte de las víctimas; Ensayo clínico aleatorio para evaluar la eficacia de la camilla respecto a la comodidad, la inmovilización, el calentamiento y el control de las trepidaciones/vibraciones causadas por el transporte. Consideraciones finales: La creación de un instrumento para monitorizar la incomodidad durante el rescate y el transporte con inmovilización contribuirá a mejorar todo el tratamiento aplicado a las víctimas de trauma. La construcción del ImoConfort Mattress mejorará la calidad de la atención clínica durante la ayuda extrahospitalaria. (AU)

Trauma Prehospital Hypothermia Prevention and Treatment: An Observational Study.

BACKGROUND: Hypothermia in trauma patients causes increased morbidity and mortality. Swift recognition and treatment are important to prevent any further heat loss. In addition, patient discomfort from cold decreases satisfaction with care. The administration of active and passive rewarming measures is important in the prevention and treatment of hypothermia, but their use in prehospital trauma patients in Portugal has not been previously reported. OBJECTIVE: To assess the prevalence of hypothermia, the impact of rewarming measures, and the management of the discomfort caused by cold. METHODS: This is a prospective cohort study conducted in Immediate Life Support Ambulances in Portugal between March 1, 2019, and April 30, 2020. RESULTS: This study included records of 586 trauma patients; of whom, 66.2% were men. Cranioencephalic trauma was the most common trauma observed, followed by lower limb and thoracic traumas. Mean body temperature increased 0.12 °C between the first and last assessments (p < .05). Most patients experiencing a level of discomfort of 5 or more on a 0-10 scale reported improvement (from 17.2% to 2.4% after nurses' intervention). Warmed intravenous fluids proved to be effective (p < .05) in increasing body temperature, and passive rewarming measures were effective in preventing hypothermia. CONCLUSIONS: Hypothermia management has to consider the initial temperature, the season, the available rewarming measures, and the objectives to be achieved. The optimization of resources for the monitoring and treatment of hypothermia should be a priority in prehospital assistance. The implementation of rewarming measures improves patients' outcomes and decreases the discomfort caused by cold in prehospital care.

Non-pharmacological interventions for acute pain management in adult trauma victims: a scoping review.

OBJECTIVE: This scoping review aimed to map non-pharmacological interventions to reduce acute pain in adult trauma victims. INTRODUCTION: Acute pain is a consequence of a pathological or traumatic event, and a result of invasive or non-invasive health care procedures. Acute trauma pain, as well as its treatment, is one of the least-studied areas of acute pain. Although non-pharmacological interventions are responsible for pain relief among a significant number of patients, only a small percentage of patients receive non-pharmacological interventions. INCLUSION CRITERIA: This scoping review considered all studies conducted on adult victims of trauma, aged 18 years or over, in pre-hospital emergency care, emergency rooms, and trauma-center settings. Studies were considered if they focused on non-pharmacological interventions designed to reduce acute pain, and were implemented and evaluated by health professionals. Non-pharmacological interventions of any type, duration, frequency, and intensity were considered. METHODS: A comprehensive search strategy across 11 bibliometric databases and gray literature sources was developed. Full texts of selected citations were assessed in detail for eligibility by two independent reviewers. No other relevant studies were identified by searching the references of the included articles. Data extraction was performed independently by two reviewers using an instrument previously developed, and those reviewers were later responsible for its validation. Findings were then extracted directly into tables that are accompanied by a narrative summary to show how they relate to the objectives of the review conducted. RESULTS: This scoping review included nine studies: two retrospective cohort studies, five randomized controlled trials, one case report, and one literature review for five different countries. Non-pharmacological interventions identified and administered to trauma victims in pre-hospital settings, emergency services, and trauma centers were as follows: acupressure, auricular acupressure, auricular acupuncture, transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation, repositioning, use of pressure relief devices, massage, heat therapy, music therapy, relaxation therapy, immobilization, ice therapy, compression, elevation, and bandage. Non-pharmacological interventions were mainly developed by nurses, physicians, and paramedics. They were, in most studies, poorly described in terms of their efficacy and were mostly reported in minor traumas, such as simple fractures or small wounds. CONCLUSIONS: Currently, there is no consensus for the implementation of non-pharmacological interventions in the treatment of acute trauma pain. Their application is primarily used for minor traumas, and their potential for the treatment of major traumas is yet unknown. No studies on the use of non-pharmacological interventions aimed at reducing the impact of traumatic adverse environments were identified. Further investigation on the effects of these interventions should be encouraged so that robust decisions and recommendations can be made.

Impacto psicológico da COVID-19 nos profissionais de saúde: revisão sistemática de prevalência / Impacto psicológico de la COVID-19 en los profesionales de la salud: revisión sistemática de prevalencia / Psychological impact of COVID-19 on healthcare workers: prevalence systematic review

Resumo Objetivo Sintetizar a prevalência de resultados psicológicos e de saúde mental dos profissionais de saúde que tratam doentes com COVID-19. Métodos Revisão sistemática da literatura. A busca dos estudos foi realizada nas plataformas PubMed, CINAHL e Scopus. Foram incluídos estudos em língua inglesa, portuguesa e espanhola, com data de publicação de 1 de dezembro de 2019 até 31 de julho de 2020. A revisão sistemática foi realizada com meta-análises binárias de efeito fixo de prevalência utilizando-se o STATA®15.0 e método do inverso da variância com transformação Freeman-Tukey double arcsine. Resultados A estratégia de pesquisa identificou 38.657 registos, dos quais apenas cinco estudos foram selecionados e integraram o corpus final da revisão. A meta-análise de prevalências para a depressão foi de 27,5% (IC95%=25,9-29,3; p<0,001), ansiedade 26,8% (IC95%=25,1-28,5; p<0,001), insônia 35,8% (IC95%=33,8-37,9; p=0,03) e estresse 51,9% (IC95%=49,6-54,3; p<0,001). Em três dos estudos incluídos os profissionais de saúde relataram níveis de trauma vicário adicionalmente importante, estresse pós-traumático, somatização e sintomas obsessivo-compulsivos. Conclusão A pandemia da COVID-19 apresenta um impacto psicológico muito significativo nos profissionais de saúde, assumindo importantes prevalências de depressão, ansiedade, insônia e estresse. Os profissionais de saúde da "linha de frente" são uma população particularmente vulnerável e merecem especial atenção/ intervenção.

Resumen Objetivo Sintetizar la prevalencia de resultados psicológicos y de salud mental de los profesionales de la salud que tratan enfermos de COVID-19. Métodos Revisión sistemática de la literatura. La búsqueda de los estudios fue realizada en las plataformas PubMed, CINAHL y Scopus. Se incluyeron estudios en idioma inglés, portugués y español, con fecha de publicación entre 1 de diciembre de 2019 y 31 de julio de 2020. La revisión sistemática fue realizada con metaanálisis binarios de efecto fijo de prevalencia mediante la utilización del STATA®15.0 y el método del inverso de la varianza con transformación Freeman-Tukey double arcsine. Resultados A través de la estrategia de investigación se identificaron 38.657 registros, de los cuales solo cinco estudios fueron seleccionados e integraron el corpus final de la revisión. El metaanálisis de prevalencias de la depresión fue del 27,5 % (IC95 %=25,9-29,3; p<0,001), ansiedad 26,8 % (IC95 %=25,1-28,5; p<0,001), insomnio 35,8 % (IC95 %=33,8-37,9; p=0,03) y estrés 51,9 % (IC9 5 %=49,6-54,3; p<0,001). En tres de los estudios incluidos, los profesionales de la salud relataron niveles importantes de trauma vicario, estrés postraumático, somatización y síntomas obsesivo-compulsivos. Conclusión La pandemia de COVID-19 presenta un impacto psicológico muy significativo en los profesionales de la salud, con importantes prevalencias de depresión, ansiedad, insomnio y estrés. Los profesionales de la salud de la "línea de frente" son una población particularmente vulnerable y merecen especial atención/intervención.

Abstract Objective To synthesize the prevalence of psychological and mental health outcomes among healthcare professionals who are responsible for treating patients with COVID-19. Methods Systematic literature review. The literature search was carried out in the PubMed, CINAHL and Scopus databases. Studies written in English, Portuguese and Spanish and that were published between December 1st 2019 and July 31st 2020 were included. The systematic review was performed using fixed-effect meta-analysis of binary data with STATA®15.0 and inverse-variance method using Freeman-Tukey double arcsine transformation. Results The search strategy identified 38,657 records. Only five of those studies were selected and were included in the final review corpus. The meta-analysis conducted showed that the prevalence of depression reached 27.5% (95%CI=25.9-29.3; p<0.001), the prevalence of anxiety was 26.8% (95%CI=25.1-28.5; p<0.001), that of insomnia 35.8% (95%CI=33.8-37.9; p=0.03) and the prevalence of stress amounted to 51.9% (95%CI=49.6-54.3; p<0.001). Three of the studies included in the review show that healthcare professionals have also reported significant levels of vicarious traumatization, posttraumatic stress, somatization, and obsessive-compulsive symptoms. Conclusion The COVID-19 pandemic is found to have a very significant psychological impact on healthcare workers and is quite likely to lead to an important prevalence of depression, anxiety, insomnia, and stress. Frontline healthcare professionals are a particularly vulnerable group and deserve special attention/ intervention.

Estudo comparativo da perceção de resiliência por pais e crianças/adolescentes / Estudio comparativo de la percepción de resiliencia por padres y niños/adolescentes / Perception of resilience in parents and children/adolescents: a comparative study

Resumo Objetivo Caracterizar a auto-perceção de resiliência das crianças e adolescentes; analisar as diferenças na perceção dos pais e sua relação com algumas variáveis de contexto sociodemográfico. Métodos Estudo transversal realizado no âmbito do Projeto MaiSaúdeMental, numa amostra não probabilística de conveniência de 567 crianças e adolescentes, 50,6% do sexo feminino, idade entre 9-17 anos (média= 12,40; Dp= 1,59 anos) de escolas do ensino básico da região centro de Portugal e 592 pais (média idade= 40,43 anos; Dp= 2,58 anos). Utilizou-se um questionário de caracterização sociodemográfica e a subescala Internal Assets do Healthy Kids Resilience Assessment Module (versão 6.0), adaptada à população Portuguesa por Martins (2005), composta por 18 itens e seis dimensões. Resultados Das crianças / adolescentes 78,8% moravam com os pais. Dos progenitores a maioria tinha entre 40 e 41 anos. A resiliência foi classificada como moderada por 47,8%, das crianças / adolescentes, numa distribuição idêntica pelos pais. O test-t mostrou que as crianças têm uma auto-percepção mais positiva de resiliência, face à percepção dos pais, com diferenças significativas em todas as dimensões (p <0,000). Os pais mais jovens têm uma perceção mais positiva da resiliência dos filhos, mas apenas significativa na empatia (p = 0,036) e resolução de problemas (p = 0,001). A resiliência diminuiu significativamente com o aumento da idade e escolaridade e foi mais elevada em crianças que vivem com os pais. Conclusão Os resultados do estudo evidenciam diferenças entre a perceção de resiliência nas crianças e pais, sendo esta influenciada por características sociodemográficas.

Resumen Objetivo Caracterizar la autopercepción de resiliencia de los niños y adolescentes; analizar las diferencias en la percepción de los padres y su relación con algunas variables de contexto sociodemográfico. Métodos Estudio transversal realizado en el ámbito del Proyecto "MaiSaúdeMental" (Más Salud Mental), en un muestreo no probabilístico de conveniencia de 567 niños y adolescentes, 50,6% de sexo femenino, edad entre 9 y 17 años (promedio= 12,40; Dp= 1,59 años) de escuelas primarias de la región centro de Portugal y 592 padres (edad promedio= 40,43 años; Dp= 2,58 años). Se utilizó un cuestionario de caracterización sociodemográfica y la subescala Internal Assets del Healthy Kids Resilience Assessment Module (versión 6.0), adaptada a la población portuguesa por Martins (2005), compuesta por 18 ítems y 6 dimensiones. Resultados De los niños/adolescentes, 78,8% vivían con los padres. De los progenitores, la mayoría tenía entre 40 y 41 años. La resiliencia fue clasificada como moderada por el 47,8% de los niños/adolescentes, en una distribución idéntica por los padres. El test-T mostró que los niños tienen una autopercepción más positiva de resiliencia, frente a la percepción de los padres, con diferencias significativas en todas las dimensiones (p<0,000). Los padres más jóvenes tienen una percepción más positiva de la resiliencia de los hijos, pero poco significativa en la empatía (p=0,036) y resolución de problemas (p=0,001). La resiliencia se redujo significativamente con el aumento de la edad y escolaridad y fue más elevada en niños que viven con los padres. Conclusión Los resultados del estudio dejan en evidencia diferencias entre la percepción de resiliencia en los niños y padres, de modo que está influenciada por características sociodemográficas.

Abstract Objective To characterize self-perception of resilience in children and adolescents, and to analyze how this self-perception differs from the perception of their parents in correlation with sociodemographic variables. Methods This was a cross-sectional study conducted as part of the MAISaúdeMental (More Mental Health) project with a nonprobability convenience sample including 567 children and adolescents, 50.6% of whom were females aged between 9 and 17 years old (mean = 12.40; SD = 1.59 years old) enrolled in basic education schools from Central Portugal, and 592 parents (mean age = 40.43 years old; SD = 2.58 years old). A questionnaire for sociodemographic characterization was used, along with the Healthy Kids Resilience Assessment Module (version 6.0) Internal Assets subscale, adapted to the Portuguese population by Martins (2005), composed of 18 items and 6 dimensions. Results Out of the total number of children/adolescents, 78.8% lived with their parents. Out of the total number of parents, most were between the ages of 40 and 41 years old. Resilience was classified as moderate by 47.8% of children/adolescents at an identical distribution in parents. The t-test showed children's self-perception of resilience to be more positive when compared to their parents with significant differences seen in all dimensions (p <0.000). Younger parents showed a more positive perception of their children's resilience, significant only for "empathy and respect" (0.036) and "problem-solving skills" (0.001). Resilience decreased significantly with age and higher education levels, and children living with their parents showed higher resilience. Conclusion Study results show differences between the perceptions of resilience in children and their parents, which are influenced by sociodemographic characteristics.

Promoção da saúde mental das crianças: contributos dos enfermeiros / Promoción de la salud mental de los niños: contribución de los enfermeros / Promotion of children's mental health: nurses' contributions

Resumo Objetivo Descrever as intervenções de enfermagem para a promoção da saúde mental das crianças. Métodos Revisão integrativa da literatura realizada nas bases de dados PubMed, B-On e CINAHL utilizando os descritores "promoção da saúde", "saúde mental", "criança", "enfermagem" ou "papel do enfermeiro" ou "enfermagem pediátrica" ou "enfermagem de atenção primária", com a combinação dos operadores booleanos "AND" e "OR". Foram elegíveis artigos completos dos últimos 10 anos, nos idiomas português e inglês, coadunando aos critérios de inclusão e exclusão. Realizou-se análise qualitativa com a construção de três categorias. Resultados Incluíram-se quinze artigos que descreviam as intervenções de enfermagem com as crianças e adolescentes na escola, junto da família e com a comunidade, sendo que a maioria abordava as intervenções na escola com ênfase para a promoção da resiliência e comportamentos saudáveis. Conclusão Os estudos analisados evidenciam a importância dos enfermeiros na promoção da saúde mental das crianças em programas de educação em saúde mental, sensibilização e apoio às necessidades psicoafectivas, biológicas e sociais. Apresenta-se um leque de intervenções a serem organizadas e desenvolvidas pelos enfermeiros que trabalham na escola, com as famílias e em interligação com a comunidade.

Resumen Objetivo Describir las intervenciones de enfermería para la promoción de la salud mental de los niños. Métodos Revisión integradora de la literatura realizada en las bases de datos PubMed, B-On y CINAHL utilizando los descriptores "promoción de la salud", "salud mental", "niño", "enfermería" o "papel del enfermero" o "enfermería pediátrica" o "enfermería de atención primaria", con la combinación de los operadores booleanos "AND" y "OR". Se incluyeron artículos completos de los últimos 10 años en los idiomas portugués e inglés, junto con los criterios de inclusión y exclusión. Se realizó un análisis cualitativo con la construcción de tres categorías. Resultados Se incluyeron 15 artículos que describían las intervenciones de enfermería con niños y adolescentes en la escuela, junto con la familia y la comunidad, y la mayoría abordaba las intervenciones en la escuela con énfasis en la promoción de la resiliencia y comportamientos saludables. Conclusión Los estudios analizados demuestran la importancia de los enfermeros en la promoción de la salud mental de los niños en programas de educación en salud mental, sensibilización y apoyo a las necesidades psicoafectivas, biológicas y sociales. Se presenta un abanico de intervenciones que los enfermeros que trabajan en escuelas deben organizar y llevar a cabo, junto con las familias e interconectados con la comunidad.

Abstract Objective To describe nursing intervention to promote children's mental health. Methods This was an integrative review using PubMed, B-On, and CINAHL databases using the following keywords "health promotion", "mental health, "child", "nursing", or "role of nursing" or "pediatric nursing" or "primary nursing care", with combination of Boolean operators "AND" and "OR". Full-text articles published in Portuguese and English within 10 years were included, after application of inclusion and exclusion criteria. A qualitative analysis with construction of three categories were included. Results We included 15 articles describing nursing interventions for children and adolescents at school, for family and community. The majority of interventions were approach at school with an emphasis on promotion of resilience and a healthy behavior. Conclusion The analyzed studies showed the importance of nurses to promote children's mental health in mental health education programs, sensibilization and support to psychoaffective, biologic and social needs. A large variety of interventions organized and developed by nurses were observed at school, with families and as well as in the interrelationship with community.

Fatores de risco para a saúde mental infanto-juvenil: conhecimentos dos agentes educativos / Factores de riesgo para la salud mental infanto-juvenil: conocimientos de los agentes educativos / Risk factors for mental health in children and young people: knowledge of education agents

Resumo Objetivo Avaliar o nível de conhecimentos dos agentes educativos sobre os fatores de risco para a saúde mental de crianças e adolescentes e analisar a sua associação com variáveis sociodemográficas. Métodos Estudo quantitativo, com recurso a uma amostra não probabilística de 136 agentes educativos (62,5% professores, 32,4% enfermeiros e 5,1% polícias), na sua maioria mulheres (70,6%) e média de idades de 48,34 anos. A colheita de dados, com recurso a um questionário de auto-preenchimento, realizou-se no ano lectivo de 2018 em quatro escolas do concelho de Viseu - Região centro de Portugal. Testes estatísticos utilizados: Qui-Quadrado e Análise de Regressão Múltipla. Resultados Na generalidade os agentes educativos revelaram possuir conhecimentos sobre os fatores de risco para a saúde mental, destacando-se 39,71% que chegam mesmo a evidenciar excelentes conhecimentos. Em termos comparativos, os enfermeiros são os que evidenciam melhores níveis de conhecimentos ( x̄ =15,546), seguindo-se os professores ( x̄ =13,318) e, por fim, os polícias ( x̄ =8,571), diferenças estas significativas (x2=14,725; p= 0,004). O estudo multivariado inferiu ser o género a única variável a se revelar preditora do nível de conhecimentos, explicando 11,5% da sua variabilidade (p=0,002), evidenciando as mulheres maior nível de conhecimentos. Já o efeito preditivo da variável categoria profissional (p=0,051) e tempo de experiência profissional (p=0,0179) não se revelou significativo. Conclusão O facto do género ter sido a única variável que se revelou preditiva do nível de conhecimentos, faz-nos ponderar da necessidade de se adoptarem estratégias diferenciadas em programas de formação, onde as características e vulnerabilidade dos dois sexos sejam salvaguardadas.

Resumen Objetivo Evaluar el nivel de conocimiento de los agentes educativos sobre los factores de riesgo para la salud mental de niños y adolescentes y analizar su relación con variables sociodemográficas. Métodos Estudio cuantitativo, con un muestreo no probabilístico de 136 agentes educativos (62,5% profesores, 32,4% enfermeros y 5,1% policías), en su mayoría mujeres (70,6%) y con un promedio de edad de 48,34 años. La recolección de datos se realizó mediante un cuestionario autocompletado, en el año lectivo 2018, en cuatro escuelas del concejo de Viseu, en la región centro de Portugal. Las pruebas estadísticas utilizadas fueron: prueba χ2 de Pearson y Análisis de Regresión Múltiple. Resultados En general, los agentes educativos revelaron tener conocimientos sobre los factores de riesgo para la salud mental, con un 39,71% que logró demostrar excelentes conocimientos. En términos comparativos, los enfermeros son los que demuestran mejores niveles de conocimiento ( x̄ =15,546), seguidos de los profesores ( x̄ =13,318) y por último los policías ( x̄ =8,571), diferencias estas significativas (x2=14,725; p= 0,004). Con el estudio multivariado se reveló que el género es la única variable que se mostró predictiva del nivel de conocimiento, que explica el 11,5% de su variabilidad (p=0,002) y demuestra mayor nivel de conocimiento en mujeres. Por otro lado, el efecto predictivo de la variable categoría profesional (p=0,051) y tiempo de experiencia profesional (p=0,0179) no demostró ser significativo. Conclusión El hecho de que el género haya sido la única variable que demostró ser predictiva del nivel de conocimiento nos hace considerar la necesidad de adoptar estrategias diferenciadas en programas de capacitación, en los que las características y vulnerabilidad de los dos sexos sean resguardadas.

Abstract Objective To assess the level of knowledge of education agents about risk factors for mental health in children and adolescents, and to analyze these factors connection with sociodemographic variables. Methods This was a quantitative study that used non-probabilistic sample of 136 education agents (62.5% professors, 32.4% nurses and 5.1% police officers). Most of participants were women (70.6%) with mean age of 48.34 years old. Data collection was performed through a self-completion questionnaire during 2018 academic year in four schools of the municipality of Viseu, Central Portugal. Statistical tests used were chi-square and multiple regression analysis. Results In general, education agents showed to have knowledge about risk factors for mental health, highlighting that 39.71% of them had excellent knowledge. In comparative terms, nurses showed better level of knowledge ( x̄ =15.546), followed by professors ( x̄ =13.318) and, police officers ( x̄ =8.571). Differences between participants were significant (x2=14.725; p= 0.004). The multivariate study demonstrated that gender was the only variable to prove to be a predictor of the level of knowledge, explaining the 11.5% of variability (p=0.002), and showing that women had a greater level of knowledge. The predictive effect of the variable professional category (p=0.051) and years of professional experience (p=0.0179) was not significant. Conclusion The fact that gender was the only variable that proved to be predictive of the level of knowledge led us consider the need of adopting differentiated strategies for training programs, in which the characteristics and vulnerability of both sexes should be protected.

Non-pharmacological interventions for pain management in adult victims of trauma: a scoping review protocol.

OBJECTIVE: This scoping review aims to map non-pharmacological interventions for reducing acute pain for adult victims of trauma. INTRODUCTION: Acute pain, as a consequence of either a pathological or traumatic event or even due to invasive and non-invasive healthcare procedures, is highly prevalent in critically ill patients. However, specific acute pain as a direct consequence of trauma is one of the least studied areas of acute pain. INCLUSION CRITERIA: This scoping review will consider studies on adult victims of trauma, aged 18 years or over, in prehospital emergency care, emergency departments and trauma centers. All studies that focus on non-pharmacological interventions designed to reduce acute pain, implemented and evaluated by health professionals in any form, duration, frequency and intensity, will be considered. METHODS: An initial search of PubMed and CINAHL will be undertaken, followed by a second search for published and unpublished studies from 2000 to the present in major healthcare related electronic databases. Studies in English, French, Spanish and Portuguese will be included. Data extraction will be performed independently by two reviewers in tabular form and include details about the interventions, populations, study methods and outcomes of interest. A narrative synthesis will accompany the results and will describe how they relate to the review objectives.

Intervenções de Enfermagem pré-hospitalar: revisão narrativa / Pre-hospital nursing interventions: narrative review

Objetivo: Construir algoritmos de intervenção de enfermagem pré-hospitalar a vítimas de trauma. Metodologia: Revisão Narrativa da Literatura, entre 2008 e 2019, nas principais bases de dados. Dois revisores independentes realizaram a avaliação crítica, extração e síntese dos dados. A construção dos algoritmos resultou do processo interpretativo da revisão narrativa por três peritos na área. Utilizou-se o modelo teórico de Virgínia Henderson. Resultados: Obtiveram-se 17 documentos, seis foram incluídos no desenvolvimento dos metaparadigmas Saúde, Pessoa e Ambiente e 16 para a elaboração e construção de Algoritmos de avaliação, diagnóstico e intervenções de enfermagem às vítimas de trauma. Conclusões: A revisão possibilitou a operacionalização do modelo teórico de Henderson para a assistência pré-hospitalar permitindo a criação de algoritmos orientadores da prática de enfermagem. (AU)

Objective: To construct pre-hospital nursing intervention algorithms for trauma victims. Methodology: Literature Narrative Review, between 2008 and 2019, in the main databases. Two independent reviewers carried out the critical evaluation, extraction and synthesis of data. The construction of the algorithms resulted from the interpretive process of the narrative review by three experts. The theoretical model of Virginia Henderson was used. Results: Seventeen documents were obtained, six were included in the development of the metaparadigm Health, Person and Environment and 16 were included in the development and construction of assessment, diagnosis and nursing interventions algorithms for trauma victims. Conclusions: The review enabled the operationalization of Henderson's theoretical model for pre-hospital care, allowing the creation of algorithms to guide nursing practice. (AU)

Objetivo: Construir algoritmos de intervención de enfermería prehospitalaria para víctimas de traumatismos. Metodología: Revisión narrativa de literatura, entre 2008 y 2019, en las principales bases de datos. Dos revisores independientes realizaron la evaluación crítica, extracción y síntesis de los datos. La construcción de los algoritmos fue el resultado del proceso interpretativo de la revisión por parte de tres expertos. Se utilizó el modelo de Virginia Henderson. Resultados: Se obtuvieron diecisiete documentos, seis se incluyeron en el desarrollo de los metaparadigmas y 16 se incluyeron en el desarrollo y construcción de algoritmos de evaluación, diagnóstico e intervenciones de enfermería. Conclusiones: La revisión permitió la operacionalización del modelo de Henderson para la atención prehospitalaria, permitiendo la creación de algoritmos. (AU)

Effectiveness of haloperidol prophylaxis in critically ill patients with a high risk of delirium: a systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Delirium is associated with increased intensive care unit and hospital length of stay, prolonged duration of mechanical ventilation, unplanned removal of tubes and catheters, and increased morbidity and mortality. Prophylactic treatment with low-dose haloperidol may have beneficial effects for critically ill patients with a high risk of delirium. OBJECTIVES: To identify the effectiveness of haloperidol prophylaxis in critically ill patients with a high risk for delirium. INCLUSION CRITERIA TYPES OF PARTICIPANTS: Patients with a predicted high risk of delirium, aged 18 years or over, and in intensive care units. Patients with a history of concurrent antipsychotic medication use were excluded. TYPES OF INTERVENTION(S)/PHENOMENA OF INTEREST: Haloperidol prophylaxis for preventing delirium. TYPES OF STUDIES: Experimental and epidemiological study designs. OUTCOMES: Primary outcome is the incidence of delirium. Secondary outcomes are duration of mechanical ventilation, incidence of re-intubation, incidence of unplanned/accidental removal of tubes/lines and catheters, intensive care unit and hospital length of stay, and re-admissions to both settings. SEARCH STRATEGY: An initial search of MEDLINE and CINAHL was undertaken, followed by a second search for published and unpublished studies from January 1967 to September 2015 in major healthcare-related electronic databases. Studies in English, Spanish and Portuguese were included. METHODOLOGICAL QUALITY: Two independent reviewers assessed the methodological quality of five studies using the standardized critical appraisal instrument from the Joanna Briggs Institute Meta-Analysis of Statistics Assessment and Review Instrument. There was general agreement among the reviewers to exclude one relevant study due to methodological quality. DATA EXTRACTION: Data were extracted using the JBI data extraction form for experimental studies and included details about the interventions, populations, study methods and outcomes of significance to the review questions. DATA SYNTHESIS: Significant differences were found between participants, interventions, outcome measures (clinical heterogeneity) and designs (methodological heterogeneity). For these reasons, we were unable to perform a meta-analysis. Therefore, the results have been described in a narrative format. RESULTS: Five studies met the inclusion criteria. One of these studies was excluded due to poor methodological quality. The remaining four original studies (total of 1142 patients) were included in this review. Three studies were randomized controlled trials and one was a cohort study.Two studies confirmed the effectiveness of haloperidol prophylaxis in critically ill patients with a high risk of delirium. These studies showed that short-term prophylactic administration of low-dose intravenous haloperidol significantly decreased the incidence of delirium in elderly patients admitted to intensive care units after non-cardiac surgery and in general intensive care unit patients with a high risk of delirium.However, the two remaining studies showed contradictory results in mechanically ventilated critically ill adults, revealing that the administration of haloperidol reduced delirium prevalence, delayed its occurrence, and/or shorten its duration. CONCLUSIONS: The evidence related to the effectiveness of haloperidol prophylaxis in critically ill patients with a high risk of delirium is contradictory. However, balancing the benefits and low side effects associated with haloperidol prophylaxis, this preventive intervention may be useful to reduce the incidence of delirium in critically ill adults in intensive care units.

The effects of emergency department overcrowding on admitted patient outcomes: a systematic review protocol.

REVIEW QUESTION/OBJECTIVE: The objective of this review is to identify the effects of emergency department (ED) overcrowding on admitted patient outcomes.More specifically, the questions are: does ED overcrowding increase the admitted patient's mortality? Does ED overcrowding increase the admitted patient's hospital length-of-stay? Does ED overcrowding increase the delay in door-to-needle time to treatment (time to antibiotic, time to thrombolysis and time to analgesic)?