Virtual Reality for Pain and Anxiety Management in Cardiac Surgery and Interventional Cardiology.

Pain and anxiety are common in patients undergoing cardiac surgery and percutaneous cardiac interventions. Virtual reality (VR) is an emerging non-pharmacological tool for pain and anxiety management. However, its application around cardiac procedures remains relatively unexplored. In this review, we perform a targeted non-systematic literature review to assess the current state-of-the-art of VR for pain and anxiety management in patients undergoing cardiac procedures. Contexts of interest were preprocedural, periprocedural, and postprocedural applications. Existing trials show inconsistent results. The majority of studies in the preprocedural (7 studies, n = 302), periprocedural (1 study, n = 99), and postprocedural stage (4 studies, n = 214) demonstrate significant reduction of pain and anxiety through VR distraction therapy or VR patient education. However, larger-scale trials (2 preprocedural studies [n = 233], 1 periprocedural study [n = 32], 2 postprocedural studies [n = 300]) report no effect. Current literature on effectiveness of VR for pain and anxiety management in cardiac surgery and interventional cardiology remains inconclusive.

First use of a new extended reality tool for preoperative planning in coronary artery bypass surgery: a case-report.

A 73-year-old male presented with angina symptoms and was diagnosed with three-vessel coronary artery disease by use of computed tomography angiography and coronary angiography. This diagnosis necessitated coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) surgery. A custom made AI-driven algorithm was used to generate a patient-specific three-dimensional coronary artery model from computed tomography angiography imaging data. This framework enabled precise segmentation and reconstruction of the coronary vasculature, yielding an accurate anatomical and pathological representation. Subsequently, this generated model was integrated into a novel extended reality tool for preoperative planning and intraoperative guidance in CABG surgery. Both preoperatively and intraoperatively, the tool augmented spatial orientation and facilitated precise stenosis localization, thereby enhancing the surgeon's operative proficiency. This case report underscores the utility of advanced extended reality tools in cardiovascular surgery, emphasizing their pivotal role in refining surgical planning and execution.

Interventions to prevent postoperative atrial fibrillation in Dutch cardiothoracic centres: a survey study.

INTRODUCTION: Postoperative atrial fibrillation (POAF) is a common phenomenon following cardiac surgery. In this study, we assessed current preventive strategies used by Dutch cardiothoracic centres, identified common views on this matter and related these to international guidelines. METHODS: We developed an online questionnaire and sent it to all cardiothoracic surgery centres in the Netherlands. The questionnaire concerned the management of POAF and the use of pharmaceutical therapies (beta-blockers and calcium antagonists) and non-pharmaceutical methods (posterior left pericardiotomy, pericardial flushing and epicardial botulinum toxin type A injections). Usage of electrical cardioversions, anticoagulants and left atrial appendage closure were also enquired. RESULTS: Of the 15 centres, 14 (93%) responded to the survey and 13 reported a POAF incidence, ranging from 20 to 30%. Of these 14 centres, 6 prescribed preoperative AF prophylaxis to their patients, of which non-sotalol beta-blockers were prescribed most commonly (57%). Postoperative medication was administered by all centres and included non-sotalol beta-blockers (38%), sotalol (24%), digoxin (14%), calcium antagonists (13%) and amiodarone (10%). Only 2 centres used posterior left pericardiotomy or pericardial flushing as surgical manoeuvres to prevent POAF. Moreover, respondents expressed the need for guidance on anticoagulant use. CONCLUSION: Despite the use of various preventive strategies, the reported incidence of POAF was similar in Dutch cardiothoracic centres. This study highlights limited use of prophylactic amiodarone and colchicine, despite recommendations by numerous guidelines, and restricted implementation of surgical strategies to prevent POAF.

Evaluation of Extracurricular Medical Education in Cardiothoracic Surgery and Cardiology; Students' Opinion On Current Medical Training.

Medical students in the Netherlands have a relatively low exposure to cardiothoracic surgery and cardiology. This results in discrepancies between starting levels of medical residents and expected standards in clinical practice. Another side effect is the international decline in interest in a career in these cardiovascular fields. To compensate for this, extracurricular education programs focused on cardiothoracic surgery and cardiology have been set up. This study aims to evaluate the impact and benefits of an extracurricular education program on students' knowledge of cardiothoracic surgery and cardiology and to explore possible factors involved in (academic) career decision making. 66 participants were enrolled in the extracurricular education program VECTOR and were included in a cross-sectional cohort study. All participants scored their familiarity with different aspects of cardiothoracic surgery and cardiology prior to and after the course. Data was analyzed using Linear regression and Wilcoxon Signed Rank testing. Participants demonstrated a significant trend towards improved familiarity with cardiothoracic surgery and cardiology after the program (p = < .001). Significant increased knowledge scores were reported for all specified subdomains after the course with an increase in academic interest in cardiology (p = < .001) and cardiothoracic surgery (p = < .001). Students revealed that clinical responsibilities and a healthy work-life balance were considered most important when deciding upon their future career. This study highlights the benefit of an extracurricular education program in cardiothoracic surgery and cardiology for undergraduates and could possibly aid students in preparing for clinical practice.

Outcomes of concomitant surgical ablation in patients undergoing surgical myectomy for hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: Studies investigating the efficacy of concomitant surgical atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation in hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM) patients undergoing myectomy are scarce and limited in terms of sample size. We aim to summarize current outcomes of concomitant surgical AF ablation in HOCM patients undergoing surgical myectomy. METHODS: This systematic review and meta-analysis was performed according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. We included all studies reporting any of the following outcomes of concomitant surgical AF ablation in HOCM patients: freedom from recurrence of AF, overall survival and complications. Outcomes were evaluated using traditional meta-analysis at given time-points and using pooled Kaplan-Meier curves. RESULTS: A total of 13 studies were included, resulting in a total of 616 individual patients available for analysis. AF was paroxysmal in 68.1% of the patients (95% CI 56.0-78.2%; I2 = 87.1%; 8 studies, 583 participants). The majority of patients (86.2%) underwent either conventional Cox Maze III or IV (95% CI 39.7-98.3%; I2 = 92.4%; 8 studies, 616 patients) procedure. The incidence of early post-operative pacemaker implantation was 6.1% (95% CI 3.1-11.8%). Overall survival at 3, 5 and 7 years was 95.6% (95% CI 93.4-97.9%), 93.6% (95% CI 90.8-96.5%) and 90.5% (95% CI 86.5-94.6%), respectively. Freedom from recurrent AF at 3, 5 and 7 years was 77.6% (95% CI 73.7-81.7%), 70.6% (95% CI 65.8-75.7) and 63.2% (95% CI 56.2-73.8%), respectively. CONCLUSION: This meta-analysis supports concomitant surgical AF ablation at the time of surgical myectomy in HOCM patients, as it seems to be safe and effective in terminating AF.

The role and implications of left atrial fibrosis in surgical mitral valve repair as assessed by CMR: the ALIVE study design and rationale.

Background: Patients with mitral regurgitation (MR) commonly suffer from left atrial (LA) remodeling. LA fibrosis is considered to be a key player in the LA remodeling process, as observed in atrial fibrillation (AF) patients. Literature on the presence and extent of LA fibrosis in MR patients however, is scarce and its clinical implications remain unknown. Therefore, the ALIVE trial was designed to investigate the presence of LA remodeling including LA fibrosis in MR patients prior to and after mitral valve repair (MVR) surgery. Methods: The ALIVE trial is a single center, prospective pilot study investigating LA fibrosis in patients suffering from MR in the absence of AF (identifier NCT05345730). In total, 20 participants will undergo a CMR scan including 3D late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) imaging 2 week prior to MVR surgery and at 3 months follow-up. The primary objective of the ALIVE trial is to assess the extent and geometric distribution of LA fibrosis in MR patients and to determine effects of MVR surgery on reversed atrial remodelling. Implications: This study will provide novel insights into the pathophysiological mechanism of fibrotic and volumetric atrial (reversed) remodeling in MR patients undergoing MVR surgery. Our results may contribute to improved clinical decision making and patient-specific treatment strategies in patients suffering from MR.

Surgical outcomes of aortic valve repair for specific aortic valve cusp characteristics; retraction, calcification, and fenestration.

OBJECTIVES: We investigated the predictive value of aortic valve cusp retraction, calcification, and fenestration for aortic valvuloplasty feasibility. METHODS: Multicenter data were collected for 2082 patients who underwent surgical aortic valvuloplasty or aortic valve replacement. The study population had retraction, calcification, or fenestration in at least one aortic valve cusp. Controls had normal or prolapsed cusps. RESULTS: All cusp characteristics demonstrated significantly increased odds ratios [ORs] for switch to valve replacement. This effect was strongest for cusp retraction, followed by calcification and fenestration (OR, 25.14; P ≤ .001; OR, 13.50, P ≤ .001; OR, 12.32, P ≤ .001). Calcification and retraction displayed increased odds for developing grade 4 aortic regurgitation compared with grade 0 or 1 combined on average over time (OR, 6.67; P ≤ .001; OR, 4.13; P = .038). Patients with cusp retraction showed increased risk for reintervention at 1- and 2-year follow-up after aortic valvuloplasty (hazard ratio, 5.66; P ≤ .001; hazard ratio, 3.22, P = .007). Cusp fenestration was the only group showing neither an increased risk of postoperative severe aortic regurgitation (P = .57) or early reintervention (P = .88) compared with the control group. CONCLUSIONS: Aortic valve cusp retraction, calcification, and fenestration were all related to increased rates of switch to valve replacement. Calcification and retraction were associated with recurrence of severe aortic regurgitation. Retraction was related to early reintervention. Fenestration was neither associated with recurrence of severe aortic regurgitation or reintervention. This indicates that surgeons are well able to distinguish aortic valve repair candidates in patients with cusp fenestration.

Mitral valve disease in ankylosing spondylitis: an autoimmune disease manifestation? A case report.

Background: Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of primarily the joints of the spine. In the literature, AS is known to have cardiac manifestations. Most frequently, this is aortic regurgitation. However, in rare cases also mitral valve (MV) disease is observed in AS patients. The extent and mechanism of this involvement are still unclear. We aim to describe a histologically validated case report to add understanding on this topic. Case summary: We show the case of a 51-year-old male who suffered since his youth from back pain and uveitis, which was later diagnosed as AS. After a first presentation with combined heart valve disease, the patient recovered on cardiac medical therapy and biologic treatment for AS. Four years later, cardiac complaints worsened mainly due to severe MV stenosis. Surgical treatment was performed with histopathologic analysis of the excised MV validating involvement of AS. Discussion: Histopathologic analysis showed chronic fibro inflammatory thickening of the MV leaflets and subvalvular apparatus. These pathological features could fit with the inflammatory nature of AS. Since this is a rare case, the recognition of fibro inflammatory thickening leading to commissural fusion and stenosis may contribute to better understanding of heart valve disease in AS to create a base for better cardiac management in this specific patient group.

Sinus Valsalva Aneurysm of the non-coronary cusp initially diagnosed as right ventricular thrombus: A case report.

Sinus of Valsalva aneurysms are abnormal bulges of the aortic root caused by a tissue deficiency resulting in an enlargement of the aortic root in the area between the aortic annulus and the sinotubular junction. Frequently, sinus of Valsalva aneurysms are asymptomatic. However, sinus of Valsalva aneurysms can also be potentially fatal due to their risk of rupture. We present a case of a 49-year old asymptomatic male patient with a rare image of a sinus of Valsalva aneurysm of the non-coronary cusp which was initially mistaken for a right ventricular thrombus. Surgical repair of the sinus of Valsalva aneurysm was eventually achieved by a valve sparing root replacement and the patient was discharged 7 days after surgery. This case report shows that sinus of Valsalva aneurysms are vulnerable to misdiagnosis when it is not initially suspected. Because of the potential fatality of this phenomenon we would like to underline the necessary vigilance in the diagnostic process, as sinus of Valsalva aneurysms can be missed when the physician is not aware of this potential rare diagnosis.

Are Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm Patients at Increased Risk for Cardiovascular Diseases?

Objectives: Abdominal aortic aneurysms are associated with a sharply increased cardiovascular risk. Cardiovascular risk management is therefore recommended in prevailing guidelines for abdominal aneurysm patients. It has been hypothesized that associated risk relates to loss of aortic compliance. If this hypothesis is correct, observations for abdominal aneurysms would also apply to thoracic aortic aneurysms. The objective of this study is to test whether thoracic aneurysms are also associated with an increased cardiovascular risk burden. Methods: Patients who underwent aortic valve or root surgery were included in the study (n = 239). Cardiovascular risk factors were studied and atherosclerosis was scored based on the preoperative coronary angiographies. Multivariate analyses were performed, controlling for cardiovascular risk factors and aortic valve morphology. Comparisons were made with the age- and gender-matched general population and non-aneurysm patients as control groups. A thoracic aortic aneurysm was defined as an aortic aneurysm of ≥45 mm. Results: Thoracic aortic aneurysm was not associated with an increased coronary atherosclerotic burden (p = 0.548). Comparison with the general population revealed a significantly higher prevalence of hypertension (61.4% vs. 32.2%, p < 0.001) and a lower prevalence of diabetes (1.4% vs. 13.1%, p = 0.001) in the thoracic aneurysm group. Conclusions: The extreme cardiovascular risk associated with abdominal aortic aneurysms is location-specific and not explained by loss of aortic compliance. Thoracic aortic aneurysm, in contrast to abdominal, is not part of the atherosclerotic disease spectrum and, therefore, cardiovascular risk management does not need to be implemented in treatment guidelines of isolated thoracic aneurysms. Hypertension should be treated.

Predicting cardiac electrical response to sodium-channel blockade and Brugada syndrome using polygenic risk scores.

AIMS: Sodium-channel blockers (SCBs) are associated with arrhythmia, but variability of cardiac electrical response remains unexplained. We sought to identify predictors of ajmaline-induced PR and QRS changes and Type I Brugada syndrome (BrS) electrocardiogram (ECG). METHODS AND RESULTS: In 1368 patients that underwent ajmaline infusion for suspected BrS, we performed measurements of 26 721 ECGs, dose-response mixed modelling and genotyping. We calculated polygenic risk scores (PRS) for PR interval (PRSPR), QRS duration (PRSQRS), and Brugada syndrome (PRSBrS) derived from published genome-wide association studies and used regression analysis to identify predictors of ajmaline dose related PR change (slope) and QRS slope. We derived and validated using bootstrapping a predictive model for ajmaline-induced Type I BrS ECG. Higher PRSPR, baseline PR, and female sex are associated with more pronounced PR slope, while PRSQRS and age are positively associated with QRS slope (P < 0.01 for all). PRSBrS, baseline QRS duration, presence of Type II or III BrS ECG at baseline, and family history of BrS are independently associated with the occurrence of a Type I BrS ECG, with good predictive accuracy (optimism-corrected C-statistic 0.74). CONCLUSION: We show for the first time that genetic factors underlie the variability of cardiac electrical response to SCB. PRSBrS, family history, and a baseline ECG can predict the development of a diagnostic drug-induced Type I BrS ECG with clinically relevant accuracy. These findings could lead to the use of PRS in the diagnosis of BrS and, if confirmed in population studies, to identify patients at risk for toxicity when given SCB.