Association between social support and pregnancy stress: a cross-sectional study of neighbors' interactions.

BACKGROUND: Pregnancy is associated with substantial stressful experiences. There are controversies concerning the positive and negative roles of social support during pregnancy. This research aimed to study the association of social support with the pregnancy-related stress. METHODS: In the current cross-sectional research, 200 pregnant women were recruited through convenience sampling from two teaching hospitals affiliated with Babol University of Medical Sciences and a private obstetric clinic. The women completed two self-reported questionnaires during prenatal care appointments. The questionnaires included the Revised Prenatal Distress Questionnaire (NuPDQ) and Social Support Questionnaire (SSQ). RESULTS: A significantly positive association was observed between the social support of neighbors and the total score of pregnancy stress (P<0.001), as well as the scores of its four subscales, namely medical problems (P<0.001), parenting (P=0.25), infant health stress (P=0.006), and pregnancy symptoms (P=0.001). Based on the linear regression models, the social support of neighbors was significantly related to the medical problem-associated stress in pregnant women (ß = 0.147, 95% CI: 0.14 to 0.62, p = 0.047), pregnancy symptom (ß = 0.203, 95% CI: -0.01 to 0.327, p = 0.017), and fear of childbirth (ß = 0.164, 95% CI: 0.05 to 0.38, p = 0.046). Furthermore, the neighbors' social support (ß = 0.172, 95% CI: 0.02 to 0.32, p = 0.04) and the total score of social support (ß = 0.155, 95% CI: 0.01 to 0.304, p = 0.046) were significantly associated with the total score of pregnancy stress. CONCLUSIONS: Neighbors' support, as a component of social support, was found to be significantly related to pregnancy stress. This study recommends that healthcare providers consider the positive and negative impacts of social support during the pregnancy period.

Role of social capital and self-efficacy as determinants of stress in pregnancy.

OBJECTIVES: The study investigated the role of social capital, self-efficacy, and depression as determinants of stress during pregnancy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In a cross-sectional study, 200 low-risk pregnant women with at least 5 years of education and ages 18 or more were enrolled in public obstetric clinics of Babol University of Medical Sciences. The participants completed four questionnaires including Social Capital, Revised Prenatal Distress Questionnaire (NuPDQ), Perceived Stress, and General Self-efficacy. RESULTS: Women at late phase of pregnancy had lower mean scores of total social capital (61.5 ± 17.1 vs. 47.1 ± 18.1) and self-efficacy (60.1 ± 9.7 vs. 55.1 ± 15.2) compared to those at early pregnancy. Social capital was the negative independent variable associated with pregnancy-specific stress in the adjusted model (ß = -0.418, P = 0.020). Both social capital (ß = -0.563, P ≤ 0.001) and self-efficacy (ß = -0.330, P ≤ 0.001) were negative independent variables associated with general stress. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that health professionals should note the benefits of social capital in stress management and encourage women in establishing stronger relations and neighborhood environments during pregnancy.