Prevalence of cognitive impairment and its predictors among chronic kidney disease patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Cognitive impairment (CI) is common among patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), and is associated with a poor prognosis. We assessed the prevalence and associated factors of CI in patients with CKD. METHODS: A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted by searching PubMed, Embase, and the Web of Science through December 1, 2023. Random effects models were performed with subgroup analyses to further explore the heterogeneity. RESULTS: 50 studies involving 25,289 CKD patients were included. The overall prevalence of CI was 40% (95% confidence interval 33-46). The pooled prevalence of CI was relatively higher in CKD patients from Africa (58%), Asia (44%) and America (37%). Attention and executive dysfunction appeared to be the most common manifestations. The prevalence of CI was higher among patients with hemodialysis (53%) and peritoneal dialysis (39%) than those without dialysis (32%) and post-kidney transplanted (26%). In addition, advanced age, the presence of diabetes and hypertension might increase the risk of CI in CKD patients. CONCLUSIONS: People with CKD have a high prevalence of CI, especially in patients with hemodialysis. An early and comprehensive screening for CI in CKD patients is needed to improve clinical outcomes. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Registration number: PROSPERO (CRD42023412864).

Yi-Shen-Hua-Shi regulates intestinal microbiota dysbiosis and protects against proteinuria in patients with chronic kidney disease: a randomized controlled study.

CONTEXT: Yi-Shen-Hua-Shi (YSHS) is a traditional Chinese medicine that treats chronic kidney disease (CKD). However, its efficacy in reducing proteinuria and underlying mechanisms is unknown. OBJECTIVE: This single-center randomized controlled trial explored whether YSHS could improve proteinuria and modulate the gut microbiota. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 120 CKD patients were enrolled and randomized to receive the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) inhibitor plus YSHS (n = 56) or RAAS inhibitor (n = 47) alone for 4 months, and 103 patients completed the study. We collected baseline and follow-up fecal samples and clinical outcomes from participants. Total bacterial DNA was extracted, and the fecal microbiome was analyzed using bioinformatics. RESULTS: Patients in the intervention group had a significantly higher decrease in 24-h proteinuria. After 4 months of the YSHS intervention, the relative abundance of bacteria that have beneficial effects on the body, such as Faecalibacterium, Lachnospiraceae, Lachnoclostridium, and Sutterella increased significantly, while pathogenic bacteria such as the Eggerthella and Clostridium innocuum group decreased. However, we could not find these changes in the control group. Redundancy analysis showed that the decline in 24-h proteinuria during follow-up was significantly correlated with various taxa of gut bacteria, such as Lachnospiraceae and the Lachnoclostridium genus in the YSHS group. KEGG analysis also showed the potential role of YSHS in regulating glycan, lipid, and vitamin metabolism. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: The YSHS granule reduced proteinuria associated with mitigating intestinal microbiota dysbiosis in CKD patients. The definite mechanisms of YSHS to improve proteinuria need to be further explored. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ChiCTR2300076136, retrospectively registered.

Serum irisin levels are negatively associated with blood pressure in dialysis patients.

Elevated blood pressure is highly prevalent among dialysis patients and is associated with high mortality. Irisin is a newly found myokine that has been indicated to be related to blood pressure regulation in animal experiments. Data regarding the effect of serum irisin levels on blood pressure in dialysis patients are limited. To identify the association between serum irisin levels and blood pressure and examine determinant factors of systolic blood pressure in dialysis patients, we recruited 300 dialysis patients at Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University. Serum irisin levels were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. Blood pressure was self-measured on 7 consecutive days by an automated sphygmomanometer. The Pearson correlation test showed that the natural logarithm of irisin was negatively correlated with systolic blood pressure (r = -0.462, P < 0.001) and pulse pressure (r = -0.487, P < 0.001), but not correlated with diastolic blood pressure (r = -0.022, P = 0.709). Multivariate analysis revealed that the natural logarithm of irisin (ß = -0.336, P < 0.001), lean tissue mass (ß = 0.164, P = 0.005), diabetes mellitus (ß = 0.165, P = 0.003) and serum calcium (ß = -0.135, P = 0.019) were significant determinant factors for systolic blood pressure. This study is the first to demonstrate that serum irisin levels are significantly negatively associated with blood pressure in dialysis patients. Further studies are needed to provide possible mechanisms. We demonstrated that serum irisin levels were negatively associated with blood pressure in dialysis patients, which may provide a new target for antihypertensive treatment.

Irisin Ameliorated Skeletal Muscle Atrophy by Inhibiting Fatty Acid Oxidation and Pyroptosis Induced by Palmitic Acid in Chronic Kidney Disease.

INTRODUCTION: Protein-energy waste (PEW) is a common complication in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), among which skeletal muscle atrophy is one of the most important clinical features of PEW. Pyroptosis is a type of proinflammatory, programmed cell death associated with skeletal muscle disease. Irisin, as a novel myokine, has attracted extensive attention for its protective role in the complications associated with CKD, but its role in muscle atrophy in CKD is unclear. METHODS: Palmitic acid (PA)-induced muscular atrophy was evaluated by a reduction in C2C12 myotube diameter. Muscle atrophy model was established in male C57BL/6J mice treated with 0.2% adenine for 4 weeks and then fed a 45% high-fat diet. Blood urea nitrogen and creatinine levels, body and muscle weight, and muscle histology were assessed. The expression of carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A (CPT1A) and pyroptosis-related protein was analysed by Western blots or immunohistochemistry. The release of IL-1ß was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS: In this study, we showed that PA-induced muscular atrophy manifested as a reduction in C2C12 myotube diameter. During this process, PA can also induce pyroptosis, as shown by the upregulation of NLRP3, cleaved caspase-1 and GSDMD-N expression and the increased IL-1ß release and PI-positive cell rate. Inhibition of caspase-1 or NLRP3 attenuated PA-induced pyroptosis and myotube atrophy in C2C12 cells. Importantly, irisin treatment significantly ameliorated PA-induced skeletal muscle pyroptosis and atrophy. In terms of mechanism, PA upregulated CPT1A, a key enzyme of fatty acid oxidation (FAO), and irisin attenuated this effect, which was consistent with etomoxir (CPT1A inhibitor) treatment. Moreover, irisin improved skeletal muscle atrophy and pyroptosis in adenine-induced mice by regulating FAO. CONCLUSION: Our study firstly verifies that pyroptosis is a novel mechanism of skeletal muscle atrophy in CKD. Irisin ameliorates skeletal muscle atrophy by inhibiting FAO and pyroptosis in CKD, and irisin may be developed as a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of muscle wasting in CKD patients.

Risk factors for acute kidney injury in COVID-19 patients: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis.

Objectives: Acute kidney injury (AKI) is associated with increased mortality among coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients. This meta-analysis aimed to identify risk factors for the development of AKI in patients with COVID-19.Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed and EMBASE from 1 December 2019 to 1 January 2023. Due to significant study heterogeneity, meta-analyses were conducted using random-effects models. Meta-regression and sensitivity analysis were also performed.Results: A total of 153,600 COVID-19 patients from 39 studies were included, and 28,003 patients developed AKI. By meta-analysis, we discovered that age, male sex, obesity, black race, invasive ventilation, and the use of diuretics, steroids and vasopressors, in addition to comorbidities such as hypertension, congestive heart failure, chronic kidney disease, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and diabetes, were significant risk factors for COVID-19-associated AKI.Conclusions: Early detection of these risk factors is essential to reduce the incidence of AKI and improve the prognosis of COVID-19 patients.

Urotensin II can Induce Skeletal Muscle Atrophy Associated with Upregulating Ubiquitin-Proteasome System and Inhibiting the Differentiation of Satellite Cells in CRF Mice.

Skeletal muscle wasting and atrophy is highly prevalent in chronic renal failure (CRF) and increases the risk of mortality. According to our previous study, we speculate that urotensin II (UII) can induce skeletal muscle atrophy by upregulating ubiquitin-proteasome system(UPS) in CRF. C2C12 mouse myoblast cells were differentiated into myotubes, and myotubes were exposed to different concentrations of UII. Myotube diameters, myosin heavy chain(MHC), p-Fxo03A, skeletal muscle-specific E3 ubiquitin ligases such as muscle RING finger 1 (MuRF1) and muscle atrophy F-box (MAFbx/atrogin1) were detected. Three animal models (the sham operation mice as normal control (NC) group, wild-type C57BL/6 mice with 5/6 nephrectomy (WT CRF) group, UII receptor gene knock out (UT KO) mice with 5/6 nephrectomy (UT KO CRF) group) were designed. Cross-sectional area (CSA) of skeletal muscle tissues in three animal models were measured, and western blot detected protein of UII, p-Fxo03A, MAFbx and MuRF1, and immunofluorescence assays explored the satellite cell marker of Myod1 and Pax7, and PCR arrays detected the muscle protein degradation genes, protein synthesis genes and the genes which were involved in muscle components. UII could decrease mouse myotube diameters, and upregulate dephosphorylated Fxo03A protein. MAFbx and MuRF1 were higher in WT CRF group than that in NC group, but after UII receptor gene was knocked out (UT KO CRF), their expressions were downregulated. UII could inhibit the expression of Myod1 but not Pax7 in animal study. We first demonstrate that skeletal muscle atrophy induced by UII associated with upregulating ubiquitin-proteasome system and inhibiting the differentiation of satellite cells in CRF mice.

Irisin protects against vascular calcification by activating autophagy and inhibiting NLRP3-mediated vascular smooth muscle cell pyroptosis in chronic kidney disease.

Irisin protects the cardiovascular system against vascular diseases. However, its role in chronic kidney disease (CKD) -associated vascular calcification (VC) and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In the present study, we investigated the potential link among Irisin, pyroptosis, and VC under CKD conditions. During mouse vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) calcification induced by ß-glycerophosphate (ß-GP), the pyroptosis level was increased, as evidenced by the upregulated expression of pyroptosis-related proteins (cleaved CASP1, GSDMD-N, and IL1B) and pyroptotic cell death (increased numbers of PI-positive cells and LDH release). Reducing the pyroptosis levels by a CASP1 inhibitor remarkably decreased calcium deposition in ß-GP-treated VSMCs. Further experiments revealed that the pyroptosis pathway was activated by excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and subsequent NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation in calcified VSMCs. Importantly, Irisin effectively inhibited ß-GP-induced calcium deposition in VSMCs in vitro and in mice aortic rings ex vivo. Overexpression of Nlrp3 attenuated the suppressive effect of Irisin on VSMC calcification. In addition, Irisin could induce autophagy and restore autophagic flux in calcified VSMCs. Adding the autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine or chloroquine attenuated the inhibitory effect of Irisin on ß-GP-induced ROS production, NLRP3 inflammasome activation, pyroptosis, and calcification in VSMCs. Finally, our in vivo study showed that Irisin treatment promoted autophagy, downregulated ROS level and thereby suppressed pyroptosis and medial calcification in aortic tissues of adenine-induced CKD mice. Together, our findings for the first time demonstrated that Irisin protected against VC via inducing autophagy and inhibiting VSMC pyroptosis in CKD, and Irisin might serve as an effective therapeutic agent for CKD-associated VC.

Fate-mapping of erythropoietin-producing cells in mouse models of hypoxaemia and renal tissue remodelling reveals repeated recruitment and persistent functionality.

AIM: Fibroblast-like renal erythropoietin (Epo) producing (REP) cells of the corticomedullary border region "sense" a decrease in blood oxygen content following anaemia or hypoxaemia. Burst-like transcription of Epo during tissue hypoxia is transient and is lost during fibrotic tissue remodelling, as observed in chronic kidney disease. The reason for this loss of Epo expression is under debate. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that REP cell migration, loss and/or differentiation may cause Epo inhibition. METHODS: Using a reporter mouse that allows permanent labelling of active REP cells at any given time point, we analysed the spatiotemporal fate of REP cells following their initial hypoxic recruitment in models of hypoxaemia and renal tissue remodelling. RESULTS: In long-term tracing experiments, tagged REP reporter cells neither died, proliferated, migrated nor transdifferentiated into myofibroblasts. Approximately 60% of tagged cells re-expressed Epo upon a second hypoxic stimulus. In an unilateral model of tissue remodelling, tagged cells proliferated and ceased to produce Epo before a detectable increase in myofibroblast markers. Treatment with a hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) stabilizing agent (FG-4592/roxadustat) re-induced Epo expression in the previously active REP cells of the damaged kidney to a similar extent as in the contralateral healthy kidney. CONCLUSIONS: Rather than cell death or differentiation, these results suggest cell-intrinsic transient inhibition of Epo transcription: following long-term dormancy, REP cells can repeatedly be recruited by tissue hypoxia, and during myofibrotic tissue remodelling, dormant REP cells are efficiently rescued by a pharmaceutic HIF stabilizer, demonstrating persistent REP cell functionality even during phases of Epo suppression.

Two unusual cases of autologous HSCT related TMA with kidney injury.

Kidney injury caused by transplant-associated thrombotic microangiopathy (TA-TMA) in patients who underwent allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo HSCT) is relatively frequent. However, it is rarely reported in patients undergoing autologous HSCT (aHSCT). There are a few studies reported that TA-TMA could occur in pediatric patients undergoing aHSCT, but the condition in adult patients is rarely described. Furthermore, almost all the patients who suffered from TA-TMA developed typical and severe manifestations which should be treated with aggressive target therapy. Nevertheless, we presented two cases of kidney injury caused by TA-TMA after aHSCT with specific clinical features. Case 1, a 33-year-old Chinese male diagnosed with Hodgkin's lymphoma developed TA-TMA-associated kidney injury 4 months after transplantation. Case 2, a 49-year-old Chinese female with central nervous lymphoma developed TA-TMA-related kidney injury 3 months after transplantation. Both patients presented "mild" and atypical features of TA-TMA and their kidney function was managed effectively with low-dose prednisone therapy. TA-TMA related kidney injury can occur in patients who underwent aHSCT. Patients with TA-TMA could develop atypically "mild" features. Low-dose prednisone may be effective in place of routine eculizumab treatment regimen. We recommend that clinicians prompt an investigation for TA-TMA in patients presenting kidney injury in the background of aHSCT to facilitate early diagnosis.

Three-dimensional porous reduced graphene oxide/hydroxyapatite membrane for guided bone regeneration.

The guided bone regeneration (GBR) membrane is intended to provide sufficient space for alveolar bone regeneration and meanwhile prevent the invasion of gingival epithelium. In this study, three-dimensional porous reduced graphene oxide/hydroxyapatite (3D rGO/HA) membrane with two different sides was prepared using a two-step electrochemical method. One side of this composite membrane facing the bone defect was formed by 3D porous rGO with HA deposited on the frame of the 3D structure, and the other side of the membrane presented a dense 2D rGO surface to prevent the invasion of the gingival epithelium. The morphology, phase composition, and physical properties of the 3D rGO/HA composite membrane were characterized. Then the cell morphology, viability, and proliferation of pre-osteoblasts (MC3T3-E1 cells) on the 3D porous structure surface of membranes were evaluated and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) secretion as an indication of osteogenic differentiation was also investigated. Meanwhile, cell morphology, viability, and proliferation of HUVEC and L929 cells on the dense structure surface were examined. Finally, a cranial defect model of rat was employed to evaluate the effect of 3D rGO/HA as a GBR membrane in vivo. The results revealed the 3D rGO/HA membrane had good biocompatibility for MC3T3-E1 and HUVEC cells and could significantly enhance ALP secretion. Furthermore, this membrane also promoted the repair of calvarial defects in vivo. These results demonstrated that 3D porous rGO/HA composite membrane with a porous side and another dense side represents great application potential as an ideal GBR membrane.

Lower serum irisin levels are associated with the increasing mortality of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases in hemodialysis patients.

BACKGROUND: Irisin is a recently discovered myokine/adipokine and lower levels of irisin were proved to be associated with adverse outcomes of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases (CCVD) in general population. A significant decrease of irisin concentrations were also detected in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). In the present study, we investigated whether the serum irisin levels were associated with cardiovascular and cerebrovascular mortality in hemodialysis (HD) patients. METHODS: This retrospective cohort study enrolled 152 HD patients. Kaplan-Meier analysis was used to estimate the cumulative mortality of CCVD. The differences between the survival curves were compared by log-rank test. A multivariable Cox regression analysis was employed to identify the predictors of CCVD related deaths. RESULTS: Among 152 HD patients, 55 patients died and 18 of them died of CCVD, 97 HD patients survived. Compared with the survival group, patients died of CCVD had significantly lower serum irisin levels [23.6 (2.2, 319.4) vs. 45.7 (2.1, 367.8) ng/mL, P<0.05]. The Kaplan-Meier survival curves showed that patients with lower levels of irisin had higher CCVD mortality. The Cox regression analysis indicated lower irisin level as an independent risk factor for CCVD mortality in HD patients but not for all-cause mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Our results provided an association between lower irisin level and CCVD mortality in HD patients. Lower levels of irisin increased the mortality of CCVD in HD patients.

Benefits of resistant starch type 2 for patients with end-stage renal disease under maintenance hemodialysis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background: Resistant starch type 2 (RS2) has been documented to regulate gut microbiota and to improve the clinical outcomes of several diseases. However, whether RS2 may benefit patients with end-stage renal disease under maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) remains unknown. Methods: We conducted a systemic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Adult patients receiving MHD were treated with RS2 (CRD42020160332). The primary outcomes were changes of uremic toxins, and the secondary outcomes were changes of inflammatory indicators, albumin and phosphorus. Results: After screening 65 records, five RCTs (n = 179) were included. A significant decrease of blood urea nitrogen (weighted mean difference (WMD) = -6.91, 95% CI: -11.87 to -1.95, I2 = 0%, P = 0.006), serum creatinine (WMD = -1.11, 95% CI: -2.18 to -0.05, I2 = 44%, P = 0.04) and interleukin (IL)-6 in blood (standard mean difference (SMD) = -1.08, 95% CI: -1.64 to -0.53, I2 = 35%, P = 0.0001) was revealed in the RS2 group. Analyses of blood levels of uric acid, p-cresyl sulfate, indoxyl sulfate, high sensitive C-reaction protein, albumin and phosphorus yielded no significant difference. Conclusions: Our results suggest that RS2 may improve the residual renal function of patients under MHD and mitigate a proinflammatory response.

Prognostic value of lactate dehydrogenase for in-hospital mortality in severe and critically ill patients with COVID-19.

Background: Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) has been proved to be a prognostic factor for the severity and poor outcomes of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). In most studies, patients with various levels of COVID-19 severity were pooled and analyzed which may prevent accurate evaluation of the relationship between LDH and disease progression and in-hospital death. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the association of LDH with in-hospital mortality in severe and critically ill patients with COVID-19. Methods: This single-center retrospective study enrolled 119 patients. Survival curves were plotted using Kaplan-Meier method and compared by log-rank test. Multivariate Cox regression models were used to determine the independent risk factors for in-hospital mortality. Receiver-operator curves (ROCs) were constructed to evaluate the predictive accuracy of LDH and other prognostic biomarkers. Results: Compared to the survival group, LDH levels in the dead group were significantly higher [559.5 (172, 7575) U/L vs 228 (117, 490) U/L, (P < 0.001)]. In Multivariate Cox regression, it remained an independent risk factor for in-hospital mortality (Hazard ratio 5.985, 95.0%CI: 1.498-23.905; P=0.011). A cutoff value of 353.5 U/L predicted the in-hospital mortality with a sensitivity of 94.4% and a specificity of 89.2% respectively. Conclusion: LDH is a favorable prognostic biomarker with high accuracy for predicting in-hospital mortality in severe and critically ill patients with COVID-19. This may direct physicians worldwide to effectively prioritize resources for patients at high risk of death and to implement more aggressive treatments at an earlier phase to save patients' lives.

Interleukin-1ß Promotes Ox-LDL Uptake by Human Glomerular Mesangial Cells via LOX-1.

The aim of this study was to determine whether interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß) promotes oxidised low-density lipoprotein (Ox-LDL) uptake by human glomerular mesangial cells (HMCs) and its effect on the expression of lectin-like Ox-LDL receptor 1 (LOX-1) and to identify pathways through which IL-1ß affects lipid uptake. Confocal laser scanning microscopy and flow cytometry were used to observe the effect of IL-1ß on lipid uptake by HMCs and the pathway by which IL-1ß may mediate lipid uptake. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and western blotting were used to evaluate the effect of IL-1ß on LOX-1 expression. Confocal laser scanning microscopy and flow cytometry revealed that IL-1ß promoted uptake of fluorescent Dil-labelled Ox-LDL(Dil-Ox-LDL) by HMCs and the enhanced uptake of Dil-Ox-LDL was partially inhibited by an anti-LOX-1 antibody evaluated by flow cytometry. Further, IL-1ß promoted LOX-1 mRNA and protein expression of HMCs in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Thus, Ox-LDL is ingested by HMCs under basic conditions. Inflammatory cytokine IL-1ß promotes Ox-LDL uptake by HMCs. Furthermore, IL-1ß promotes the mRNA and protein expression of LOX-1, a specific receptor of Ox-LDL, suggesting that the enhancement of Ox-LDL uptake may be mediated by LOX-1 pathway. Anti-LOX-1 therapy may be a promising option for treatment of glomerulosclerosis.

Effectiveness of hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase inhibitor roxadustat on renal anemia in non-dialysis-dependent chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Renal anemia is a severe complication of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and may worsen its prognosis. Roxadustat is the only oral hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase inhibitor (HIF-PHI) that has been proved effective to treat renal anemia. However, effects of roxadustat on non-dialysis-dependent CKD (NDD-CKD) have yet to be supported by evidence-based medicine. METHODS: Based on the databases of PubMed, EMBASE and Web of Science by 12 April 2019 (CRD42019133225), a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on roxadustat for treatment of NDD-CKD was conducted. Primary outcomes were parameters of hemoglobin (Hb) and Hb response. Secondary outcomes were hepcidin, ferritin, total iron binding capacity (TIBC), transferrin saturation (TAST), incidences of diarrhea, adverse events (AEs) and severe adverse events (SAEs). The risk of bias and the quality of evidence were assessed, respectively. Both continuous and binary variables were analyzed by the random effects models. Sensitivity analyses were performed when a significant heterogeneity was observed (P<0.1 and I2>50%). RESULTS: Finally, three studies with a total of 214 subjects in the roxadustat group and 80 subjects in the placebo group were enrolled. An increase of Hb [weighted mean difference (WMD) =1.22, 95% CI: 0.95 to 1.49, P<0.01], Hb response [odds ratio (OR) =27.74, 95% CI: 10.18 to 75.62, P<0.00001], and TIBC [standard mean difference (SMD) =1.59, 95% CI: 1.17 to 2.01, P<0.00001] was found. A decrease of hepcidin (SMD =-4.46, 95% CI: -5.02 to -3.89, P<0.00001), ferritin (WMD =-61.05, 95% CI: -85.70 to -36.40, P<0.00001) and TAST (WMD =-6.55, 95% CI: -8.82 to -4.29, P<0.00001) were noted as well. Analyses of incidence in diarrhea (OR =1.54, 95% CI: 0.49 to 4.79, P=0.46), AEs (OR =1.31, 95% CI: 0.76 to 2.27, P=0.34) and SAEs (OR =1.25, 95% CI: 0.29 to 5.35, P=0.76) yielded no difference between the roxadustat and the placebo groups. CONCLUSIONS: Roxadustat improved renal anemia of NDD-CKD patients by improving Hb and iron metabolism. Oral administration of roxadustat was relatively safe in that roxadustat did not increase the incidence of AEs and SAEs.