Tunable lattice-induced transparent metasurface for dynamic terahertz wave modulation.

Tunable metasurfaces offer a promising avenue for dynamically modulating terahertz waves. Phase-change materials are crucial in this dynamic modulation, enabling precise and reversible control over the electromagnetic properties of the metasurfaces. In this study, we designed and experimentally fabricated a tunable lattice-induced transparent metasurface. This metasurface comprises two gold rod resonators exhibiting different periodic distributions, each supporting an electric dipole resonance at 2.03 THz and a surface lattice resonance at 1.51 THz, respectively. By combining these structures, we realize lattice-induced transparency. Simulation results show that the phase change of Ge2Sb2Te5 modulates these resonances, with the crystalline state significantly weakening their resonance strength intensity. The maximum modulation depth of the lattice-induced transparency peak can reach 44.4%. Experimental results of laser-induced GST phase changes confirm a modulation depth of 42.4%. This innovative metasurface design holds promise for applications in terahertz communication systems.

Angular dependent terahertz emission from the interplay between nanocrystal diamond film and plasmonic metasurface.

Composite structures integrated with metasurfaces and nonlinear films have emerged as alternative candidates to enhance nonlinear response. The cooperative interaction between the two components is complicated. Herein, a split-ring resonator (SRR)-type metasurface was fabricated on a free-standing nanocrystal diamond (NCD) film utilizing electron beam lithography, electron beam evaporation, and a lift-off process. The terahertz (THz) radiation from the SRR-NCD under normal incidence originates from the high-order magnetic resonance of SRR because the NCD film cannot produce detectable THz radiation at this incident angle. As increasing the incident angle, the contribution of the THz radiation from the NCD film gradually increases until reaching 40° incident angle limitation. The results indicate that this angular-dependent THz radiation is induced by the interplay between the NCD film and SRR. This study offers a new approach to investigate nonlinear processes in composite structures.

Frequency suppression of director oscillations in AC-driven liquid-crystal-based terahertz phase shifters.

Frequency-induced instability is widely present in nematic liquid crystals (LCs), which poses a problem in improving liquid-crystal-based phase-shift devices driven by alternating currents. Herein, the Fréedericksz transition of thick nematic LCs was investigated under alternating electric fields to reveal the suppression of frequency-induced instability in the low frequency range. By extending the Frank-Leslie equation to the AC-driven case, the response of the LC was numerically calculated, and the frequency threshold for suppressing the driven instability was estimated in conjunction with the perturbation method. Experimentally, the frequency suppression of LC fluctuations was verified by using applied electric fields. In addition, the root-mean-square-error of the refractive index was measured to be less than 2 × 10-5, which excludes the convective instability-generating domains in devices. It was revealed that the fabricated thick LC phase shifters provided a phase shift of more than 360° at 2 THz and can be used in the terahertz band. It was observed that the electrically driven phase-shift characteristics were in accordance with the theoretical results as the threshold frequency condition was satisfied. This work provides an experimental and theoretical reference for improving modulation performance and enhancing the characterization of AC-driven LC-based phase-shift devices.

Multifunctional transmission polarization conversion metasurface based on dislocation-induced anisotropy at the terahertz frequency.

Manipulating the polarization state of terahertz waves is critical for terahertz communication systems. This study proposes a terahertz band polarization conversion metasurface based on dislocation-induced anisotropy. Numerical simulation results revealed that the polarization conversion of orthogonal linearly polarized light, orthogonal circularly polarized light, linearly polarized light to circularly polarized light, and circularly polarized light to linearly polarized light can be realized. Furthermore, the simulation revealed that multifunctional polarization conversion could be achieved by various structures of the bilayer metasurface. Thus, the proposed design can be generalized. The proposed metasurface exhibits considerable potential for applications in terahertz communications.

Electronically controlled flexible terahertz metasurface based on the loss modulation of strontium titanate.

A flexible terahertz metamaterial is designed to control the transmittance through an external electric field. Two different metallic structures, the split ring (type I structure) and the split ring inside a ring (type II structure), were prepared and voltage was applied through a forked finger electrode. The structures were wrapped in a thin film made by mixing strontium titanate nanopowder with polyimide in a certain ratio. Under normal incidence, the transmittance is controlled by applying a voltage to adjust the imaginary part of the permittivity of strontium titanate. The modulation depth of the type I structure at 1.08 THz is 40.1%, and that of the type II structure at 1.16 THz is 44.7%. The working bandwidths of the two structures are 0.07 THz and 0.42 THz, respectively, and are greatly broadened by combining with the ring. The proposed design enriches the modulation method of the transmission of metamaterials and broadens the application range of flexible terahertz metasurfaces.

Coaxial double-hole PEDOT: PSS electrodes achieving tunable terahertz zoomable convergence.

The local wavefront modulation technique in the terahertz band is an important basis for the development of terahertz modulation technology. Here, an electrically controlled convergent tunable device based on patterned transparent electrode poly (3, 4-ethylenedioxythiophene): poly (styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT: PSS) is realized to locally tune the terahertz wavefront. The device consists of two substrates with circular-hole electrodes and liquid crystal sandwiched between them. The refractive index gradient of liquid crystal in the device can be generated by the coaxial double-hole electrodes, which realize continuous control of significant focusing of the terahertz wave. The test results show that the focal length can be modulated in the range of 3-12 cm with varied external voltage; when it varies from 3 to 8 V, the 1/e2 radius of the spot decreases to 1.3 mm, 0.27 times the initial state, and the spot central intensity magnification increases gradually with the change, up to 3.31 times. The acquisition of the large tunable focal length range of the continuous terahertz zoom device shows that the construction of the gradient refractive index is an important method to regulate the terahertz wavefront by optical means, which greatly promotes the research of terahertz imaging devices.

Active polarization-independent plasmon-induced transparency metasurface with suppressed magnetic attenuation.

A tunable polarization-independent plasmon-induced transparency (PIT) metasurface based on connected half-ring and split-ring resonators is proposed to working in the terahertz band. We analyze the PIT effect in metasurfaces comprising of ring resonator and split ring resonator. Due to the magnetic attenuation caused by the reverse current between the two resonators, the relative position of the ring resonator and the split-ring resonator greatly affects the strength of the PIT effect. Magnetic attenuation weakens the dark mode of the split ring resonator. Through simulation and experiment, it is found that connecting the ring resonator and split-ring resonator can avoid magnetic attenuation and achieve a stronger PIT window. Furthermore, the fourfold rotation structure of the connected half-ring and split-ring resonator on silicon substrate achieves an optically controlled polarization-independent PIT effect. The design would provide significant guidance in multifunctional active devices, such as modulators and switches in terahertz communication.

Fundamental Studies of Rapidly Fabricated On-Chip Passive Micromixer for Modular Microfluidics.

Micromixers play an important role in many modular microfluidics. Complex on-chip mixing units and smooth channel surfaces ablated by lasers on polymers are well-known problems for microfluidic chip fabricating techniques. However, little is known about the ablation of rugged surfaces on polymer chips for mixing uses. This paper provides the first report of an on-chip compact micromixer simply, easily and quickly fabricated using laser-ablated irregular microspheric surfaces on a polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) microfluidic chip for continuous mixing uses in modular microfluidics. The straight line channel geometry is designed for sequential mixing of nanoliter fluids in about 1 s. The results verify that up to about 90% of fluids can be mixed in a channel only 500 µm long, 200 µm wide and 150 µm deep using the developed micromixer fabricating method under optimized conditions. The computational flow dynamics simulation and experimental result agree well with each other.

Efficient terahertz polarization conversion with hybrid coupling of chiral metamaterial.

We propose an ultrathin terahertz waveplate of bi-layer chiral metamaterial for cross-polarization conversion at asymmetric transmission. The chiral metamaterial is constructed with hybrid coupling plasmonic resonators of a concentric ring and a double-split ring. The terahertz metamaterial can efficiently convert the ${y}$y-polarized wave into the ${x}$x-polarized wave with the cross-polarized transmittance over 97% and the polarization conversion ratio of 99% in simulation. The asymmetric transmission parameter, defined by the difference between two opposite propagating transmittances, can be as high as 0.9. The operation frequency and efficiency are geometrically adjustable with the ring size by exploiting the hybrid coupling effect of electric and magnetic resonances. The presented metamaterial enables the functionality of the nonreciprocal terahertz waveplate with high isolation.

Efficient lung cancer-targeted drug delivery via a nanoparticle/MSC system.

Low targeting efficiency limits the applications of nanoparticles in cancer therapy. The fact that mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) trapped in the lung after systemic infusion is a disadvantage for cell therapy purposes. Here, we utilized MSC as lung cancer-targeted drug delivery vehicles by loading nanoparticles (NP) with anti-cancer drug. MSC showed a higher drug intake capacity than fibroblasts. In addition, MSC showed predominant lung trapping in both rabbit and monkey. IR-780 dye, a fluorescent probe used to represent docetaxel (DTX) in NP, delivered via MSC accumulated in the lung. Both in vitro MSC/A549 cell experiments and in vivo MSC/lung cancer experiments validated the intercellular transportation of NP between MSC and cancer cells. In vivo assays showed that the MSC/NP/DTX drug delivery system exerted primary tumor inhibition efficiency similar to that of a NP/DTX drug system. Collectively, the MSC/NP drug delivery system is promising for lung-targeted drug delivery for the treatment of lung cancer and other lung-related diseases.

Hedyotis diffusa plus Scutellaria barbata Induce Bladder Cancer Cell Apoptosis by Inhibiting Akt Signaling Pathway through Downregulating miR-155 Expression.

Traditional Chinese medicine is increasingly used to treat cancer. Our clinical experiences identify Hedyotis diffusa plus Scutellaria barbata as the most common herb-pair (couplet medicinal) used for the core treatment of bladder cancer. This study aims to investigate the antitumor effect of the herb-pair in bladder cancer cells. The results show that Hedyotis diffusa plus Scutellaria barbata inhibited bladder cancer cell growth and clone formation in a dose-dependent and time-dependent manner. It also induced cell apoptosis through decreasing Akt activation and reducing the expression of antiapoptotic proteins Bcl-2 and Mcl-1. Further experiments showed that miR-155 was reduced by the herb-pair and miRNA-155 inhibitor induced cell apoptosis and suppressed Akt activation. Overexpression of miR-155 reversed herb-pair induced cell apoptosis through activating Akt pathway in both bladder cancer cell lines. The findings reveal that Hedyotis diffusa plus Scutellaria barbata reduce Akt activation through reducing miR-155 expression, resulting in cell apoptosis. It demonstrated the potential mechanism of Hedyotis diffusa plus Scutellaria barbata for the core treatment of bladder cancer.

Clinical laboratories on a chip for human immunodeficiency virus assay.

Automated chip-based technologies for clinical diagnosis may have great facilities in the area of life science and medicine. This paper presents the lab-on-a-chip design for the assay of HIV, which includes the sample preparation, reaction, and signal amplification module. A laser induced fluorescence system is also designed for real-time monitor of the signals.