Resorbable GBR Scaffolds in Oral and Maxillofacial Tissue Engineering: Design, Fabrication, and Applications.

Guided bone regeneration (GBR) is a promising technique in bone tissue engineering that aims to replace lost or injured bone using resorbable scaffolds. The promotion of osteoblast adhesion, migration, and proliferation is greatly aided by GBR materials, and surface changes are critical in imitating the natural bone structure to improve cellular responses. Moreover, the interactions between bioresponsive scaffolds, growth factors (GFs), immune cells, and stromal progenitor cells are essential in promoting bone regeneration. This literature review comprehensively discusses various aspects of resorbable scaffolds in bone tissue engineering, encompassing scaffold design, materials, fabrication techniques, and advanced manufacturing methods, including three-dimensional printing. In addition, this review explores surface modifications to replicate native bone structures and their impact on cellular responses. Moreover, the mechanisms of bone regeneration are described, providing information on how immune cells, GFs, and bioresponsive scaffolds orchestrate tissue healing. Practical applications in clinical settings are presented to underscore the importance of these principles in promoting tissue integration, healing, and regeneration. Furthermore, this literature review delves into emerging areas of metamaterials and artificial intelligence applications in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. These interdisciplinary approaches hold immense promise for furthering bone tissue engineering and improving therapeutic outcomes, leading to enhanced patient well-being. The potential of combining material science, advanced manufacturing, and cellular biology is showcased as a pathway to advance bone tissue engineering, addressing a variety of clinical needs and challenges. By providing this comprehensive narrative, a detailed, up-to-date account of resorbable scaffolds' role in bone tissue engineering and their transformative potential is offered.

Biocomposite-based strategies for dental bone regeneration.

OBJECTIVE: Because of the anatomical complexity of the oral and maxillofacial sites, repairing bone defects in these regions is very difficult. This review article aims to consider the application of biocomposites-based strategies for dental bone regeneration. STUDY DESIGN: Research papers related to the topic, published over the last 20 years, were selected using the Web of Science, Pubmed, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases. RESULTS: The strategies of monophasic, biphasic/multiphasic scaffolds, and biopolymer-based nanocomposite scaffolds containing nanomaterials compared with traditional methods used for bone regeneration, such as autografts, allografts, xenografts, and alloplasts are found to be superior because of their ability to overcome the issues (e.g., limited bone sources, pain, immune responses, high cost) related to the applications of the traditional methods. CONCLUSIONS: In addition, additive manufacturing technologies were found to be highly advantageous for improving the efficacy of biocomposite scaffolds for treating dental bone defects.

Advanced Drug Delivery Platforms for the Treatment of Oral Pathogens.

The oral cavity is a complex ecosystem accommodating various microorganisms (e.g., bacteria and fungi). Various factors, such as diet change and poor oral hygiene, can change the composition of oral microbiota, resulting in the dysbiosis of the oral micro-environment and the emergence of pathogenic microorganisms, and consequently, oral infectious diseases. Systemic administration is frequently used for drug delivery in the treatment of diseases and is associated with the problems, such as drug resistance and dysbiosis. To overcome these challenges, oral drug delivery systems (DDS) have received considerable attention. In this literature review, the related articles are identified, and their findings, in terms of current therapeutic challenges and the applications of DDSs, especially nanoscopic DDSs, for the treatment of oral infectious diseases are highlighted. DDSs are also discussed in terms of structures and therapeutic agents (e.g., antibiotics, antifungals, antiviral, and ions) that they deliver. In addition, strategies (e.g., theranostics, hydrogel, microparticle, strips/fibers, and pH-sensitive nanoparticles), which can improve the treatment outcome of these diseases, are highlighted.