Ocular biometric characteristics of Han ethnicity in Tianjin and Uyghur ethnicity in Xinjiang undergoing cataract surgery.

AIM: To analyze and compare the differences among ocular biometric parameters in Han and Uyghur populations undergoing cataract surgery. METHODS: In this hospital-based prospective study, 410 patients undergoing cataract surgery (226 Han patients in Tianjin and 184 Uyghur patients in Xinjiang) were enrolled. The differences in axial length (AL), anterior chamber depth (ACD), keratometry [steep K (Ks) and flat K (Kf)], and corneal astigmatism (CA) measured using IOL Master 700 were compared between Han and Uyghur patients. RESULTS: The average age of Han patients was higher than that of Uyghur patients (70.22±8.54 vs 63.04±9.56y, P<0.001). After adjusting for age factors, Han patients had longer AL (23.51±1.05 vs 22.86±0.92 mm, P<0.001), deeper ACD (3.06±0.44 vs 2.97±0.37 mm, P=0.001), greater Kf (43.95±1.40 vs 43.42±1.69 D, P=0.001), steeper Ks (45.00±1.47 vs 44.26±1.71 D, P=0.001), and higher CA (1.04±0.68 vs 0.79±0.65, P=0.025) than Uyghur patients. Intra-ethnic male patients had longer AL, deeper ACD, and lower keratometry than female patients; however, CA between the sexes was almost similar. In the correlation analysis, we observed a positive correlation between AL and ACD in patients of both ethnicities (rHan =0.48, rUyghur =0.44, P<0.001), while AL was negatively correlated with Kf (rHan =-0.42, rUyghur =-0.64, P<0.001) and Ks (rHan =-0.38, rUyghur =-0.66, P<0.001). Additionally, Kf was positively correlated with Ks (rHan =0.89, rUyghur =0.93, P<0.001). CONCLUSION: There are differences in ocular biometric parameters between individuals of Han ethnicity in Tianjin and those of Uyghur ethnicity in Xinjiang undergoing cataract surgery. These ethnic variances can enhance our understanding of ocular diseases related to these parameters and provide guidance for surgical procedures.

Association between primary angle closure glaucoma and uric acid levels in serum and aqueous humor.

Purpose: To evaluate abnormalities in serum and aqueous humor uric acid (UA) levels in primary angle closure glaucoma (PACG). Methods: Patients with PACG and age-similar and gender-similar controls (patients scheduled for cataract extraction) were enrolled prospectively. Serum UA levels were determined by enzymatic colorimetry; aqueous humor UA levels by Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay. A t-test was used to compare UA levels between PACG patients and controls, with one-way ANOVA used to compare levels across PACG subgroups with differing disease severity. Comparisons between PACG patients and controls were adjusted for systemic and ocular confounding factors using binary logistic regression. Results: In all, 131 PACG patients and 112 controls were included. The serum UA level was 266 ± 69 µmol/L in the PACG group and 269 ± 73 µmol/L in the control group (p = 0.71). The aqueous humor UA level was 35.4 ± 8.2 µmol/L in the PACG group and 53.9 ± 18.6 µmol/L in the control group (p < 0.001). This difference remained significant after adjusting for age, gender, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, body mass index, axial length, central corneal thickness, anterior chamber depth, lens thickness, white-to-white distance, corneal endothelial cell density, and serum UA level (odds ratio: 0.88, 95 % confidence interval: 0.83-0.93, p < 0.001). Conclusion: Aqueous humor UA levels differ between PACG patients and controls, but serum UA levels do not. This indicates that local UA plays a role in the pathogenesis of PACG, but systemic UA does not.

Compound heterozygous mutations in GRM6 causing complete Schubert-Bornschein type congenital stationary night blindness.

Background: To explore the genetic defects of a Chinese family with complete Schubert-Bornschein type congenital stationary night blindness (CSNB). Methods: A Chinese family with complete Schubert-Bornschein type CSNB was enrolled in this study. The detailed ocular presentations of the patient were recorded. Targeted gene sequencing including 156 genes related to retinal diseases was used to detect the gene mutation. Sanger sequencing was performed to validate the potential pathogenic variants, and segregation analysis was performed on all available family members. Bioinformatics analysis was performed to predict the impact of the mutations. Results: By targeted gene sequencing and Sanger sequencing, we identified compound heterozygous mutations in GRM6: c.152G>T (p.Gly51Val) and c.727delG (p.Val243SerfsX21). Segregation analysis demonstrated that the mother of the proband carried the missense mutation (c.152G>T) while her father carried the frameshift mutation (c.727delG), indicating CSNB was autosomal recessively inherited in this family. Several bioinformatics prediction programs revealed the mutations were "Damaging" or "Disease Causing" and conservation analysis showed both the codons Gly51 and Val243 were highly conserved among species, suggesting the changes were pathogenic. Conclusion: By targeted gene sequencing and Sanger sequencing, we detected compound heterozygous mutations (c.152G>T, p.Gly51Val and c.727delG, p.Val243SerfsX21) in GRM6. The mutations co-segregated with the phenotype of the family members and are considered to be responsible for complete Schubert-Bornschein type CSNB. However, functional experiments in the future are needed to confirm the pathogenicity of the variants and to elucidate their exact molecular mechanisms causing CSNB.

Disease-associated immune cell endotypes in anti-MDA5-positive dermatomyositis using unbiased hierarchical clustering.

Objective: Clinical and prognostic features of Anti-MDA5-Positive Dermatomyositis (MDA5+ DM) are diverse. This study aimed to examine the peripheral immune cell profiles of patients with MDA5+ DM, identify disease endotypes related to the heterogeneous manifestations and prognosis, and guide individualized therapy regimen. Methods: This inpatient cohort included 123 patients with MDA5+ DM. Unsupervised hierarchical clustering analysis was used to derive disease endotypes from the circulating immune cell profiles on admission. Clinical symptoms, laboratory test results, inpatient treatments, and disease outcomes were then analyzed among the identified endotypes. Results: Three disease endotypes in MDA5+ DM were identified from peripheral immune cell profiles. Endotype1 had the highest percentages of CD4+ T cells and monocytes, and the lowest percentage of neutrophils; Endotype2 had the highest percentage of B cells; Endotype3 had the highest percentage of CD8+ T cells and NK cells. Clinical and prognostic heterogeneity of the endotypes were revealed. Endotype1 had the lowest 3-month mortality with the high incidence of periungual capillary changes. Endotype2 and Endotype3 had higher prevalence of rapidly progressive interstitial lung disease (RPILD) and mortality at 3 months than Endotype1. Meanwhile, Endotype3 had higher pneumocystis jiroveci and CMV viremia cases with significantly elevated of activated CD8+ T cells and multiple cytokines than Endotype1. Conclusion: Clustering analysis of peripheral immune cell profiles identified three different endotypes in MDA5+ dermatomyositis. Endotpye2 and 3 showed higher RPILD, 3-month mortality, pneumocystis jiroveci and CMV viremia.

Immune profile alterations of systemic lupus erythematosus patients with infections.

This study aimed to elucidate the immune status of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients with infections. We enrolled 253 SLE patients including 77 patients with infections. Clinical features and immunological parameters were analyzed, with particular reference to neutrophil CD64 (nCD64) expression, myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), activated T cells and multiple cytokines. Among the 77 SLE patients with infections, 32 patients (41.56%) developed fever and 20 patients (25.97%) developed serositis, which were higher compared to the non-infection group. A considerably higher level of nCD64 was found in the infection group (4.65 vs 1.01, P < 0.001). In addition, the infection group exhibited higher percentages of total MDSCs (6.99 vs 4.30%, P = 0.003), polymorphonuclear MDSCs (PMN-MDSCs) (P = 0.032) and monocytic MDSCs (M-MDSCs) (P = 0.015). T cells were more activated during infections, with an elevated level of IL-2R (P < 0.001). Specifically, higher percentages of CD4+CD38+ T cells (55.73 vs 50.17%, P = 0.036), CD8+HLA-DR+ T cells (59.82 vs 47.99%, P < 0.001) and CD8+CD38+ T cells (68.59 vs 63.90%, P = 0.044) were identified in the infection group. Furthermore, the serum levels of IL-6, IL-8 and IL-10 were elevated in the infection group (all P < 0.001). Higher proportions of neutrophils, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, and MDSCs were activated during infections in SLE patients. Additionally, the serum cytokines altered during infections, with noticeably elevated levels of IL-6, IL-8 and IL-10. Infections may lead to the amplification of immune alterations in SLE.

Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α regulates the interleukin-6 production by B cells in rheumatoid arthritis.

Objectives: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a disease characterised by bone destruction and systemic inflammation, and interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a therapeutic target for treating it. The study aimed at investigating the sources of IL-6 and the influence of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) on IL-6 production by B cells in RA patients. Methods: The phenotype of IL-6-producing cells in the peripheral blood of RA patients was analysed using flow cytometry. Bioinformatics, real-time polymerase chain reaction, Western blot and immunofluorescence staining were used to determine the IL-6 production and HIF-1α levels in B cells. A dual-luciferase reporter assay and chromatin immunoprecipitation were used to investigate the regulatory role of HIF-1α on IL-6 production in human and mouse B cells. Results: Our findings revealed that B cells are major sources of IL-6 in the peripheral blood of RA patients, with the proportion of IL-6-producing B cells significantly correlated with RA disease activity. The CD27-IgD+ naïve B cell subset was identified as the typical IL-6-producing subset in RA patients. Both HIF-1α and IL-6 were co-expressed by B cells in the peripheral blood and synovium of RA patients, and HIF-1α was found to directly bind to the IL6 promoter and enhance its transcription. Conclusion: This study highlights the role of B cells in producing IL-6 and the regulation of this production by HIF-1α in patients with RA. Targeting HIF-1α might provide a new therapeutic strategy for treating RA.

Steroid-loaded reconstituted high-density lipoprotein nanocarrier: A new treatment for systemic lupus erythematosus.

Glucocorticoids (GCs) are the most effective and commonly used drugs for the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). However, a large number of side effects occur after long-term or high-dose glucocorticoid treatment, which severely restricts the use of glucocorticoids. Reconstituted high-density lipoprotein (rHDL), an emerging nanocarrier, is promising for targeted delivery to sites of inflammation and macrophages. Here, we prepared a steroid-loaded recombinant high-density lipoprotein and evaluated its therapeutic efficacy in a murine macrophage cell line (RAW264.7) and a lupus (MRL/lpr mice) mouse model. The obtained corticosteroid-loaded nanomedicine, named PLP-CaP-rHDL, exhibited desirable characteristics. Pharmacodynamics studies revealed that the nanoparticles could significantly reduce the levels of inflammatory cytokines in the macrophages in vitro and also effectively alleviate lupus nephritis in MRL/lpr mice without causing obvious side effects at a dose of 0.25 mg/kg. Thus, our newly developed steroid-loaded rHDL nanocarriers hold a great potential for anti-inflammatory therapy with reduced side effects and may provide a precise targeted therapy for SLE.

Bilateral Diffuse Uveal Melanocytic Proliferation Initially Presented as Glaucoma.

PURPOSE: To report a bilateral diffuse uveal melanocytic proliferation (BDUMP) patient whose initial presentation was glaucoma. METHODS: Clinical review of a BDUMP case. RESULTS: A 65-year-old woman presented with ocular pain of the left eye for 1 day and vision loss of the right eye for 1 week. An ophthalmological examination revealed increased intraocularr pressure in the left eye and shallow anterior chamber in both eyes. BDUMP was diagnosed following a series of auxiliary examinations. After 1.5 years of follow-up, progressive cataracts appeared, and the patient accepted cataract surgery in both eyes. Visual acuity improved from light perception to 20/100 in both eyes 1.5 years after cataract surgery, but declined to light perception again at the last follow-up. CONCLUSION: BDUMP can be initially presented as glaucoma, and cataract surgery can be considered in BDUMP patients in order to improve the patients' quality of life, even if exudative retinal detachment exists.

AOSD endotypes based on immune cell profiles: patient stratification with hierarchical clustering analysis.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to analyse the immune cell profiles of adult-onset Still's disease (AOSD) and to stratify disease-associated endotypes. METHODS: We included 95 cases of treatment-naïve patients with AOSD and 66 cases of healthy controls. Patients with AOSD were classified via an unbiased hierarchical cluster analysis based on circulating immune cells. Their clinical and laboratory characteristics, treatment management, systemic scores and outcomes were then analysed. RESULTS: The proportions of neutrophils and CD8+ T cells were significantly higher while monocytes and natural killer and CD4+ T cells were decreased in patients with AOSD (all P < 0.005). Unbiased hierarchical cluster analysis classified 95 AOSD into three endotype-based groups: group 1 had the highest percentage of neutrophils (neu-dominant group), group 2 had the highest percentage of monocytes (mono-dominant group) and group 3 had the highest percentage of CD8+ T cells (CD8-dominant group). Patients in group 3 had the highest systemic score at diagnosis and were more likely to have pulmonary infiltrates, pericarditis, splenomegaly and poorer treatment responses. A correlation study revealed that the CD4 to CD8 ratio was negatively correlated with the systemic score and positively correlated with treatment response in patients with AOSD (P = 0.001 and P = 0.0091). During the 24.6 (15.2) months of follow-up, the highest total number of disease flares occurred in group 3 (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: Hierarchical cluster analysis of peripheral immune cells classified AOSD into three disease-related endotypes. Group 3 showed higher systemic score and poorer treatment responses.

Serosal involvement in adult-onset Still's disease: A multicentre and retrospective study.

OBJECTIVES: This study evaluated the characteristics of serosal involvement in adult-onset Still's disease (AOSD). METHODS: Patients meeting the Yamaguchi classification criteria were classified into AOSD with and without serosal involvement according to their manifestations and sonography/radiography. Clinical data was retrospectively reviewed from 102 patients with AOSD in two centres. RESULTS: Forty-two patients (41.2%) had serosal involvement. The frequencies of pulmonary infiltrate and impaired liver function were significantly higher in patients with serosal involvement (p = .002 and p = .007, respectively), who also had a higher modified systemic score (p = .009). In addition, the percentages of CD3+ T cells (p < .001) and, especially, the CD8+ T cells (p = .004) were significantly increased in the peripheral blood of AOSD patients with serosal involvement. Notably, patients with serosal involvement were more likely to develop macrophage activation syndrome (p = .047) and a chronic pattern (p = .016) during the follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with serosal involvement demonstrated the more severe disease activity and different immune phenotypes; these patients were more likely to develop macrophage activation syndrome, and they may require more aggressive treatment at an early time to control their systemic inflammation.

Co-occurrence of chronic kidney disease and glaucoma: Epidemiology and etiological mechanisms.

As the histology, physiology, and pathophysiology of eyes and kidneys show substantial overlap, it has been suggested that eye and kidney diseases, such as glaucoma and chronic kidney disease (CKD), may be closely interlinked. We review the relationship between CKD and various subtypes of glaucoma, including primary open-angle glaucoma, primary angle- closure glaucoma, normal tension glaucoma, pseudoexfoliation syndrome, and several glaucoma endophenotypes. We also discuss the underlying pathogenic mechanisms and common risk factors for CKD and glaucoma, including atherosclerosis, the renin-angiotensin system, genes and genetic polymorphisms, vitamin D deficiency, and erythropoietin. The prevalence of glaucoma appears elevated in CKD patients, and vice versa, and the literature points to many intriguing associations; however, the associations are not always confirmed, and sometimes apparently opposite observations are reported. Glaucoma and CKD are complex diseases, and their mutual influence is only partially understood.

Novel and recurrent FBN1 mutations causing Marfan syndrome in two Chinese families.

Background: To explore the genetic defects of two families with autosomal dominant Marfan syndrome (MFS). Methods: Two families with MFS were enrolled in this study. The detailed ocular presentations of the patients were recorded. Whole exome sequencing was performed to explore the pathogenic variants and Sanger sequencing was performed to confirm the gene mutations. Segregation analysis among the family members was made and bioinformatics analysis was performed to predict the functional impact of the mutations. Results: The main ocular presentations of the probands were increased axial length and ectopia lentis. Using whole exome sequencing and Sanger sequencing, a novel heterozygous missense mutation (c.5060G > C, p.Cys1687Ser) and a recurrent missense mutation (c.2168A > T, p.Asp723Val) were identified within FBN1, which were co-segregated with the MFS phenotype in the families. Evolutionary conservation analysis showed that codons 723 and 1,687 were highly conserved among several species. Functional impact predictions made using several online programs suggested that the mutations were pathogenic. Conclusion: We identified a novel and a recurrent missense mutation in FBN1 in two Chinese families with MFS using whole exome sequencing, and our bioinformatics analysis indicated that the mutations were disease-causing. Our results expand the mutation spectrum of FBN1 and could help us better understand the genetic defects of the patients with MFS.

Novel clinical presentation and PAX6 mutation in families with congenital aniridia.

Purpose: To explore the clinical phenotype and genetic defects of families with congenital aniridia. Methods: Four Chinese families with aniridia were enrolled in this study. The detailed ocular presentations of the patients were recorded. Whole exome sequencing (BGI MGIEasy V4 chip) was used to detect the gene mutation. Sanger sequencing was performed to validate the potential pathogenic variants, and segregation analysis was performed on all available family members. Results: By whole exome sequencing and Sanger sequencing, three recurrent mutations (c.112del, p.Arg38Glyfs*16; c.299G > A, p.Trp100* and c.718C > T, p.Arg240*) and one novel mutation (c.278_281del, p.Glu93Alafs*30) of PAX6 were identified. All the mutations were co-segregated with the phenotype in the families. We also observed spontaneous anterior lens capsule rupture in aniridia for the first time. Conclusion: We report spontaneous anterior lens capsule rupture as a novel phenotype of aniridia and three recurrent mutations and one novel mutation of PAX6 in families with aniridia. Our results expanded the phenotype and genotype spectra of aniridia and can help us better understand the disease.

RIPK1 downregulation enhances neutrophil extracellular traps in psoriasis.

Introduction: Psoriasis is an immune-mediated systemic disease. Neutrophils are enriched in psoriasis lesions and can form neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) to activate keratinocytes. Receptor-interacting protein kinase RIPK1 and RIPK3 are involved in necroptosis and NET formation. Aim: To elucidate whether RIPK1 regulates circulating neutrophils to form NETs and inflammation in psoriasis. Material and methods: Blood samples of psoriasis patients (n = 20) and healthy controls (n = 20) were detected by flow cytometry. The expression level of RIPK1/3 in isolated circulating neutrophils from psoriasis patients (n = 17) and healthy controls (n = 17) was examined by quantitative real-time PCR. SYTOX Green dye and PicoGreen reagent were used to detect NET formation and DNA release in neutrophils under the stimulation of phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) and necrostain-1 (Nec-1). Correlation analysis was performed between RIPK1/3 expression and Psoriasis Area Severity Index (PASI), neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR). Results: RIPK1 and RIPK3 expression in protein levels were decreased in monocytes and neutrophils from peripheral blood of psoriasis patients. In isolated psoriasis neutrophils, RIPK1 and Caspase8 mRNA were downregulated while RIPK3 and MLKL mRNA were elevated, leading to the necroptosis pathway. In addition, RIPK1-inhitor-necrostatin-1 (Nec-1) enhanced NETosis in psoriasis neutrophils in vitro. More importantly, there is a negative correlation between RIPK1 and psoriasis disease severity. Conclusions: Our data demonstrated that downregulated RIPK1 expression in psoriasis neutrophils may enhance NET generation. RIPK1 may be identified as a novel therapeutic target in psoriasis.

A novel mutation GJA8 NM_005267.5: c.124G > A, p.(E42K) causing congenital nuclear cataract.

BACKGROUND: To identify the genetic mutation of a four-generation autosomal dominant congenital cataract family in China. METHODS: Targeted region sequencing containing 778 genes associated with ocular diseases was performed to screen for the potential mutation, and Sanger sequencing was used to confirm the mutation. The homology model was constructed to identify the protein structural change, several online software were used to predict the mutation impact. CLUSTALW was used to perform multiple sequence alignment from different species. RESULTS: A novel heterozygous mutation, GJA8 NM_005267.5: c.124G > A, p.(E42K) was found, which cosegregated with congenital cataract phenotype in this family. Bioinformatics analysis of the mutation showed that the surface potential diagram of proteins changed. Several online programs predicted the mutation was 'Pathogenic', 'Damaging', 'Disease causing' or 'Deleterious'. CONCLUSIONS: A novel mutation NM_005267.5(GJA8):c.124G > A was identified in our study. Our finding can broaden the mutation spectrum of GJA8, enrich the phenotype-genotype correlation of congenital cataract and help to better understand the genetic background of congenital cataract.

CaP-based anti-inflammatory HIF-1α siRNA-encapsulating nanoparticle for rheumatoid arthritis therapy.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a common inflammatory disease and its treatment is largely limited by drug ineffectiveness or severe side effects. In RA progression, multiple signalling pathways, such as hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α, nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways, act synergistically to maintain the inflammatory response. To downregulate HIF-1α, NF-κB, and MAPK expression, we proposed HIF-1α siRNA-loaded calcium phosphate nanoparticles encapsulated in apolipoprotein E3-reconstituted high-density lipoprotein (HIF-CaP-rHDL) for RA therapy. Here, we evaluated the potential of CaP-rHDL nanoparticles in RA therapy using a murine macrophage line (RAW 264.7) and a collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) mouse model. The CaP-rHDL nanoparticles showed significant anti-inflammatory effects along with HIF-1α knockdown and NF-κB and MAPK signalling pathway inhibition in lipopolysaccharide-activated macrophages. Moreover, they inhibited receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclast formation. In CIA mice, their intravenous administration resulted in high accumulation at the arthritic joint sites, and HIF-CaP-rHDL effectively suppressed inflammatory cytokine secretion and relieved bone erosion, cartilage damage, and osteoclastogenesis. Thus, HIF-CaP-rHDL demonstrated great potential in RA precision therapy by inhibiting multiple inflammatory signalling pathways.

Snowflakes in the Eye - An Uncommon Presentation of Iris Metastasis of Esophageal Carcinoma and Review of Literature.

PURPOSE: To alert clinicians to an uncommon presentation of iris metastasis of esophageal carcinoma. We reported a 67-year-old man complained of blurred vision and ocular pain of his right eye for 1 month. He was diagnosed iridocyclitis of the right eye 2 weeks ago and he had a history of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma for 5 years with no regular treatment. Under slit-lamp microscopy, accumulating snowflakes-like deposits were found in the anterior chamber of the right eye. Ocular metastasis was then confirmed by atypical cells in the aqueous humor and positron emission tomography (PET-CT). METHODS: Retrospective review of a case note and review of literature. CONCLUSION: We presented a rare case of iris metastasis of esophageal carcinoma and highlighted the importance of maintaining suspicion for metastasis in any elderly patients with uveitis, since the diseases masquerading as uveitis are not only vision threatening but may be potentially fatal.

Lupus gut microbiota transplants cause autoimmunity and inflammation.

BACKGROUND: The etiology of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is multifactorial. Recently, growing evidence suggests that the microbiota plays a role in SLE, yet whether gut microbiota participates in the development of SLE remains largely unknown. To investigate this issue, we carried out 16 s rDNA sequencing analyses in a cohort of 18 female un-treated active SLE patients and 7 female healthy controls, and performed fecal microbiota transplantation from patients and healthy controls to germ-free (GF) mice. RESULTS: Compared to the healthy controls, we found no significant different microbial diversity but some significantly different species in SLE patients including Turicibacter genus and other 5 species. Fecal transfer from SLE patients to GF mice caused GF mice to develop a series of lupus-like phenotypic features, including increased serum autoimmune antibodies, imbalanced cytokines, altered distribution of immune cells in mucosal and peripheral immune response, and upregulated expression of genes related to SLE in recipient mice that received SLE fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT). Moreover, the metabolism of histidine was significantly altered in GF mice treated with SLE patient feces, as compared to those which received healthy fecal transplants. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, our results describe a causal role of aberrant gut microbiota in contributing to the pathogenesis of SLE. The interplay of gut microbial and histidine metabolism may be one of the mechanisms intertwined with autoimmune activation in SLE.

Identification of a novel RHO heterozygous nonsense mutation in a Chinese family with autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa.

BACKGROUND: To explore the molecular genetic cause of a four-generation autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa family in China. METHODS: Targeted region sequencing was performed to detect the potential mutation, and Sanger sequencing was used to validate the mutation. Multiple sequence alignment from different species was performed by CLUSTALW. The structures of wild-type and the mutant RHO were modeled by Swiss-Model Server and shown using a PyMOL Molecular Graphic system. RESULTS: A novel heterozygous nonsense mutation (c.1015 A > T, p.Lys339Ter, p.K339X) within RHO, which cosegregated with retinitis pigmentosa phenotype was detected in this family. Bioinformatics analysis showed the mutation was located in a highly conserved region, and the mutation was predicted to be pathogenic. CONCLUSIONS: We identified a novel heterozygous nonsense mutation of RHO gene in a Chinese family with retinitis pigmentosa by target region sequencing and our bioinformatics analysis indicated that the mutation is pathogenic. Our results can broaden the spectrum of RHO gene mutation and enrich the phenotype-genotype correlation of retinitis pigmentosa.

Application of Weighted Gene Coexpression Network Analysis to Identify Key Modules and Hub Genes in Systemic Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis.

Systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (sJIA) is a severe autoinflammatory disorder with a still not clearly defined molecular mechanism. To better understand the disease, we used scattered datasets from public domains and performed a weighted gene coexpression network analysis (WGCNA) to identify key modules and hub genes underlying sJIA pathogenesis. Two gene expression datasets, GSE7753 and GSE13501, were used to construct the WGCNA. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses were applied to the genes and hub genes in the sJIA modules. Cytoscape was used to screen and visualize the hub genes. We further compared the hub genes with the genome-wide association study (GWAS) genes and used a consensus WGCNA to verify that our conclusions were conservative and reproducible across multiple independent datasets. A total of 5,414 genes were obtained for WGCNA, from which highly correlated genes were divided into 17 modules. The red module demonstrated the highest correlation with the sJIA module (r = 0.8, p = 3e -29), whereas the green-yellow module was found to be closely related to the non-sJIA module (r = 0.62, p = 1e -14). Functional enrichment analysis demonstrated that the red module was mostly enriched in the activation of immune responses, infection, nucleosomes, and erythrocytes, and the green-yellow module was mostly enriched in immune responses and inflammation. Additionally, the hub genes in the red module were highly enriched in erythrocyte differentiation, including ALAS2, AHSP, TRIM10, TRIM58, and KLF1. The hub genes from the green-yellow module were mainly associated with immune responses, as exemplified by the genes KLRB1, KLRF1, CD160, and KIRs. We identified sJIA-related modules and several hub genes that might be associated with the development of sJIA. Particularly, the modules may help understand the mechanisms of sJIA, and the hub genes may become biomarkers and therapeutic targets of sJIA in the future.