Operational Definitions of Poly-Victimization: A Scoping Review.

Throughout the last two decades, research on poly-victimization (PV) has evolved from examinations of a core set of past-year victimization types in youth samples to investigations of a broad range of victimization types experienced during variable time intervals in diverse samples of varying ages. As the concept of PV expands, greater clarity regarding the definition and measurement of PV is needed to advance understanding of its risk and protective factors as well as its associated outcomes. This scoping review aimed to (a) identify approaches used to operationally define and measure PV across studies and (b) synthesize empirical findings concerning risk factors and outcomes associated with PV. A systematic search of peer-reviewed research published before 2022 across 12 databases yielded 98 studies that met inclusion criteria. Study characteristics including the research design, sample type, victimization timeframe, operational definition(s) of PV, measurement of PV, analytic methods, and key findings were synthesized across studies. Findings indicated that the majority of reviewed studies were cross-sectional investigations that utilized categorical measures of lifetime PV in samples of youth. Results also demonstrated that PV is robustly associated with a broad range of predictors, including mental health symptoms and diagnoses as well as family- and community-level factors. PV is also associated with numerous adverse outcomes including depression, anxiety, suicidality, substance use, and delinquency across diverse study types and populations. Future research that examines the conditional effects of PV is needed to identify subgroups of individuals at higher risk of adverse outcomes following PV and modifiable targets for interventions.

Conflict Resolution Interventions and Tertiary Violence Prevention Among Urban Nonintimate Adults: A Review of the Literature.

Several hundred U.S. conflict resolution and restorative justice programs are addressing community violence using neutral facilitation to help people in conflict, or those who have experienced a crime, to talk things out face-to-face and come up with self-determined solutions. Very little quantitative intervention research has been conducted on the capacity of these programs to reduce violence, violent crime, and criminal recidivism. The scientific literature pertaining to the association of conflict resolution interventions with violence prevention are identified, screened, and sorted. Study design, sampling, measurement, and analyses are assessed using objective standards. Individual criminal recidivism outcomes and neighborhood gun violence rates are charted. In the 10 included studies, disparate conflict resolution and restorative justice interventions each appears to be related to modest reductions in individual criminal recidivism for participants, when compared with standard criminal justice system treatment. Conflict interruption interventions show a decrease in neighborhood gun violence in most districts. Future studies of conflict resolution and violence should mitigate selection bias, control for possibly confounding factors, operationalize all intervention components, select the correct units of analyses, and link "what works" outcome data to "how it works" intervention data. Four key gaps include measuring self-reported violence, including victimization, studying adults, and examining "upstream" interventions.

Views of barriers and facilitators to continuing methadone treatment upon release from jail among people receiving patient navigation services.

BACKGROUND: Patient navigation has potential for assisting patients who initiate methadone during pretrial detention to enter and remain in treatment following release, but we know little about participants' experiences with this service. METHODS: This study drew a purposive sample of male and female participants (N = 17) from participants enrolled in a randomized trial of initiating methadone with vs. without patient navigation while in the Baltimore City Detention Center. The study interviewed participants in the community at 1 and 3 months following release and asked them about their experiences of reentry, methadone treatment continuation, drug use, and interactions with the patient navigator. The study recorded, transcribed, coded using Atlas.ti, and analyzed thematically the interviews. RESULTS: Participants reported encountering four key challenges in the community: getting to treatment following release, assembling basic supports, managing criminal justice system demands, and staying in treatment. Participants' experiences of the patient navigator's support to address these challenges fell into six thematic groups: showing nonjudgmental caring and persistence, advocating within programs, brokering resources, managing interactions with the criminal justice system, balancing encouragement and self-determination, and offering genuine and familial-type support. CONCLUSION: Nearly all participants appreciated the navigator's support and deemed it helpful. The previously reported randomized trial found that participants assigned to initiate methadone treatment with navigation had higher rates of receiving their first "guest" methadone dose in the community but did not have significantly different rates of treatment enrollment or of illicit opioid use compared to those assigned to begin methadone treatment without navigation. Treatment programs should work to improve retention and postrelease outcomes among this population.

Working under conditions of social vulnerability: Depression among Latina/o immigrant horse workers.

OBJECTIVES: The American agricultural industry is heavily reliant on Latina/o workers, yet there is scant understanding regarding the mental health of this population. This gap in the literature is glaring as Latina/o farmworkers are a highly vulnerable group who experience high rates of occupational risks and health hazards. This study is the first, to our knowledge, to examine individual, social and work-related correlates of depression among Latina/o horse workers. METHOD: A community survey (N = 225) administered by lay health workers was implemented with Latina/o horse workers who were employed in thoroughbred horse farms in Kentucky. Study participants were on average 35 years old (9.6), largely male (85.8%), married (67.6%), dominant Spanish speakers (95.1%), born in Mexico (84.4%), made a modal average hourly wage of $10.24, and had spent an average of 14.5 years in the United States. Hierarchical regression analysis was conducted to examine the association between (a) individual and social factors and (b) work factors with depression. RESULTS: Women (ß = .13, p < .04), and those who reported higher job insecurity (ß = .23, p < .001) and number of days missed due to injury (ß = .20, p < .05) were more likely to report higher depressive symptoms. Work discrimination due to race/ethnicity (ß = .26, p < .001) was distinctly associated to depressive symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: Work-related discrimination was uniquely associated with depressive symptoms independent of the effects of occupational risks and stressors. This may be particularly salient in a rising anti-immigrant national context. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).