Differences in Attentional Bias Toward e-Cigarette Cues Between e-Cigarette Users and Nonusers.

ABSTRACT: The use of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) has increased rapidly in recent years, particularly among young adults. There is a dearth of research on the cognitive factors that contribute to ENDS use. One of the possible cognitive mechanisms involved with addictive behavior is attentional bias (AB). AB can manifest as either facilitated attention engagement toward or delayed attention disengagement from a relevant stimulus. The purpose of this study was to examine the difference in AB toward ENDS-related cues between ENDS users and non-ENDS users. ENDS users (n = 29) and nonusers (n = 24) between the ages of 18 and 29 years participated in the dot-probe and eye-tracking picture-viewing tasks. The results showed that there was a significant difference in the variance of AB between the two groups. In the eye-tracking task, ENDS users displayed significantly greater net dwell time and fixation time at time frames of 6-9, 9-12, and 12-15 seconds, compared to nonusers. It is noteworthy that ENDS users exhibited attentional fluctuation toward ENDS cues as well as difficulties disengaging attention from ENDS cues. The current findings offer insight into the nature of attentional processes associated with ENDS cues and provide useful data to guide the development of a nurse-led cognitive intervention focusing on biased attentional processing related to ENDS cues.

Infant and parent heart rates during a babywearing procedure: Evidence for autonomic coregulation.

Babywearing is the practice of carrying an infant in a baby carrier, which may provide an inexpensive, nonpharmacological intervention for the parent-infant dyads to handle mental stressors, such as pain and anxiety, especially among vulnerable infants. This study investigated the influence of babywearing on parent-infant autonomic coregulation based on the changes in the HR of mother-infant and father-infant dyads for infants with neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS). Guided by the Calming Cycle Theory as the framework, the correlation between parent HR and infant HR and the difference in the mother-infant dyad (n = 17) compared to the father-infant dyad (n = 8) were examined. Although only the mother-infant HRs reached statistical significance during babywearing (r̅ =.52, p = .03), both parent-infant dyads had strong correlations during babywearing (compared to pre- and post-babywearing conditions), indicating that babywearing, for parents and their infants with NAS, may influence autonomic coregulation.

Do human resource systems indeed have "system" effects? The dual internal fit model of a high-performance work system.

The configurational or "internal fit" perspective proposes that human resource (HR) systems are most effective when individual practices are configured such that they fit together and are mutually reinforcing. The Ability-Motivation-Opportunity (AMO) model has emerged as a predominant way to select and configure HR practices based on whether they attempt to enhance employee ability, motivation, or opportunities. Despite the widespread use of the configurational perspective and AMO model in building a high-performance work system (HPWS), researchers have not clearly articulated how HR practices across the AMO domains should be configured to maximize internal fit across the system. Moreover, research has overlooked the hierarchical nature of an HPWS, such that HR practices are nested within a particular AMO domain, and the AMO domains, in turn, are nested within the HPWS. To address these gaps, we develop and test a dual internal fit model that specifies synergistic interactions within and among AMO domains. Analyses of six-wave panel data from 640 firms reveal that internal fit effects of HR practices simultaneously exist within (i.e., HR practice-level interactions) and among AMO domains (i.e., AMO domain-level interactions) to predict workforce productivity and ultimately firm profitability. Moreover, the two sets of interactions predict outcomes beyond the additive effects of the HR practices on which prior research has typically focused. These findings show that HR practices can be configured to have "system" effects. They also highlight the value of the dual internal fit model to understand the performance benefits of optimally configured HR systems. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Development of Gastroretentive Floating Combination Tablets Containing Amoxicillin Trihydrate 500 mg and Levofloxacin 125 mg for Eradicating Resistant Helicobacter pylori.

Background/Objectives: The aim of this work was to prepare and characterize gastroretentive floating combination tablets (GRCTs) containing 500 mg of amoxicillin trihydrate (AMX) and 125 mg of levofloxacin (LVX) that provide sustained drug release and stability at gastric pH levels for the eradication of resistant Helicobacter pylori. Method: GRCTs were prepared with low-density excipients and hydrophilic swellable polymers, including hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) of various viscosities, polyethylene oxide (PEO), and carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), by the direct compression method. The prepared GRCTs were investigated and optimized in terms of pH stability, tablet hardness, floating lag time and total floating time, drug release rate, gel strength. Results: AMX and LVX in GRCT were stable at the HP eradication target pH above 4.0. The effervescent GRCT composition (AMX/LVX/HPMC [4000 cP]/CMC/microcrystalline cellulose/citric acid/sodium bicarbonate/calcium silicate/silicon dioxide/magnesium stearate = 500/125/50/50/125/40/60/30/10/10, w/w) yielded acceptable hardness (>6 kp), reduced floating lag time (<5 s), a long floating duration (>12 h), and sustained release rates of AMX and LVX (>90% until 12 h). This optimized GRCT had a gel strength of 107.33 ± 10.69 g and pH > 4.0, which maintained the tablets' shape and AMX stability for 12 h. Conclusions: Collectively, the formulated effervescent GRCTs combining AMX and LVX represented a promising candidate dosage form for eradicating resistant H. pylori.

Highly sensitive multiplexed colorimetric lateral flow immunoassay by plasmon-controlled metal-silica isoform nanocomposites: PINs.

Lateral flow assay (LFA) systems use metal nanoparticles for rapid and convenient target detection and are extensively studied for the diagnostics of various diseases. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are often used as probes in LFAs, displaying a single red color. However, there is a high demand for colorimetric LFAs to detect multiple biomarkers, requiring the use of multicolored NPs. Here, we present a highly sensitive multiplexed colorimetric lateral flow immunoassay by multicolored Plasmon-controlled metal-silica Isoform Nanocomposites (PINs). We utilized the localized surface plasmon resonance effect to create multi-colored PINs by precisely adjusting the distance between the NPs on the surface of PINs through the controlled addition of reduced gold and silver precursors. Through simulations, we also confirmed that the distance between nanoparticles on the surface of PINs significantly affects the color and colorimetric signal intensity of the PINs. We achieved multicolored PINs that exhibit stronger colorimetric signals, offering a new solution for LFA detection with high sensitivity and a 33 times reduced limit of detection (LOD) while maintaining consistent size deviations within 5%. We expect that our PINs-based colorimetric LFA will facilitate the sensitive and simultaneous detection of multiple biomarkers in point-of-care testing.

AB051. Multiple meningiomas developed outside the radiation field after cranial irradiation: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Cranial irradiation has well-known long-term side effects, including radiation-induced neoplasms and vasculopathy. This report describes a case of aggressive and rapid-growing multiple meningiomas developed outside the radiation field after the treatment of medulloblastoma. CASE DESCRIPTION: A 6-year-old boy underwent surgery (gross total resection) and radiotherapy (19.8 Gy for posterior fossa only) against medulloblastoma in the 4th ventricle. The patient could not receive further craniospinal irradiation because of ventriculoperitoneal shunt-related complications. Eighteen years after the radiotherapy, the first meningioma developed in the right temporal convexity, without recurrence of medulloblastoma. It was left untreated because it was asymptomatic. Three years later, the meningioma grew from 0.6 to 6.3 cm3 in volume and another large meningioma (22.1 cm3) developed in the left temporal convexity with additional small meningioma in the right frontal convexity. The left large temporal meningioma showed aggressive nature invading the adjacent temporal bone and temporalis muscle. It was completely resected and the histology revealed as transitional meningioma with 2% of Ki-67. Another new meningioma was identified on the right cerebellar convexity three years post-craniotomy. Subsequent follow-up indicated a progressive increase in the tumor size and gamma knife radiosurgery was performed with right frontal convexity small meningioma. The patient is currently under ongoing surveillance through follow-up assessments. CONCLUSIONS: For patients who received radiotherapy at a young age, clinicians should consider the possibility of secondary neoplasm development even outside the radiation field. Careful imaging follow-up and surgical management are warranted because of the aggressive nature of secondary tumors even though benign in histology.

Optimal measurement method for anterior instability on stress radiographs in anterior cruciate ligament tear: Considering the effect of static anterior tibial subluxation.

INTRODUCTION: Accurate assessment of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) function is vital for guiding treatment. Nevertheless, the presence of tibial subluxation in the neutral position of a patient with an ACL injury may potentially introduce a confounding factor. This study aims to investigate whether tibial subluxation in the neutral position affects the diagnosis of anterior instability in patients with ACL injuries, potentially impacting the reliability and diagnostic accuracy of stress radiography. METHODS: This study included 88 patients: 30 with acute complete ACL tears (acute group), 28 with chronic complete ACL tears (chronic group), and 30 patients who underwent knee arthroscopic surgery other than ACL reconstruction (control group). Side-to-side differences (SSD) in stress radiography were measured using the Telos load status and the SSD of the gap between the Telos load and unload statuses. Diagnostic accuracy of the two methods was assessed using areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AUCs). RESULTS: The load SSD (5.92 ± 5.28 mm) was higher than the load-unload SSD (4.27 ± 5.99 mm) in the chronic group (P = 0.017). The load SSD demonstrated a significantly higher diagnostic value than that of the load-unload SSD in the combined group (AUC = 0.920 vs. 0.830; P = 0.012) and chronic group (AUC = 0.913 vs. 0.754; P = 0.002). After adjusting the symptoms for radiographic duration from 6 to 3 months in the chronic group, the load SSD exhibited a significantly higher diagnostic value (AUC = 0.902) than that of the load-unload SSD (AUC = 0.740; P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The load SSD provides superior diagnostic accuracy compared to the load-unload SSD in ACL tear cases, where static anterior tibial subluxation may result in false negatives. Although load-unload SSD may have diagnostic value within the first 3 months post-injury, the load SSD method provides a reliable assessment of ACL function for patients beyond this timeframe.

Long-term isoagglutinin monitoring after ABO-incompatible kidney transplantation.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to evaluate whether a 2-week period of daily isoagglutinin titer testing after ABO-incompatible kidney transplantation (ABOi-KT) is sufficient to ensure successful engraftment and to advocate for an extension of the monitoring duration in specific situations. METHODS: We reviewed patients from January 2022 to December 2023 at Asan Medical Center who underwent therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) due to elevated ABO antibody titers and suspected acute antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) after ABOi-KT. Data collected included pre- and posttransplantation laboratory results, clinical and procedural information, imaging studies, and needle biopsy results of the renal graft. RESULTS: We encountered 3 cases of acute AMR 2 weeks after transplantation. All cases exhibited simultaneous increases in anti-ABO antibody isoagglutinin titers, creatinine, and C-reactive protein levels. Clinical signs, including fever, suggested possible infection, and renal graft biopsy, confirmed AMR in all cases. Two cases underwent graftectomy, while the third recovered renal function after conservative treatment, including TPE. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that a 2-week monitoring period for isoagglutinin titers after ABOi-KT may not be sufficient to detect late AMR. Extending the monitoring duration and considering lifelong fresh-frozen plasma transfusion with graft-compatible blood types, along with periodic isoagglutinin titer testing in cases of suspected AMR, may improve long-term graft outcomes.

The optimal measurement method considering reliability and validity in the anterior knee laxity of anterior cruciate ligament tears.

INTRODUCTION: To seek an optimal measurement method with high reliability and high validity for evaluation of the anterior knee laxity on stress radiographs and comparing the translation values to those of KT-2000 arthrometer. METHODS: Anterior knee laxity in 77 patients was measured preoperatively using the TelosTM and the KT-2000 arthrometer. Side-to-side difference measurements were taken using three conventional measuring methods and one proposed method (Modified Lateral). The knee position on the stress radiograph was evaluated and scored based on the stress radiograph qualifying criteria depending on stress film correctiveness. Intraclass correlation coefficients were analyzed to evaluate the reliability of the measurement methods and were compared between high (Group H) and low (Group L) radiograph quality score groups for each method. Validity was assessed by comparing the KT-2000 and the TelosTM using Pearson correlation (r value). RESULTS: The Modified Lateral method showed the best Intraclass Correlation Coefficients (ICCs), followed by Center to Center, and Medial to Medial and Lateral to Lateral methods without considering the quality of Telos. In the comparison between groups based on Telos quality for intra-rater reliability, the Medial to Medial (MM) method demonstrated the best reliability in both groups (MM: ICCs, Group H = 0.942, Group L = 0.917, P = 0.693). As for inter-rater reliability, the Modified Lateral (ML) method exhibited the best reliability in both groups (ML: ICCs, Group H = 0.923, Group L = 0.882, P = 0.547). The value measured using the ML method in Telos showed the highest correlation coefficient with the KT-2000 measured value in both groups H and L. There were no statistically significant differences among the correlation coefficient values. CONCLUSION: The Modified Lateral method is recommended for its high reliability, taking into account the differences in bilateral knee positions and anatomical discriminability on stress radiographs when evaluating anterior knee translation with Telos. It also best reflected the KT-2000 arthrometer. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Case Series, Level IV.

Bio-Inspired Energy-Efficient Cluster-Based Routing Protocol for the IoT in Disaster Scenarios.

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a promising technology for sensing and monitoring the environment to reduce disaster impact. Energy is one of the major concerns for IoT devices, as sensors used in IoT devices are battery-operated. Thus, it is important to reduce energy consumption, especially during data transmission in disaster-prone situations. Clustering-based communication helps reduce a node's energy decay during data transmission and enhances network lifetime. Many hybrid combination algorithms have been proposed for clustering and routing protocols to improve network lifetime in disaster scenarios. However, the performance of these protocols varies widely based on the underlying network configuration and the optimisation parameters considered. In this research, we used the clustering parameters most relevant to disaster scenarios, such as the node's residual energy, distance to sink, and network coverage. We then proposed the bio-inspired hybrid BOA-PSO algorithm, where the Butterfly Optimisation Algorithm (BOA) is used for clustering and Particle Swarm Optimisation (PSO) is used for the routing protocol. The performance of the proposed algorithm was compared with that of various benchmark protocols: LEACH, DEEC, PSO, PSO-GA, and PSO-HAS. Residual energy, network throughput, and network lifetime were considered performance metrics. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm effectively conserves residual energy, achieving more than a 17% improvement for short-range scenarios and a 10% improvement for long-range scenarios. In terms of throughput, the proposed method delivers a 60% performance enhancement compared to LEACH, a 53% enhancement compared to DEEC, and a 37% enhancement compared to PSO. Additionally, the proposed method results in a 60% reduction in packet drops compared to LEACH and DEEC, and a 30% reduction compared to PSO. It increases network lifetime by 10-20% compared to the benchmark algorithms.

Perceived childhood family cohesiveness prior to deployment prospectively moderates risk for war-zone psychopathology in theater among deployed U.S. soldiers.

OBJECTIVE: Several studies have demonstrated robust protective effects of childhood family support and cohesiveness on adult stress-related psychopathology. However, there is little evidence regarding the prospective relationship between the perceived childhood family environment and the in-theater emergence of war-zone stress-related psychological symptoms. The present report is from data collected from the Texas Combat PTSD Risk Project, which aims to identify risk and resilience factors at predeployment that predict the subsequent impact of war-zone stressors in terms of psychological symptom emergence in U.S. soldiers deployed to Iraq. METHOD: Soldiers (N = 150) completed a battery of standardized interview and self-report assessments at predeployment, including a measure of perceived childhood family cohesion. Once deployed, soldiers completed monthly web-based self-report assessments of war-zone stressors, posttraumatic stress symptoms, depression, and anxiety. RESULTS: Consistent with predictions, greater perceived childhood family cohesiveness prior to deployment robustly mitigated subsequent in-theater symptoms. However, contrary to predictions, childhood family cohesiveness did not reliably moderate the linkage between war-zone stressors and in-theater symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: Consistent with a wealth of other evidence demonstrating protective stress resilience effects of childhood family cohesion that extend across the lifespan, the present findings suggest they also extend to the war-zone environment among deployed soldiers. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Large-Scale Mechanochemical Synthesis of Cesium Lanthanide Chloride for Radioluminescence.

Cesium lanthanide chloride (Cs3LnCl6), a recently developed class of lanthanide-based zero-dimensional metal halides, has garnered a significant amount of interest because of its potential applications in scintillators, light-emitting diodes, and photodetectors. Although cesium lanthanide chloride demonstrates exceptional scintillator properties, conventional synthesis methods involving solid-state and solution-phase techniques are complex and limited on the reaction scale. This study presents a facile mechanochemical synthesis method for producing Cs3CeCl6, Cs3TbCl6, and Cs3EuCl6 metal halides on a 5 g scale. These materials exhibit intense blue-violet, green, and red emissions upon ultraviolet excitation, with high photoluminescence quantum yields ranging from 54% to 93%. Furthermore, Cs3CeCl6, Cs3TbCl6, and Cs3EuCl6 metal halides exhibit intense radioluminescence spanning from the ultraviolet to the visible region. This research shows the potential of the scalable mechanochemical synthesis of lanthanide-based metal halides for the advancement of luminescent materials for scintillators.

Implications of inflammatory cell death-PANoptosis in health and disease.

Regulated cell death (RCD) pathways, such as pyroptosis, apoptosis, and necroptosis, are essential for maintaining the body's balance, defending against pathogens, and eliminating abnormal cells that could lead to diseases like cancer. Although these pathways operate through distinct mechanisms, recent genetic and pharmacological studies have shown that they can interact and influence each other. The concept of "PANoptosis" has emerged, highlighting the interplay between pyroptosis, apoptosis, and necroptosis, especially during cellular responses to infections. This article provides a concise overview of PANoptosis and its molecular mechanisms, exploring its implications in various diseases. The review focuses on the extensive interactions among different RCD pathways, emphasizing the role of PANoptosis in infections, cytokine storms, inflammatory diseases, and cancer. Understanding PANoptosis is crucial for developing novel treatments for conditions involving infections, sterile inflammations, and cancer.

Patellofemoral joint cartilage lesions frequently develop shortly after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using hamstring tendon autograft: A systematic review.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to investigate the development of patellofemoral joint (PFJ) cartilage lesions following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) using hamstring tendon (HT) autograft through a systematic review. METHODS: A comprehensive search was conducted in PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library and Google Scholar databases to find articles published from database inception until 15 November 2023. The search terms were [('Anterior Cruciate Ligament' [mesh] OR 'anterior cruciate ligament' OR 'ACL') AND 'reconstruction' AND 'cartilage' AND ('second look arthroscopy' OR 'second-look arthroscopy' OR 'MRI' OR 'magnetic resonance imaging')]. Inclusion criteria were studies that reported on the occurrence of PFJ cartilage lesions following ACLR using HT autograft, as determined by second-look arthroscopy or follow-up magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). RESULTS: Fifteen studies (1084 patients) met the inclusion criteria, with follow-up periods ranging from 1 to 5 years. In the results of second-look arthroscopy, cartilage grade deterioration was observed, ranging from MDs of 0.1 to 2.0 in the patella and from 0 to 1.0 in the trochlea. Follow-up MRI results reported the incidence of PFJ cartilage degeneration with rates ranging from 20% to 44%. Patient-reported outcome measures often showed no significant association with PFJ cartilage lesions. The studies included in this review reported various risk factors for cartilage lesion development. CONCLUSION: Cartilage lesions in the PFJ, detected using second-look arthroscopy or follow-up MRI, frequently develop shortly after ACLR using HT autograft. At this stage, patients might not show specific symptoms; however, those with risk factors require careful observation and evaluation by clinicians during follow-up. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV.

Structure-Guided Engineering of Thermodynamically Enhanced SaCas9 for Improved Gene Suppression.

Proteins with multiple domains play pivotal roles in various biological processes, necessitating a thorough understanding of their structural stability and functional interplay. Here, a structure-guided protein engineering approach is proposed to develop thermostable Cas9 (CRISPR-associated protein 9) variant for CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) interference applications. By employing thermodynamic analysis, combining distance mapping and molecular dynamics simulations, deletable domains are identified to enhance stability while preserving the DNA recognition function of Cas9. The resulting engineered Cas9, termed small and dead form Cas9, exhibits improved thermostability and maintains target DNA recognition function. Cryo-electron microscopy analysis reveals structural integrity with reduced atomic density in the deleted domain. Fusion with functional elements enables intracellular delivery and nuclear localization, demonstrating efficient gene suppression in diverse cell types. Direct delivery in the mouse brain shows enhanced knockdown efficiency, highlighting the potential of structure-guided engineering to develop functional CRISPR systems tailored for specific applications. This study underscores the significance of integrating computational and experimental approaches for protein engineering, offering insights into designing tailored molecular tools for precise biological interventions.

Chemically Driven Clearance of Amyloid Aggregates by Polyfunctionalized Furo[2,3-b:4,5-b']dipyridine-Chalcone Hybrids to Ameliorate Memory in an Alzheimer Mouse Model.

The aberrant assembly of amyloid-ß (Aß) is implicated in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Recent clinical outcomes of Aß-targeted immunotherapy reinforce the notion that clearing Aß burden is a potential therapeutic approach for AD. Herein, to develop drug candidates for chemically driven clearance of Aß aggregates, we synthesized 51 novel polyfunctionalized furo[2,3-b:4,5-b']dipyridine-chalcone hybrid compounds. After conducting two types of cell-free anti-Aß functional assays, Aß aggregation prevention and Aß aggregate clearance, we selected YIAD-0336, (E)-8-((1H-pyrrol-2-yl)methylene)-10-(4-chlorophenyl)-2,4-dimethyl-7,8-dihydropyrido[3',2':4,5]furo[3,2-b]quinolin-9(6H)-one, for further in vivo investigations. As YIAD-0336 exhibited a low blood-brain barrier penetration profile, it was injected along with aggregated Aß directly into the intracerebroventricular region of ICR mice and ameliorated spatial memory in Y-maze tests. Next, YIAD-0336 was orally administered to 5XFAD transgenic mice with intravenous injections of mannitol, and YIAD-0336 significantly removed Aß plaques from the brains of 5XFAD mice. Collectively, YIAD-0336 dissociated toxic aggregates in the mouse brain and hence alleviated cognitive deterioration. Our findings indicate that chemically driven clearance of Aß aggregates is a promising therapeutic approach for AD.

Perspectives on Electronic Nicotine Delivery System Use Cessation Among Adults in Rural Areas: Implications for Future Studies.

INTRODUCTION: More young adults (age 18-24 years) in rural areas versus urban areas use electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) - also known as e-cigarettes. Little is known about young adults' perceptions toward ENDS use and cessation. The objective of this study was to examine barriers and facilitators to ENDS use cessation among young adults living in rural areas, as well as their perceptions about ENDS use and cessation and to determine implications for future cessation studies. METHODS: We administered cross-sectional online surveys to young adults living in rural Midwestern counties. A total of 100 individuals responded to the surveys. Descriptive statistics were used to report their perceptions of ENDS use as well as barriers and facilitators to ENDS use cessation. The content analysis method was used to analyze the answers to an open-ended question regarding perceptions about the ENDS use cessation in the context of rural areas. RESULTS: Barriers to ENDS use cessation included perceived advantages to ENDS use, high nicotine dependence, and the perception that ENDS use was less harmful cigarettes. Facilitators to ENDS use cessation included cost of ENDS use, perceived harm, and high confidence in ability to quit. Participants' perceptions about ENDS use cessation in the context of rural areas were conceptualized under the themes of (1) exposure to and initiation of ENDS use, (2) continuation of ENDS use, and (3) prevention and cessation of ENDS use. CONCLUSIONS: Health care providers, tobacco control researchers, and public health advocates should be aware of barriers and facilitators to ENDS use cessation among young adults for future cessation intervention studies relevant specifically to rural areas.

GPR41 and GPR43: From development to metabolic regulation.

G-protein-coupled receptors are a diverse class of cell surface receptors that orchestrate numerous physiological functions. The G-protein-coupled receptors, GPR41 and GPR43, sense short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), which are metabolites of dietary fermentation by the host's intestinal bacteria. These receptors have gained attention as potential therapeutic targets against various diseases because of their SCFA-mediated beneficial effects on the host's intestinal health. Mounting evidence has associated the activity of these receptors with chronic metabolic diseases, including obesity, diabetes, inflammation, and cardiovascular disease. However, despite intensive research using various strategies, including gene knockout (KO) mouse models, evidence about the precise roles of GPR41 and GPR43 in disease treatment remains inconsistent. Here, we comprehensively review the latest findings from functional studies of the signaling mechanisms that underlie the activities of GPR41 and GPR43, as well as highlight their multifaceted roles in health and disease. We anticipate that this knowledge will guide future research priorities and the development of effective therapeutic interventions.

Literature review of non-pharmacological treatment for patients with axial spondyloarthritis.

Axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) is a chronic inflammatory disorder affecting the sacroiliac joints and axial spine. Along with pharmacotherapy, non-pharmacological interventions for axSpA are crucial and constitute the cornerstone of treatment. Here, we review the evidence for non-pharmacological treatment of axSpA as a basis for the 2023 Korean treatment recommendations for patients with axSpA. The effectiveness of the core non-pharmacological approaches, such as education, smoking cessation, and exercise, has been reaffirmed. High-quality research on surgical treatment is limited. However, total hip replacement is advised in patients with ongoing pain or disability and visible structural damage to the hip on imaging. Urgent spinal intervention should be considered in cases of acute spinal pain with neurological deficiency or concurrent unstable fractures. Evidence for complementary therapies, including spas and acupuncture, remains insufficient.