Lymphocyte subsets and Langerhans cells in the skin of kidney transplant recipients under three different immunosuppressive regimens.

BACKGROUND: Renal transplant recipients (RTRs) are at increased risk of developing skin cancer; however, the role of immunosuppression is not yet fully understood. In this study, we evaluated the immunohistochemical changes in the skin of RTRs under three different immunosuppression regimens: mTOR inhibitors (mTORi), sirolimus or everolimus, mycophenolic acid (MPA) precursors such as mycophenolate sodium or mofetil, or azathioprine (AZA). METHODS: We evaluated biopsies of sun-exposed and sun-protected skin for immunohistochemical quantification of B lymphocytes (CD20+ ), T lymphocytes (CD3+ , CD4+ , and CD8+ ), and Langerhans cells (LCs) (CD1a+ ) in 30 RTRs and 10 healthy controls. The RTRs were divided into three groups: mTORi (n = 10), MPA (n = 10), and AZA (n = 10). RESULTS: No differences were observed in the number of B lymphocytes. However, a significant decrease in the number of T lymphocytes and LCs was observed in both sun-protected and sun-exposed skin in the AZA and MPA groups, although to a lesser degree in the latter group. The skin of the mTORi group did not differ from that of the control group in terms of the number of B and T lymphocytes and LCs. CONCLUSIONS: Patients treated with mTORi exhibit preserved cellular elements related to cutaneous immune surveillance. The use of AZA induced a greater degree of skin immunosuppression than in the control group, as demonstrated by the decrease in T lymphocytes and LCs.

Critical points and potential pitfalls of outbreak of IMP-1-producing carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa among kidney transplant recipients: a case-control study.

BACKGROUND: Carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (CRPA) infection after kidney transplantation (KT) is associated with high mortality. AIM: To analyse an outbreak of infection/colonization with IMP-1-producing CRPA on a KT ward. METHODS: A case-control study was conducted. Cases were identified through routine surveillance culture and real-time polymerase chain reaction for carbapenemase performed directly from rectal swab samples. Controls were randomly selected from patients hospitalized on the same ward during the same period, at a ratio of 3:1. Strain clonality was analysed through pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), and whole-genome sequencing was performed for additional strain characterization. FINDINGS: CRPA was identified in 37 patients, in 51.4% through surveillance cultures and in 49.6% through clinical cultures. The median persistence of culture positivity was 42.5 days. Thirteen patients (35.1%) presented a total of 15 infections, of which seven (46.7%) were in the urinary tract; among those, 30-day mortality rate was 46.2%. PFGE analysis showed that all of the strains shared the same pulsotype. Multilocus sequence typing analysis identified the sequence type as ST446. Risk factors for CRPA acquisition were hospital stay >10 days, retransplantation, urological surgical reintervention after KT, use of carbapenem or ciprofloxacin in the last three months and low median lymphocyte count in the last three months. CONCLUSION: KT recipients remain colonized by CRPA for long periods and could be a source of nosocomial outbreaks. In addition, a high proportion of such patients develop infection. During an outbreak, urine culture should be added to the screening protocol for KT recipients.

Biopsy vs. peripheral computed tomography to assess bone disease in CKD patients on dialysis: differences and similarities.

Results from bone biopsy and high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography (HR-pQCT) were compared in 31 CKD patients. There was an agreement mainly for cortical compartment that may represent a perspective on the fracture risk assessment. HR-pQCT also provided some clues on the turnover status, which warrants further studies. INTRODUCTION: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients are at high risk of bone disease. Although bone biopsy is considered the best method to evaluate bone disease, it is expensive and not always available. Here we have compared, for the first time, data obtained from bone biopsy and HR-pQCT in a sample of CKD patients on dialysis. METHODS: HR-pQCT and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) were performed in 31 CKD patients (30 on dialysis). Biopsies were analyzed by quantitative histomorphometry, and classified according to TMV. RESULTS: We have found an inverse correlation between radius cortical density measured by HR-pQCT, with serum, as well as histomorphometric bone remodeling markers. Trabecular density and BV/TV measured through HR-pQCT in the distal radius correlated with trabecular and mineralized trabecular bone volume. Trabecular number, separation, and thickness obtained from HR-pQCT and from bone biopsy correlated with each other. Patients with cortical porosity on bone histomorphometry presented lower cortical density at the distal radius. Cortical density at radius was higher while bone alkaline phosphatase was lower in patients with low turnover. Combined, these parameters could identify the turnover status better than individually. CONCLUSIONS: There was an agreement between HR-pQCT and bone biopsy parameters, particularly in cortical compartment, which may point to a new perspective on the fracture risk assessment for CKD patients. Besides classical bone resorption markers, HR-pQCT provided some clues on the turnover status by measurements of cortical density at radius, although the significance of this finding warrants further studies.

Renal transplantation in human immunodeficiency virus-infected recipients: a case-control study from the Brazilian experience.

BACKGROUND: Highly active antiretroviral therapy has turned human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients with end-stage renal disease into suitable candidates for renal transplantation. We present the Brazilian experience with kidney transplantation in HIV-infected recipients observed in a multicenter study. METHODS: HIV-infected kidney transplant recipients and matched controls were evaluated for the incidence of delayed graft function (DGF), acute rejection (AR), infections, graft function, and survival of patients and renal grafts. RESULTS: Fifty-three HIV-infected recipients and 106 controls were enrolled. Baseline characteristics were similar, but a higher frequency of pre-transplant positivity for hepatitis C virus and cytomegalovirus infections was found in the HIV group. Immunosuppressive regimens did not differ, but a trend was observed toward lower use of anti-thymocyte globulin in the group of HIV-infected recipients (P = 0.079). The HIV-positive recipient group presented a higher incidence of treated AR (P = 0.036) and DGF (P = 0.044). Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration estimated that glomerular filtration rate was similar at 6 months (P = 0.374) and at 12 months (P = 0.957). The median number of infections per patient was higher in the HIV-infected group (P = 0.018). The 1-year patient survival (P < 0.001) and graft survival (P = 0.004) were lower, but acceptable, in the group of HIV-infected patients. CONCLUSIONS: In the Brazilian experience, despite somewhat inferior outcomes, kidney transplantation is an adequate therapy for selected HIV-infected recipients.

Pre-transplant shedding of BK virus in urine is unrelated to post-transplant viruria and viremia in kidney transplant recipients.

BK virus-(BKV) associated nephropathy (BKVN) is a major cause of allograft injury in kidney transplant recipients. In such patients, subclinical reactivation of latent BKV infection can occur in the pre-transplant period. The purpose of this study was to determine whether urinary BKV shedding in the immediate pre-transplant period is associated with a higher incidence of viruria and viremia during the first year after kidney transplantation. We examined urine samples from 34 kidney transplant recipients, using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction to detect BKV. Urine samples were obtained in the immediate pre-transplant period and during the first year after transplant on a monthly basis. If BKV viruria was detected, blood samples were collected and screened for BKV viremia. In the immediate pre-transplant period, we detected BKV viruria in 11 (32.3%) of the 34 recipients. During the first year after transplantation, we detected BKV viruria in all 34 patients and viremia in eight (23.5%). We found no correlation between pre-transplant viruria and post-transplant viruria or viremia (p = 0.2). Although reactivation of latent BKV infection in the pre-transplant period is fairly common among kidney transplant recipients, it is not a risk factor for post-transplant BKV viruria or viremia.

Outcomes and Mortality in Renal Transplant Recipients Admitted to the Intensive Care Unit.

INTRODUCTION: In the intensive care unit (ICU), mortality is considered higher among renal transplant recipients than among nontransplantation patients. However, data regarding severe complications after kidney transplantation are scarce. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this study, we evaluated all consecutive renal transplant recipients admitted to our ICU between July 2012 and July 2013 (n = 70), comparing their outcomes with those of a control group of nontransplantation patients admitted during the same period (n = 153). Among the transplant recipients, we compared survivors and nonsurvivors to identify predictors of ICU mortality. RESULTS: The mean age of the transplant recipients was 52 ± 13 years. Of the 70 transplant recipients, 18 (25%) required mechanical ventilation, 28 (40%) required inotropic support, and 27 (39%) required hemodialysis, all of which are factors that worsen the prognosis significantly. Twenty-two (31%) of the transplant recipients died in the ICU and 17 (24%) died within 30 days after ICU discharge, rates similar to those observed for the control group. CONCLUSIONS: We observed similar mortality between recipient and control groups, albeit the mortality was higher in the clinical group. In the multivariate model, the need for mechanical ventilation and the need for hemodialysis were independently associated with mortality.

Efficacy and safety of canagliflozin over 52 weeks in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease.

AIM: This study evaluated the efficacy and safety of canagliflozin, a sodium glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitor, in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and within a subset of Stage 3 chronic kidney disease (CKD; estimated glomerular filtration rate [eGFR] ≥ 30 and <50 ml/min/1.73 m(2)). METHODS: In this 52-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, patients (N = 269; mean eGFR, 39.4 ml/min/1.73 m(2)) received canagliflozin 100 or 300 mg and placebo once daily. Efficacy endpoints included changes in glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c), fasting plasma glucose (FPG), body weight and systolic blood pressure (BP); adverse events (AEs) were also recorded. RESULTS: At week 52, canagliflozin 100 and 300 mg reduced HbA1c compared with placebo (-0.19, -0.33 and 0.07%, respectively); placebo-subtracted differences (95% confidence interval) were -0.27% (-0.53, 0.001) and -0.41% (-0.68, -0.14). Canagliflozin also lowered FPG, body weight and BP versus placebo. Overall AE incidence was 85.6, 80.9, and 86.7% with canagliflozin 100 and 300 mg and placebo, respectively. Osmotic diuresis-related AEs were more common with both canagliflozin doses, and incidences of urinary tract infections and volume depletion-related AEs were higher with canagliflozin 300 mg versus placebo. Decreases in eGFR (-2.1, -4.0 and -1.6 ml/min/1.73 m(2)) were seen with canagliflozin 100 and 300 mg compared with placebo. Canagliflozin 100 and 300 mg provided median percent reductions in urine albumin to creatinine ratio versus placebo (-16.4, -28.0 and 19.7%). CONCLUSIONS: Canagliflozin improved glycaemic control and was generally well tolerated in patients with T2DM and within a subset of Stage 3 CKD over 52 weeks.

Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia with an atypical granulomatous response after kidney transplantation.

Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PCP) continues to be a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in kidney transplant recipients. Granulomatous PCP is an unusual histological presentation that has been described in a variety of immunosuppressive conditions. Previous studies have demonstrated an association between granulomatous disorders and hypercalcemia, the purported mechanism of which is extrarenal production of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D by activated macrophages. Here, we report a case of granulomatous formation in a kidney transplant recipient with PCP who presented with hypercalcemia and suppressed parathyroid hormone, both of which resolved after successful treatment of the pneumonia. In immunocompromised patients, pulmonary infection associated with hypercalcemia should raise the suspicion of PCP and other granulomatous disorders.

Banff 2013 meeting report: inclusion of c4d-negative antibody-mediated rejection and antibody-associated arterial lesions.

The 12th Banff Conference on Allograft Pathology was held in Comandatuba, Brazil, from August 19-23, 2013, and was preceded by a 2-day Latin American Symposium on Transplant Immunobiology and Immunopathology. The meeting was highlighted by the presentation of the findings of several working groups formed at the 2009 and 2011 Banff meetings to: (1) establish consensus criteria for diagnosing antibody-mediated rejection (ABMR) in the presence and absence of detectable C4d deposition; (2) develop consensus definitions and thresholds for glomerulitis (g score) and chronic glomerulopathy (cg score), associated with improved inter-observer agreement and correlation with clinical, molecular and serological data; (3) determine whether isolated lesions of intimal arteritis ("isolated v") represent acute rejection similar to intimal arteritis in the presence of tubulointerstitial inflammation; (4) compare different methodologies for evaluating interstitial fibrosis and for performing/evaluating implantation biopsies of renal allografts with regard to reproducibility and prediction of subsequent graft function; and (5) define clinically and prognostically significant morphologic criteria for subclassifying polyoma virus nephropathy. The key outcome of the 2013 conference is defining criteria for diagnosis of C4d-negative ABMR and respective modification of the Banff classification. In addition, three new Banff Working Groups were initiated.

Seroconversion of 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) vaccination in kidney transplant patients and the influence of different risk factors.

BACKGROUND: Influenza may present a high morbidity and mortality in solid organ transplanted patients (SOTP). Annual influenza virus vaccine is recommended for SOTP. However, low levels of seroconversion in SOTP have been reported. The aim of this study was to evaluate the immunogenicity of 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) - A(H1N1)pdm09--vaccine in kidney transplant patients and to analyze which features might affect seroconversion. METHODS: This study was conducted from March to August 2010 at the Renal Transplantation Unit of University of São Paulo, Brazil. A total of 85 renal transplant patients attending the outpatient unit received one 15-µg intramuscular dose of A(H1N1) pdm09 influenza vaccine (reassortant vaccine virus A/California/7/2009 [NYMC X-179A]). Blood samples were collected immediately before and 21 days after the vaccine was given. Antibody response was measured by the standard hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) assay. The primary immunogenicity endpoint for this study was seroconversion in previously seronegative patients (HI titers <1:40), and the secondary endpoint was the identification of features that could affect seroconversion in this population. RESULTS: Five (5.9%) patients presented HI titers prevaccination ≥ 1:40 and were excluded from further analysis. Seroconversion in previously negative patients occurred in 27 (34%) of 80 patients. Prevaccination HI titers geometrical mean was 5.8 and postvaccination 19.6 (ratio 3.4). Significant seroconversion rate factors were female gender, non-Caucasian ethnicity, and post-transplant time before vaccination. No impact was seen on seroconversion for age, donor type, tacrolimus and cyclosporine blood levels, renal function, or blood lymphocyte counts. Mycophenolate (MPA) showed a lower rate of seroconversion when compared with azathioprine. Tacrolimus and cyclosporine had similar seroconversion rates. Sirolimus use was associated with the highest rate of seroconversion, although these patient numbers were low. Immunosuppresssion containing MPA was considerably less effective in seroconversion than drug combinations with no MPA. Patients receiving sirolimus had more chance of seroconversion. HI titers geometric means pre/post vaccine were as follows: MPA (n = 56): 5.8/12.8; tacrolimus (n = 50): 5.9/16.2; cyclosporine (n = 18): 5.4/24.2; azathioprine (n = 19): 6.2/51.6; and sirolimus (n = 6): 8/80. By univariate analysis, being female and non-White were variables associated with 3.3 times more chance of seroconversion than being male and White. In the multivariate analysis, the variables remaining in the model showed similar hazard ratios. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, the monovalent A(H1N1)pdm09 influenza vaccine demonstrated low rates of seroconversion, particularly in patients on MPA, but with potentially higher response rates in patients on sirolimus.

Efficacy and safety of canagliflozin in subjects with type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease.

AIMS: Canagliflozin is a sodium glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitor in development for treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This study evaluated the efficacy and safety of canagliflozin in subjects with T2DM and stage 3 chronic kidney disease [CKD; estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) ≥30 and <50 ml/min/1.73 m(2)]. METHODS: In this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial, subjects (N = 269) received canagliflozin 100 or 300 mg or placebo daily. The primary efficacy endpoint was change from baseline in HbA1c at week 26. Prespecified secondary endpoints were change in fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and proportion of subjects reaching HbA1c <7.0%. Safety was assessed based on adverse event (AE) reports; renal safety parameters (e.g. eGFR, blood urea nitrogen and albumin/creatinine ratio) were also evaluated. RESULTS: Both canagliflozin 100 and 300 mg reduced HbA1c from baseline compared with placebo at week 26 (-0.33, -0.44 and -0.03%; p < 0.05). Numerical reductions in FPG and higher proportions of subjects reaching HbA1c < 7.0% were observed with canagliflozin 100 and 300 mg versus placebo (27.3, 32.6 and 17.2%). Overall AE rates were similar for canagliflozin 100 and 300 mg and placebo (78.9, 74.2 and 74.4%). Slightly higher rates of urinary tract infections and AEs related to osmotic diuresis and reduced intravascular volume were observed with canagliflozin 300 mg compared with other groups. Transient changes in renal function parameters that trended towards baseline over 26 weeks were observed with canagliflozin. CONCLUSION: Canagliflozin improved glycaemic control and was generally well tolerated in subjects with T2DM and Stage 3 CKD.

Malakoplakia after renal transplantation in the current era of immunosuppressive therapy: case report and literature review.

Malakoplakia is a rare chronic granulomatous disease of unknown cause. It is thought to be caused by an acquired bactericidal defect of macrophages. Malakoplakia is associated with chronic infections and immunosuppression. Although it occurs mainly in the urinary tract, it has already been reported in almost every organ system. The isolation of bacteria, especially Escherichia coli, is common in malakoplakia patients. Here, we present a case of primary cutaneous malakoplakia in a kidney transplant recipient who had been taking prednisone, tacrolimus, and mycophenolate. Culture of a lesion grew Burkholderia cepacia complex. Treatment with high doses of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole was successful. We also present a systematic review of the literature, identifying 4 previously reported cases of malakoplakia after renal transplantation under similar immunosuppressive therapy, most occurring in the urinary tract or perineum and following benign courses to cure. Data in the literature suggest that malakoplakia has become even rarer since changes were made in the immunosuppressive therapy employed after kidney transplantation.

De novo thrombotic microangiopathy after kidney transplantation: clinical features, treatment, and long-term patient and graft survival.

INTRODUCTION: Posttransplant thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA)/hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) can occur as a recurrent or de novo disease. METHODS: A retrospective single-center observational study was applied in order to examine the incidence and outcomes of de novo TMA/HUS among transplantations performed between 2000 and 2010. Recurrent HUS or antibody-mediated rejections were excluded. RESULTS: Seventeen (1.1%) among 1549 kidney transplant recipients fulfilled criteria for de novo TMA. The mean follow-up was 572 days (range, 69-1769). Maintenance immunosuppression was prednisone, tacrolimus (TAC), and mycophenolic acid in 14 (82%) patients. Mean age at onset was 40 ± 15 years, and serum creatinine was 6.1 ± 4.1 mg/dL. TMA occurred at a median of 25 days (range, 1-1755) after transplantation. Nine (53%) patients developed TMA within 1 month of transplantation and only 12% after 1 year. Clinical features were anemia (hemoglobin < 10 g/dL) in 9 (53%) patients, thrombocytopenia in 7 (41%), and increased lactate dehydrogenase in 12 (70%). Decreased haptoglobin was observed in 64% and schistocytes in 35%. Calcineurin inhibitor (CNI) withdrawal or reduction was the first step in the management of 10/15 (66%) patients, and 6 (35%) received fresh frozen plasma (FFP) and/or plasmapheresis. TAC was successfully reintroduced in six patients after a median of 17 days. Eight (47%) patients needed dialytic support after TMA diagnosis and 75% remained on dialysis. At 4 years of follow-up, death-censored graft survival was worse for TMA group (43.0% versus 85.6%, log-rank = 0.001; hazard ratio = 3.74) and there was no difference in patient survival (53.1% versus 82.2%, log-rank = 0.24). CONCLUSION: De novo TMA after kidney transplantation is a rare but severe condition with poor graft outcomes. This syndrome may not be fully manifested, and clinical suspicion is essential for early diagnosis and treatment, based mainly in CNI withdrawal and FFP infusions and/or plasmapheresis.

Yellow fever vaccination in organ transplanted patients: is it safe? A multicenter study.

BACKGROUND: Yellow fever (YF) may be very serious, with mortality reaching 50%. Live attenuated virus YF vaccine (YFV) is effective, but may present, although rare, life-threatening side effects and is contraindicated in immunocompromised patients. However, some transplant patients may inadvertently receive the vaccine. METHODS: A questionnaire was sent to all associated doctors to the Brazilian Organ Transplantation Association through its website, calling for reports of organ transplanted patients who have been vaccinated against YF. RESULTS: Twelve doctors reported 19 cases. None had important side effects. Only one had slight reaction at the site of YFV injection. Eleven patients were male. Organs received were 14 kidneys, 3 hearts, and 2 livers. Twelve patients received organs from deceased donors. Mean age at YFV was 45.6 ± 13.6 years old (range 11-69); creatinine: 1.46 ± 0.62 mg/dL (range 0.8-3.4); post-transplant time: 65 ± 83.9 months (range 3-340); and time from YFV at the time of survey: 45 ± 51 months (range 3-241). Immunosuppression varied widely with different drug combinations: azathioprine (7 patients), cyclosporine (8), deflazacort (1), mycophenolate (10), prednisone (11), sirolimus (3), and tacrolimus (4). CONCLUSIONS: YFV showed no important side effects in this cohort of solid organ transplanted patients. However, owing to the small number of studied patients, it is not possible to extend these findings to the rest of the transplanted population, assuring safety. Therefore, these data are not strong enough to safely recommend YFV in organ transplanted recipients, as severe, even life-threatening side effects may occur.

Non-human leukocyte antigen antibodies reactive with endothelial cells could be involved in early loss of renal allografts.

Preformed donor-specific human leukocyte antigen (HLA) antibodies have been associated with allograft dysfunction and failure. However, recipients of HLA-identical kidneys can develop acute humoral rejection, implicating putative pathogenic antibodies that are directed against non-HLA antigens. We investigated the presence of endothelial cell-reactive antibodies in 11 patients who experienced early loss of their transplanted kidneys owing to humoral rejection and 1 loss from renal venal thrombosis. We examined the potential efficacy of intravenous immunoglobulin to block the binding of these antibodies, as previously suggested for anti-HLA antibodies.

Comparison of the safety and efficacy of cyclosporine minimization versus cyclosporine elimination in de novo renal allograft patients receiving sirolimus.

The safety and efficacy of concentration-controlled use of sirolimus (SRL) and cyclosporine (CsA) followed by CsA minimization (CsAm) or elimination (CsAe) beginning at week 13 was compared in a phase 4, open-label, randomized (1:1) trial of renal transplant recipients enrolled between March 2004 and November 2005. The primary endpoint was renal function, measured at 12 months using the Nankivell formula, in patients remaining on therapy. Though a total enrollment of 140 patients in each group was planned to provide an 80% power to detect a difference in means, only 207 subjects were enrolled in this study. Demographic characteristics were similar between groups, with 98.1% recipients of first grafts, 69.1% from living donors, and 7.2% diabetics. At 12 months, there were no differences in renal function (61.08 vs 65.24 mL/min, P = .132); incidence of biopsy-confirmed acute rejection (14.3% vs 22.5%, P = .152); and patient (89.5% vs 92.2%, P = .632), graft (87.6% vs 88.2%, P = .999), and death-censored graft (98.1% vs 94.1%, P = .166) survivals between CsAm and CsAe groups, respectively. There were no differences in the overall rate of study-drug discontinuation (32.4% vs 36.3%, P = .562) but more patients discontinued because of lack of efficacy/graft loss in the CsAe group (4.8% vs 14.7%, P = .018). This study was underpowered to demonstrate the superiority of one regimen over the other. In summary, SRL immunotherapy combined with CsA minimization or elimination showed comparative safety and efficacy. Both regimens offer potential treatment options for de novo renal allograft recipients.

Influence of single-nucleotide polymorphisms on C-reactive protein levels in chronic kidney disease before and after kidney transplantation.

INTRODUCTION: We sought to evaluate 2 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the C-reactive protein (CRP) gene promoter region for their effects on CRP levels in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients before and after a successful kidney transplantation. METHODS: Fifty CKD patients were evaluated before and at the first and second years after the graft. Two SNPs were studied, a bi-allelic (G-->A) at the -409 and a tri-allelic (C-->T-->A) variation at the -390 position in the CRP gene. RESULTS: All patients presented the -409GG genotype. At the -390 position, the "A" allele was not found; there were 15 "CC" patients, 11 "TT" patients, and 24 "CT" patients. CRP levels were different among patients with various genotypes (P < .019). Also the presence of the allele "T" was sufficient to determine differences in CRP levels both in pretransplantation (P = .045) and at 1 year posttransplantation (P = .011), but not at the second year (P = .448). CONCLUSION: SNPs at the -390 position of the CRP gene promoter region influence CRP basal levels in such a way that the "C" allele correlated with the lowest and the "T" with the highest. We did not observe this influence in our patients at the second year posttransplantation.

Evaluation of the vaccination status in pediatric renal transplant recipients.

To assess the immunization status of pediatric renal transplant patients followed at a single center in Brazil, vaccination charts of all patients aged between one and 18 yr were analyzed both pre- and post-transplantation. Appropriate immunization was defined according to the National Immunization Program (routine vaccines) - for all Brazilian children - and the Special Immunobiological Agents Program that also includes special vaccines for immunodeficient or other high-risk children. A total of 46 patients was evaluated (mean age 13.7 yr; range 4-17 yr). Vaccination charts were found to be up to date in only two patients (4.3%) pretransplant and in two (4.3%) post-transplant. Although 36 patients (62.2%) in the pretransplant phase and 24 (52.1%) in the post-transplant phase had been vaccinated according to the National Immunization Program, they had not received the special vaccines indicated for their immunocompromised condition. Therefore, despite being followed at a referral center, almost all patients presented an incomplete immunization status pre- and post-transplant. This probably reflects missed opportunities and medical/parental apprehension related to vaccination of patients with chronic renal insufficiency, dialysis or kidney transplantation. Efforts should be made to ensure adequate vaccination in children with kidney diseases, especially before kidney transplantation.

Experimental training model of pancreas transplant.

UNLABELLED: Pancreas transplant (Ptx) is the gold standard for the treatment of type I diabetes, mainly when associated with renal failure. The number of Ptx is increasing worldwide, but in developing countries, such as Brazil, the number of centers is small and transplant surgeons need to practice the technique. METHODS: For this model, 21 pancreas harvestings were performed in patient corpses after death from extra-abdominal causes, without pancreatic disease and peritoneal or systemic infection. The vessels of the grafts were prepared on the backtable according to the usual practice in humans. The pancreas was implanted in the inferior vena cava and aorta of mixed breed dogs, with 10 exocrine-bladder drainage and 11 duodenum-ileal anastomosis. RESULTS: There were anastomotic strictures of the portal vein in dogs 1 and 2. There was no arterial stricture or large bleeding. None of the animals died until the revascularization of the graft. Dogs 2, 5, and 8 died during the exocrine anastomosis. The arterial flow was initially high, but at the end of the procedure there were thromboses of small arteries. CONCLUSION: The experimental surgical technique model is feasible, repeating the stages of clinical pancreatic transplantation and allowing the training of surgeons.

Improvement of adynamic bone disease after renal transplantation.

Low bone remodeling and relatively low serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels characterize adynamic bone disease (ABD). The impact of renal transplantation (RT) on the course of ABD is unknown. We studied prospectively 13 patients with biopsy-proven ABD after RT. Bone histomorphometry and bone mineral density (BMD) measurements were performed in the 1st and 12th months after RT. Serum PTH, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, and osteocalcin were measured regularly throughout the study. Serum PTH levels were slightly elevated at transplantation, normalized at the end of the third month and remained stable thereafter. Bone biopsies performed in the first month after RT revealed low bone turnover in all patients, with positive bone aluminum staining in 5. In the 12th month, second biopsies were performed on 12 patients. Bone histomorphometric dynamic parameters improved in 9 and were completely normalized in 6, whereas no bone mineralization was detected in 3 of these 12 patients. At 12 months post-RT, no bone aluminum was detected in any patient. We also found a decrease in lumbar BMD and an increase in femoral BMD. Patients suffering from ABD, even those with a reduction in PTH levels, may present partial or complete recovery of bone turnover after successful renal transplantation. However, it is not possible to positively identify the mechanisms responsible for the improvement. Identifying these mechanisms should lead to a better understanding of the physiopathology of ABD and to the development of more effective treatments.