Structural properties and antioxidant capacity of different aminated starch-phenolic acid conjugates.

Different aminated starch (AS) [EEAS (introducing ethylenediamine into starch using cross-linking-etherification-amination method (CEA)), EPAS (introducing o-phenylenediamine using CEA), OEAS (introducing ethylenediamine using cross-linking-oxidation-amination method (COA)), and OPAS (introducing o-phenylenediamine using COA)] were synthesized. The AS-phenolic acids [gallic acid (GA), syringic acid (SA), and vanillic acid (VA)] conjugates were prepared by laccase-catalyzed reaction. The grafting efficiency of EEAS on GA, SA, and VA was 36.59%, 69.71%, and 68.85%, respectively. SA reduced the maximum depolymerization rate of EEAS. The relative crystallinity of EEAS and EPAS grafted phenolic acid increased, and their particles showed severe breakage in appearance. OEAS-phenolic acid conjugates lost its granular structure and behaved as flakes and lumps, while the surface of OPAS-phenolic acid conjugates remained smooth after grafting phenolic acid. GA increased the DPPH· scavenging efficiency of EEAS from 16.12% to 79.92%. The increased antioxidant capacity of the conjugates suggested that AS-phenolic acids conjugates have high potential for applications.

Clinical manifestations and spermatogenesis outcomes in Chinese patients with congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism caused by inherited or de novo FGFR1 mutations.

Fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 ( FGFR1 ) mutations are associated with congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (CHH) through inheritance or spontaneous occurrence. We detected FGFR1 mutations in a Chinese cohort of 210 CHH patients at Peking Union Medical College Hospital (Beijing, China) using next-generation and Sanger sequencing. We assessed missense variant pathogenicity using six bioinformatics tools and compared clinical features and treatment outcomes between inherited and de novo mutation groups. Among 19 patients with FGFR1 mutations, three were recurrent, and 16 were novel variants. Sixteen of the novel mutations were likely pathogenic according to the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG) guidelines, with the prevalent P366L variant. The majority of FGFR1 mutations was inherited (57.9%), with frameshift mutations exclusive to the de novo mutation group. The inherited mutation group had a lower incidence of cryptorchidism, short stature, and skeletal deformities. In the inherited mutation group, luteinizing hormone (LH) levels were 0.5 IU l -1 , follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels were 1.0 IU l -1 , and testosterone levels were 1.3 nmol l -1 . In contrast, the de novo group had LH levels of 0.2 IU l -1 , FSH levels of 0.5 IU l -1 , and testosterone levels of 0.9 nmol l -1 , indicating milder hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal axis (HPGA) functional deficiency in the inherited group. The inherited mutation group showed a tendency toward higher spermatogenesis rates. In conclusion, this study underscores the predominance of inherited FGFR1 mutations and their association with milder HPGA dysfunction compared to de novo mutations, contributing to our understanding of the genetic and clinical aspects of FGFR1 mutations.

Nanocomposite Electret Layer Improved Long-Term Stable Solid-Liquid Contact Triboelectric Nanogenerator for Water Wave Energy Harvesting.

With the continuous rise of environmental pollution and energy crisis, the global energy revolution is risen. Development of renewable blue energy based on the emerging promising triboelectric nanogenerators (TENG) has become an important direction of future energy development. The solid-liquid contact triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) has the advantages of flexible structure, easy manufacture, and long-term stability, which makes it easier to integrate and achieve large-scale conversion of wave mechanical energy. However, the electric power output is still not large enough, which limits its practical applications. In this work, a nanocomposite electret layer enhanced solid-liquid contact triboelectric nanogenerator (E-TENG) is proposed for water wave energy harvesting, which can effectively improve the electric output and achieve real-time power supply of wireless sensing. Through introducing a nanocomposite electret layer into flexible multilayer solid-liquid contact TENG, higher power output is achieved. The E-TENG (active size of 50 mm × 49 mm) shows desired output performance, a power density of 521 mW m-2. The generated electric energy can drive wireless temperature sensing by transmitting wireless signals carrying detection information at the period of ˂5.5 min. This research greatly improves the electric output and provides a solid basis for the industrialization of TENG in blue energy.

Weekly phototherapy is an effective therapy for patients with vitiligo.

The current strategies for the treatment of vitiligo using phototherapy usually involve treatment for two-three times per week; however, in practice, the number of patient sessions does not meet this standard. The present study found that phototherapy once a week was also effective. The present study was designed to examine the efficacy of weekly light therapy. For this purpose, 296 patients with vitiligo were included and divided into five sub-samples of the neck, face, trunk, extremities and scalp according to the site of phototherapy, and were treated once or twice weekly with phototherapy. The difference in efficacy between phototherapy performed once and twice weekly was observed using a Chi-squared test. It was concluded that there was a minimal difference between phototherapy performed twice weekly compared to once weekly for the treatment of vitiligo on the face, neck, torso, limbs and scalp. Thus, phototherapy once a week is valid for the treatment of vitiligo, although weekly light therapy takes longer to restore color for the first time.

Touchless Artificial Perception beyond Fingertip Probing.

Touchless perception technology allows us to acquire information beyond the contact interfaces, making it ideal for scenarios where physical engagements are not possible. Unlike tactile devices, which have so far achieved impressive results, touchless strategies are fascinating yet underdeveloped. We envisage that touchless technologies could be powerful supplements to current haptics. In this Perspective, we include emerging touchless electronics, aiming to provide a broader and comprehensive picture toward artificial perceptual realm. We overview popular touchless protocols, sketch what could be detected by touchless probing, and summarize their latest spectacular achievements. In addition, we present the promises and challenges posed by touchless technologies and discuss possible directions for their future deployments.

Effectiveness and safety of Suhuang Zhike capsule as adjuvant treatment for acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review and Meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of Suhuang Zhike capsule in the adjuvant treatment of acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD). METHODS: The database including PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, China National Knowledge Infrastructure Database, China Science and Technology Journal Database, Chinese Biomedical Literature Database and Wanfang Data was searched. The retrieval time was from database establishment to May 2021. Randomized controlled trial (RCT) of Suhuang zhike capsule adjuvant treatment for AECOPD was included. The quality of the studies was independently evaluated and cross-checked by two reviewers, and Meta-analysis was performed by using RevMan5.3 software. RESULTS: Thirteen RCT results were included with a total sample number of 1195 cases, including 597 in the experimental group and 598 in the control group. The results showed that Suhuang zhike capsule adjuvant treatment of AECOPD could improve the total clinical effect rate compared with conventional treatment. Suhuang zhike capsule adjuvant treatment could improve forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV), FEV/FVC, peak expiratory flow (PEF) and other pulmonary function indexes; decrease C-reactive protein (CRP), white blood cells, neutrophils and other infectious indicators; besides, the 1-year recurrence rate of the disease was decreased (all 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Suhuang Zhike capsule can improve the lung function and clinical efficacy of AECOPD, thus increasing the exercise endurance, and reducing the infection and recurrence rate in AECOPD patients.

A Dual-Responsive Artificial Skin for Tactile and Touchless Interfaces.

The progress from intelligent interactions and supplemented/augmented reality requires artificial skins to shift from the single-functional tactile paradigm. Dual-responsive sensors that can both detect pre-contact proximal events and tactile pressure levels enrich the perception dimensions and deliver additional cognitive information. Previous dual-responsive sensors show very limited utilizations only in proximity perception or approaching switches. Whereas, the approaching inputs from the environment should be able to convey more valuable messages. Herein, a flexible iontronic dual-responsive artificial skin is present. The artificial skin is sensitive to external object's applied pressure as well as its approaching, and can elicit information of target material categories encoded in the proximal inputs. Versatile applications are then demonstrated. Dual-mode human-machine interfaces are developed based on the devices, including a manipulation of virtual game characters, navigation and zooming in of electronic maps, and scrolling through electronic documents. More importantly, the proof-of-concept application of an entirely touchless material classification system is demonstrated. Three types of materials (metals, polymers, and human skins) are classified and predicted accurately. These features of the artificial skin make it highly promising for next-generation smart engineered electronics.

An Empirical Investigation of University Students' Behavioural Intention to Adopt Online Learning: Evidence from China.

The present study examined the relationship among behavioural intention (BI) to adopt online learning, perceived usefulness (PU), perceived ease of use (PEU), self-regulated online learning (SR) and online learning self-efficacy (SE). A total of 900 university students with online learning experience from many provinces of China took part in the study. Structural equation modelling (SEM) was used to analyse the data accepted. The results indicate that PU has a significant positive effect on BI; SR has a significant positive effect on PEU, PU and BI. SE has a significant positive effect on PEU, PU and BI. In addition, SE and SR have significant indirect effects on BI through the mediation of PU. The outcomes have tangible theoretical and practical implications. They not only replicates previous research and provides possible space for further expansion of TAM, but also provide us with an opportunity to reflect on and actively take practical measures to improve BI. These efforts include teachers, parents and other educators trying to promote students' academic achievements, self-efficacy and self-regulation in the process of online learning. The former is the most concerning issue, while the latter two are the source of students' motivation. Furthermore, educators should make appropriate use of the role of digital technology in online learning and be careful not to exaggerate the value of digital technology, let alone equate it with online learning.

Markers Associated With Tumor Recurrence in Patients With Breast Cancer Achieving a Pathologic Complete Response After Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy.

Background: Patients who achieve a tumor pathologic complete response (pCR) after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) have better outcomes than patients with residual tumor. However, tumors still recur in the pCR patients. Therefore, we aim to explore factors associated with tumor recurrence in this patient population. Methods: A total of 1,913 patients diagnosed with breast cancer between 1995 and 2020 and received NAC were included in this analysis. Clinicopathological data of the patients were retrospectively collected. We used Cox regression analysis to assess the associations of clinicopathological factors with patients' outcome. Proteomic study of tumors was applied to identify differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) between tumors from the pCR patients with tumor recurrence and tumors from those without tumor recurrence. PPI network analysis of the corresponding genes of DEPs was used to identify the hub genes. The prognostic value of the corresponding genes of DEPs was evaluated using two online databases, Kaplan-Meier Plotter and bc-GenExMiner. The genes that were significantly associated with patients' survival in both databases, as well as being identified as hub genes, were considered as potential prognostic markers for pCR patients. Publicly available data from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) was used to verify the prognostic value of the identified marker. Results: Among the 1,913 included patients, 420 had tumor pCR. The median follow-up for the pCR patients was 32.6 months (IQR, 16.3-55.5). Overall estimated 5-year risk of tumor recurrence for the pCR patients was 11%. Multivariable analysis showed that a higher pre-NAC clinical T stage and N stage were independent predictors for increased risk of tumor recurrence (hazard ratio [HR] 2.57, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.01-6.51, P=0.047 for clinical T stage and HR 3.48, 95%CI 1.37-8.83, P=0.009 for clinical N stage). NAC regimens, the type of breast and axillary surgery, and adjuvant chemotherapy were not associated with tumor recurrence. Finally, aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) 3A2 was identified by the proteomic study and was verified as a potential predictor for tumor recurrence in the pCR patients (with a median follow up of 3.78 years for dataset GSE32603 and 2.74 years for dataset GSE25066 from GEO, tumor recurrence rate: low versus high expression, 20.7% versus 4.5% [data from GSE32603]; 10.9% versus 0% [data from GSE25066]). Conclusions: Clinical T stage, clinical N stage and tumor expression of ALDH3A2 were potential markers for predicting tumor recurrence in the pCR patients after NAC.

Bioinspired soft electroreceptors for artificial precontact somatosensation.

Artificial haptic sensors form the basis of touch-based human-interfaced applications. However, they are unable to respond to remote events before physical contact. Some elasmobranch fishes, such as seawater sharks, use electroreception somatosensory system for remote environmental perception. Inspired by this ability, we design a soft artificial electroreceptor for sensing approaching targets. The electroreceptor, enabled by an elastomeric electret, is capable of encoding environmental precontact information into a series of voltage pulses functioning as unique precontact human interfaces. Electroceptor applications are demonstrated in a prewarning system, robotic control, game operation, and three-dimensional object recognition. These capabilities in perceiving proximal precontact events can lenrich the functionalities and applications of human-interfaced electronics.

[Effect of Doxycycline on Intrinsic Apoptosis of Myeloma Cell Line H929 and Its Mechanism].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the mechanism of the in vitro toxicity of doxycycline to myeloma cell line H929 and also the possible pathway involved its toxicity. METHODS: Myeloma cell line H929 was treated with DOX, MEK inhibitor U0126 or RAS agonist ML-098, either alone or in combination. Then, the expression of p-MEK, caspase-3, caspase-9 and c-Jun in H929 were used to detected by Western blot; the cells proliferation and apoptosis were detected by CCK-8 assay and flow cytometry, respectively. RESULTS: DOX significantly increased the levels of cleaved caspase-3 and caspase-9, and down-regulated the level of p-MEK in H929 (P<0.05). MEK antagonist U0126 significantly increased the levels of cleaved caspase-3 and caspase-9, and down-regulated the level of p-MEK (P<0.05). After Dox combined with ML-098 treatment of H929 cells, the apoptosis rate of H929 cells was lower than that of DOX alone treatment group(P<0.05). Compared with DOX alone treatment group, the expressions of p-MEK and p-ERK1/2 in DOX+ML-098 combined treatment group were increased, and the levels of cleaved caspase-3,9 in H929 cells were decreased (P<0.05). The levels of c-Jun mRNA and protein increased in H929 when treated by DOX alone (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: DOX can induce apoptosis of H929 via intrinsic apoptosis pathway, and MEK/ERK pathway and c-Jun possibly play a role in this process.

Ultralight Iontronic Triboelectric Mechanoreceptor with High Specific Outputs for Epidermal Electronics.

The pursuit to mimic skin exteroceptive ability has motivated the endeavors for epidermal artificial mechanoreceptors. Artificial mechanoreceptors are required to be highly sensitive to capture imperceptible skin deformations and preferably to be self-powered, breathable, lightweight and deformable to satisfy the prolonged wearing demands. It is still struggling to achieve these traits in single device, as it remains difficult to minimize device architecture without sacrificing the sensitivity or stability. In this article, we present an all-fiber iontronic triboelectric mechanoreceptor (ITM) to fully tackle these challenges, enabled by the high-output mechano-to-electrical energy conversion. The proposed ITM is ultralight, breathable and stretchable and is quite stable under various mechanical deformations. On the one hand, the ITM can achieve a superior instantaneous power density; on the other hand, the ITM shows excellent sensitivity serving as epidermal sensors. Precise health status monitoring is readily implemented by the ITM calibrating by detecting vital signals and physical activities of human bodies. The ITM can also realize acoustic-to-electrical conversion and distinguish voices from different people, and biometric application as a noise dosimeter is demonstrated. The ITM therefore is believed to open new sights in epidermal electronics and skin prosthesis fields.

Factors associated with work volition among Chinese undergraduates.

Based on the psychology of working theory, this study tested the relationships among work volition and the predictors of economic constraints, minzu (ethnic identity), Hukou and Zhongyong thinking, and determined how Hukou and Zhongyong thinking moderate the relationship between economic constraints and work volition with a sample of 2,995 undergraduates in China. The results showed that work volition was negatively associated with economic constraints but positively related to Zhongyong thinking. The results further revealed that Hukou and Zhongyong thinking were significant moderators in the link between economic constraints and work volition, while weaker negative associations were found between economic constraints and work volition for undergraduates who came from rural areas and had lower levels of Zhongyong thinking. Implications for research and practice are discussed.

Relatively low tooth replacement rate in a sauropod dinosaur from the Early Cretaceous Ruyang Basin of central China.

Tooth replacement rate is an important feature related to feeding mechanics and food choices for dinosaurs. However, only a few data points are available for sauropod dinosaurs, partially due to rarity of relevant fossil material. Four somphospondylan sauropod species have been recovered from the Lower Cretaceous Aptian-Albian Haoling Formation in the Ruyang Basin, Henan Province of central China, but no cranial material has been reported except for a single crown. Here we report the discovery of the rostral portion of a left dentary with replacement teeth in its first five alveoli. Comparative anatomical study shows the partial dentary can be assigned to a member of early diverging somphospondylans. The non-destructive tooth length-based approach to estimating tooth formation time and replacement rate is adopted here. The estimated tooth replacement rate is 76 days, faster than that of Brachiosaurus (83 days) and much lower than typical late diverging lithostrotian titanosaurians (20 days). Thus, this discovery adds an intermediate tooth replacement rate in the evolution of titanosauriform sauropods and supports the idea that evolution of tooth replacement rate is clade-specific. This discovery also provides more information to understand the Ruyang sauropod assemblage, which includes one of the most giant dinosaurs to have walked our Earth (Ruyangosaurus giganteus).

Dietary calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus intakes and risk of stroke in Chinese adults.

Controversial results have been reported about the association of calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus and stroke risk, but none in China. To investigate the association between dietary calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, and stroke incidence in Chinese adults, we collected data from the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) from 2004 to 2011, including 6411 participants aged 45-79 years and free of stroke at baseline. Diet was assessed by interviews combining 3-d 24-h food recalls and household food inventory weighing at each survey round. The stroke incident was identified based on the validated self-report. Multivariate Cox regression models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). For 32,024 person-years of follow-up, 179 stroke cases were documented. After adjustment for major lifestyle and dietary risk factors, calcium intake was positively associated with reduced stroke risk, and the HR of stroke comparing extreme quartiles was 0.53 (95% CI 0.29-0.96, Ptrend = 0.03). In further stratified analyses, significant heterogeneity across sex strata was found (Pinteraction = 0.03). Dietary calcium intake among men was more inversely related to stroke, with HRs being 0.33 (95% CI 0.15-0.76, P trend = 0.02), compared to 1.24 (95% CI 0.46-3.35, Ptrend = 0.89) among women. However, no significant association between stroke and magnesium or phosphorus was revealed. Our findings suggest that higher dietary calcium intake was associated with a lower risk of stroke in Chinese adults, particularly in men.

Boosting the Power and Lowering the Impedance of Triboelectric Nanogenerators through Manipulating the Permittivity for Wearable Energy Harvesting.

Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs), which hold great promise for sustainably powering wearable electronics by harvesting distributed mechanical energy, are still severely limited by their unsatisfactory power density, small capacitance, and high internal impedance. Herein, a materials optimization strategy is proposed to achieve a high performance of TENGs and to lower the matching impedance simultaneously. A permittivity-tunable electret composite film, i.e., a thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) matrix with polyethylene glycol (PEG) additives and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) nanoparticle inclusions, is employed as the triboelectric layer. Through optimizing the dielectric constant of the composite, the injected charge density and internal capacitance of the TENG are significantly enhanced, thus synergistically boosting the output power and reducing the impedance of the TENG. The optimal output power reaches 16.8 mW at an external resistance of 200 kΩ, showing a 17.3 times enhancement in output power and a 90% decline in matching impedance. This work demonstrates a significant progress toward the materials optimization of a triboelectric generator for its practical commercialization.

[Current standards for seeds and seedlings of Chinese materia medica and analysis].

Standards for seeds and seedlings of Chinese materia medica are very important to the production, quality control and management of seeds and seedlings of Chinese materia medica. In this paper, the current standards including international standards, national standards, industry standards, local standards and group standards before 2020, involving relevant standards for seeds and seedlings of Chinese materia medica, were comprehensively and systematically summarized. Relevant standards for seeds and seedlings of Chinese materia medica were analyzed based on the standard issue year, the source and types of Chinese materia medica, and whether they are included in the Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China 2015. It is suggested that the standards for seed and seedling of Chinese materia medica shall be systematic, professional and feasible, so as to ensure the sould and sustainable development of the seed and seedling industry of Chinese materia medica.

Peritumoral edema in preoperative magnetic resonance imaging is an independent prognostic factor for hepatocellular carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Peritumoral edema is an independent prognostic risk factor for malignant tumors. Therefore, assessment of peritumoral edema in preoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may provide better prognostic information in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). AIM: To determine whether peritumoral edema in preoperative MRI is a prognostic factor for HCC. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of 90 patients with HCC confirmed by surgical pathology was performed. All patients' peritumoral edema in preoperative MRI was reviewed by two radiologists. The association of disease recurrence with peritumoral edema and clinicopathological features was assessed using the Cox proportional hazards model. Interobserver agreement for evaluating peritumoral edema was determined using Cohen's κ coefficient. RESULTS: Recurrence and non-recurrence after an average 20.8 month follow-up was 25.6% (23/90) and 74.4% (67/90), respectively. The ratio of peritumoral edema of 90 patients with HCC in preoperative MRI was 35.6% (32/90). In univariate Cox regression analysis, peritumoral edema [hazard ratio (HR) 11.08, P < 0.001], tumor diameter (HR 4.12, P = 0.001), microvascular invasion (HR 2.78, P = 0.020), gender (HR 0.29, P = 0.006), cirrhosis (HR 2.45, P = 0.049), ascites syndrome (HR 2.83, P = 0.022), aspartate aminotransferase(AST)/alanine aminotransferase(ALT) (HR 5.07, P = 0.003) were indicators for HCC recurrence. In multivariate Cox regression analysis, the tumor diameter (HR 2.53, P = 0.032) and peritumoral edema (HR 8.71, P < 0.001) were independent prognostic factors of HCC. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of peritumoral edema and tumor diameter were 82.6%&60.9%, 80.6%&77.6%, 59.4%&48.3%, and 93.1%&85.3%, respectively. CONCLUSION: Peritumoral edema in preoperative MRI may be considered as a biomarker of prognostic information for patients with HCC.

[Factors influencing recovery from childhood inguinal herniorrhaphy-induced vas deferens obstruction after microscopic vasovasostomy].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the factors influencing the recovery from childhood inguinal herniorrhaphy (IH)-induced vas deferens obstruction following microscopic vasovasostomy. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed the clinical data on 41 cases of microscopic vasovasostomy for obstructive azoospermia in our hospital from July 2015 to September 2018. All the patients had a history of inguinal hernia treated by IH in the childhood. We performed scrotal ultrasonography, semen analysis and seminal plasma biochemistry to confirm vas deferens obstruction preoperatively. If sperm was observed for ≥2 times in semen examination after vasovasostomy, we considered the vas deferens successfully unobstructed. RESULTS: Microscopic vasovasostomy was successfully completed in 39 of the cases, of which2 were lost to follow-up, with a follow-up rate of 94.8% (37/39). The patients, at the mean age of (25.54 ± 2.85) years and with body mass index (BMI) of (24.92 ± 2.79) kg/m2 and post-IH time of (18.97 ± 2.58) years, were followed up for (13.05 ± 3.74) months. Successful recovery from vas deferens obstruction was observed in 78.4% (29/37) of the patients after IH, 80.0% (16/20) in the < 26-year-olds, 76.5% (13/17) in the ≥26-year-olds (P = 0.795), 75.0% (12/16) in those with BMI < 24.92 kg/m2 , 81.0% (17/21) in those with BMI ≥24.92 kg/m2 (P = 0.807), 78.6% (11/14) in those with post-IH time of < 19 years, 18.3% (18/23) in those with post-IH time of ≥19 years (P = 0.982), 60.0% (12/20) in those with sperm and 82.4% (14/17) in those without sperm found intraoperatively (P = 0.428), 42.9% (3/7) in those treated by unilateral and 82.4% (26/30) in those by bilateral vasovasostomy (P = 0.027). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed a close correlation between the operation side and postoperative recovery from vas deferens obstruction (P = 0.022). CONCLUSIONS: For male patients undergoing microscopic vasovasostomy for childhood IH-induced vas deferens obstruction, the operation side is an independent factor influencing postoperative recovery, while age, BMI, post-IH time, and intraoperative presence or absence of sperm are not significantly correlated with it.