RESUMEN
The article presents the results of tests performed on fly ash with a high content of ammonium (up to 400 ppm) from the NOx reduction process. The main properties of fly ash were tested according to EN 450-1 and the results were compared with fly ash without ammonium. The comparison showed that fly ash with high concentration of ammonium suits the requirements of the European standard. Although the requirements do not limit the ammonium content, using such material as an additive for cement composites causes the emission of gaseous ammonium during mixing and from the final product. For this reason, the emission of ammonium from mortars containing fly ash were tested. The results have shown that using high ammonium fly ash might pollute indoor air and affect the health of users.
RESUMEN
AIM: The aim of this study was to identify the frequency and prevalence of comorbidities in sarcoid patients and to assess their influence on overall mortality in the cohort of patients with sarcoidosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cohort of 557 patients with histologically confirmed sarcoidosis diagnosed between 2007 and 2011 and a group of non-sarcoid controls were observed. All patients were carefully observed for comorbidities and mortality. RESULTS: 291 males (52.2%) and 266 females (47.8%) with mean age 48.4 ± 12.0 years in sarcoidosis group and a group of 100 controls with mean age (49.25 ± 10.3) were observed. The mean number of comorbidities in both groups was similar (0.9 ± 0.99 vs 0.81 ± 0.84 NS). The frequency of thyroid disease was significantly higher in sarcoidosis group comparing to controls at the time of diagnosis (OR = 3.62 P = 0.0144). During the observation period (median 58.0 months), 16 patients died (2.9%). The mean number of comorbidities was significantly higher in the groups of non-survivors as compared to survivors (2.8 ± 1.0, vs 0.8 ± 0.9), P < 0.0001. CONCLUSION: The comorbidity burden has strong impact on mortality in sarcoidosis. Thyroid diseases are more frequent in sarcoidosis than in non-sarcoid controls.