Chinese Medicine for Treatment of COVID-19: A Review of Potential Pharmacological Components and Mechanisms.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an acute infectious respiratory disease that has been prevalent since December 2019. Chinese medicine (CM) has demonstrated its unique advantages in the fight against COVID-19 in the areas of disease prevention, improvement of clinical symptoms, and control of disease progression. This review summarized the relevant material components of CM in the treatment of COVID-19 by searching the relevant literature and reports on CM in the treatment of COVID-19 and combining with the physiological and pathological characteristics of the novel coronavirus. On the basis of sorting out experimental methods in vivo and in vitro, the mechanism of herb action was further clarified in terms of inhibiting virus invasion and replication and improving related complications. The aim of the article is to explore the strengths and characteristics of CM in the treatment of COVID-19, and to provide a basis for the research and scientific, standardized treatment of COVID-19 with CM.

Clinicopathologic Features and Outcomes of Acute Leukemia Harboring PICALM::MLLT10 Fusion.

The PICALM::MLLT10 fusion is a rare but recurrent cytogenetic abnormality in acute leukemia, with limited clinicopathologic and outcome data available. Herein, we analyzed 156 acute leukemia patients with PICALM::MLLT10 fusion, including 12 patients from our institutions and 144 patients from the literature. The PICALM::MLLT10 fusion preferentially manifested in pediatric and young adult patients, with a median age of 24 years. T-lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma (T-ALL) constituted 65% of cases, acute myeloid leukemia (AML) 27%, and acute leukemia of ambiguous lineage (ALAL) 8%. About half of T-ALL were classified as an early T-precursor (ETP)-ALL. In our institutions' cohort, mediastinum was the most common extramedullary site of involvement. Eight of 12 patients were diagnosed with T-ALL exhibiting a pro-/pre-T stage phenotype (CD4/CD8-double negative, CD7-positive), and frequent CD79a expression. NGS revealed pathogenic mutations in 5 of 6 tested cases, including NOTCH1, and genes in RAS and JAK-STAT pathways and epigenetic modifiers. Of 138 cases with follow-up, pediatric patients (<18 years) had 5-year overall survival (OS) of 71%, significantly better than adults at 33%. The 5-year OS for AML patients was 25%, notably shorter than T-ALL patients at 54%; this distinction was observed in both pediatric and adult populations. Furthermore, adult but not pediatric ETP-ALL patients demonstrated inferior survival compared to non-ETP-ALL patients. Neither karyotype complexity nor transplant status had a discernible impact on OS. In conclusion, PICALM::MLLT10 fusion is most commonly seen in T-ALL patients, particularly those with an ETP phenotype. AML and adult ETP-ALL patients had adverse prognosis. PICALM::MLTT10 fusion testing should be considered in T-ALL, AML, and ALAL patients.

Phylogenomic analysis and molecular identification of true fruit flies.

The family Tephritidae in the order Diptera, known as true fruit flies, are agriculturally important insect pests. However, the phylogenetic relationships of true fruit flies, remain controversial. Moreover, rapid identification of important invasive true fruit flies is essential for plant quarantine but is still challenging. To this end, we sequenced the genome of 16 true fruit fly species at coverage of 47-228×. Together with the previously reported genomes of nine species, we reconstructed phylogenetic trees of the Tephritidae using benchmarking universal single-copy ortholog (BUSCO), ultraconserved element (UCE) and anchored hybrid enrichment (AHE) gene sets, respectively. The resulting trees of 50% taxon-occupancy dataset for each marker type were generally congruent at 88% nodes for both concatenation and coalescent analyses. At the subfamily level, both Dacinae and Trypetinae are monophyletic. At the species level, Bactrocera dorsalis is more closely related to Bactrocera latifrons than Bactrocera tryoni. This is inconsistent with previous conclusions based on mitochondrial genes but consistent with recent studies based on nuclear data. By analyzing these genome data, we screened ten pairs of species-specific primers for molecular identification of ten invasive fruit flies, which PCR validated. In summary, our work provides draft genome data of 16 true fruit fly species, addressing the long-standing taxonomic controversies and providing species-specific primers for molecular identification of invasive fruit flies.

What enlightenment has the development of lung cancer bone metastasis brought in the last 22 years.

BACKGROUND: Lung cancer bone metastasis (LCBM) is a disease with a poor prognosis, high risk and large patient population. Although considerable scientific output has accumulated on LCBM, problems have emerged, such as confusing research structures. AIM: To organize the research frontiers and body of knowledge of the studies on LCBM from the last 22 years according to their basic research and translation, clinical treatment, and clinical diagnosis to provide a reference for the development of new LCBM clinical and basic research. METHODS: We used tools, including R, VOSviewer and CiteSpace software, to measure and visualize the keywords and other metrics of 1903 articles from the Web of Science Core Collection. We also performed enrichment and protein-protein interaction analyses of gene expression datasets from LCBM cases worldwide. RESULTS: Research on LCBM has received extensive attention from scholars worldwide over the last 20 years. Targeted therapies and immunotherapies have evolved into the mainstream basic and clinical research directions. The basic aspects of drug resistance mechanisms and parathyroid hormone-related protein may provide new ideas for mechanistic study and improvements in LCBM prognosis. The produced molecular map showed that ribosomes and focal adhesion are possible pathways that promote LCBM occurrence. CONCLUSION: Novel therapies for LCBM face animal testing and drug resistance issues. Future focus should centre on advancing clinical therapies and researching drug resistance mechanisms and ribosome-related pathways.

IGF1R and FLT1 in female endothelial cells and CHD2 in male microglia play important roles in Alzheimer's disease based on gender difference analysis.

OBJECTIVE: This study investigated sex-specific pathogenesis mechanisms in Alzheimer's disease (AD) using single-nucleus RNA sequencing (snRNA-seq) data. METHODS: Data from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) were searched using terms "Alzheimer's Disease", "single cell", and "Homo sapiens". Studies excluding APOE E4 and including comprehensive gender information with 10× sequencing methods were selected, resulting in GSE157827 and GSE174367 datasets from human prefrontal cortex samples. Sex-stratified analyses were conducted on these datasets, and the outcomes of the analysis for GSE157827 were compared with those of GSE174367. The findings were validated using expression profiling from the mouse dataset GSE85162. Furthermore, real-time PCR experiments in mice further confirmed these findings. The Seurat R package was used to identify cell types, and batch effects were mitigated using the Harmony R package. Cell proportions by sex were compared using the Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon test, and gene expression variability was displayed with an empirical cumulative distribution plot. Differentially expressed genes were identified using the FindMarkers function with the MAST test. Transcription factors were analyzed using the RcisTarget R package. RESULTS: Seven cell types were identified: astrocytes, endothelial cells, excitatory neurons, inhibitory neurons, microglia, oligodendrocytes, and oligodendrocyte progenitor cells. Additionally, five distinct subpopulations of both endothelial and microglial cells were also identified, respectively. Key findings included: (1) In endothelial cells, genes involved in synapse organization, such as Insulin Like Growth Factor 1 Receptor (IGF1R) and Fms Related Receptor Tyrosine Kinase 1(FLT1), showed higher expression in females with AD. (2) In microglial cells, genes in the ribosome pathway exhibited higher expression in males without AD compared to females (with or without AD) and males with AD. (3) Chromodomain Helicase DNA Binding Protein 2 (CHD2) negatively regulated gene expression in the ribosome pathway in male microglia, suppressing AD, this finding was further validated in mice. (4) Differences between Asians and Caucasians were observed based on sex and disease status stratification. CONCLUSIONS: IGF1R and FLT1 in endothelial cells contribute to AD in females, while CHD2 negatively regulates ribosome pathway gene expression in male microglia, suppressing AD in humans and mice.

α-Ketoglutarate alleviates osteoarthritis by inhibiting ferroptosis via the ETV4/SLC7A11/GPX4 signaling pathway.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common degenerative joint disorder that causes disability in aged individuals, caused by functional and structural alterations of the knee joint. To investigate whether metabolic drivers might be harnessed to promote cartilage repair, a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) untargeted metabolomics approach was carried out to screen serum biomarkers in osteoarthritic rats. Based on the correlation analyses, α-ketoglutarate (α-KG) has been demonstrated to have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties in various diseases. These properties make α-KG a prime candidate for further investigation of OA. Experimental results indicate that α-KG significantly inhibited H2O2-induced cartilage cell matrix degradation and apoptosis, reduced levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA), increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione (GSH)/glutathione disulfide (GSSG) levels, and upregulated the expression of ETV4, SLC7A11 and GPX4. Further mechanistic studies observed that α-KG, like Ferrostatin-1 (Fer-1), effectively alleviated Erastin-induced apoptosis and ECM degradation. α-KG and Fer-1 upregulated ETV4, SLC7A11, and GPX4 at the mRNA and protein levels, decreased ferrous ion (Fe2+) accumulation, and preserved mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) in ATDC5 cells. In vivo, α-KG treatment inhibited ferroptosis in OA rats by activating the ETV4/SLC7A11/GPX4 pathway. Thus, these findings indicate that α-KG inhibits ferroptosis via the ETV4/SLC7A11/GPX4 signaling pathway, thereby alleviating OA. These observations suggest that α-KG exhibits potential therapeutic properties for the treatment and prevention of OA, thereby having potential clinical applications in the future.

Epimedii Folium decoction ameliorates osteoporosis in mice through NLRP3/caspase-1/IL-1ß signalling pathway and gut-bone axis.

AIM OF THE STUDY: This study aimed to determine the effect of Epimedium brevicornu Maxim. (EF) on osteoporosis (OP) and its underlying molecular mechanisms, and to explore the existence of the "Gut-Bone Axis". MATERIAL AND METHODS: The impact of EF decoction (EFD) on OP was evaluated using istopathological examination and biochemical assays. Targeted metabolomics was employed to identify key molecules and explore their molecular mechanisms. Alterations in the gut microbiota (GM) were evaluated by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The role of the GM was clarified using an antibiotic cocktail and faecal microbiota transplantation. RESULTS: EFD significantly increased the weight (14.06%), femur length (4.34%), abdominal fat weight (61.14%), uterine weight (69.86%), and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) levels (59.48%), while reducing serum type I collagen cross-linked carboxy-terminal peptide (CTX-I) levels (15.02%) in osteoporotic mice. The mechanism of action may involve the regulation of the NLRP3/cleaved caspase-1/IL-1ß signalling pathway in improving intestinal tight junction proteins and bone metabolism. Additionally, EFD modulated the abundance of related GM communities, such as Lactobacillus, Coriobacteriaceae, bacteria of family S24-7, Clostridiales, and Prevotella, and increased propionate and butyrate levels. Antibiotic-induced dysbiosis of gut bacteria disrupted OP regulation of bone metabolism, which was restored by the recovery of GM. CONCLUSIONS: Our study is the first to demonstrate that EFD works in an OP mouse model by utilising GM and butyric acid. Thus, EF shows promise as a potential remedy for OP in the future.

Microbial etch: A novel construction method of functionalized biochar for enhanced uranium extraction in radioactive wastewater.

Nuclear energy is playing an increasingly important role on the earth, but the nuclear plants leaves a legacy of radioactive waste pollution, especially uranium-containing pollution. Straw biochar with wide sources, large output, low cost, and easy availability, has emerged as a promising material for uranium extraction from radioactive wastewater, but the natural biomass with suboptimal structure and low content of functional groups limits the efficiency. In this work, microbial etch was first came up to regulate the biochar's structure and function. The surface of the biochar becomes rougher and more microporous, and the mineral contents (Ca, P) indirectly increased by microbial etch. The biochar was modified by calcium phosphate and exhibited a remarkable uranium extraction capacity of 590.8 mg g-1 (fitted value). This work provides a cost-effective and sustainable method for preparing functionalized biochar via microbial etch, which has potential for application to uranium extraction from radioactive wastewater.

Myocardial Transit Time Mapping by CMR: A Novel Indicator of Microcirculatory Dysfunction in Cardiac Amyloidosis.

Cardiac amyloidosis (CA) is characterized by the deposition of amyloid fibrils within the myocardium, resulting in a restrictive physiology. Although microvascular dysfunction is a common feature, it is difficult to assess. This study aimed to explore myocardial transit time (MyoTT) by cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) as a potential novel parameter of microcirculatory dysfunction in CA. This prospective study enrolled 20 CA patients and 20 control subjects. CMR acquisition included cine imaging, pre- and post-contrast T1 mapping, and MyoTT assessment, which was calculated from the time delay in contrast agent arrival between the aortic root and coronary sinus (CS). Compared to the control group, patients with CA exhibited significantly reduced left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction and myocardial strain, an increase in LV global peak wall thickness (LVGPWT), extracellular volume fraction (ECV), and prolonged MyoTT (14.4 ± 3.8 s vs. 7.7 ± 1.5 s, p < 0.001). Moreover, patients at Mayo stage III had a significantly longer MyoTT compared to those at stage I/II. MyoTT showed a positive correlation with the ECV, LVGPWT, and LV global longitudinal strain (LV-GLS) (p < 0.05). The area under the curve (AUC) for MyoTT was 0.962, demonstrating diagnostic performance comparable to that of the ECV (AUC 0.995) and LV-GLS (AUC 0.950) in identifying CA. MyoTT is significantly prolonged in patients with CA, correlating with fibrosis markers, remodeling, and dysfunction. As a novel parameter of coronary microvascular dysfunction (CMD), MyoTT has the potential to be an integral biomarker in multiparametric CMR assessment of CA.

Tumor-repopulating cells evade ferroptosis via PCK2-dependent phospholipid remodeling.

Whether stem-cell-like cancer cells avert ferroptosis to mediate therapy resistance remains unclear. In this study, using a soft fibrin gel culture system, we found that tumor-repopulating cells (TRCs) with stem-cell-like cancer cell characteristics resist chemotherapy and radiotherapy by decreasing ferroptosis sensitivity. Mechanistically, through quantitative mass spectrometry and lipidomic analysis, we determined that mitochondria metabolic kinase PCK2 phosphorylates and activates ACSL4 to drive ferroptosis-associated phospholipid remodeling. TRCs downregulate the PCK2 expression to confer themselves on a structural ferroptosis-resistant state. Notably, in addition to confirming the role of PCK2-pACSL4(T679) in multiple preclinical models, we discovered that higher PCK2 and pACSL4(T679) levels are correlated with better response to chemotherapy and radiotherapy as well as lower distant metastasis in nasopharyngeal carcinoma cohorts.

Explosion of research on psychopathology and social media use after COVID-19: A scientometric study.

BACKGROUND: Despite advances in research on psychopathology and social media use, no comprehensive review has examined published papers on this type of research and considered how it was affected by the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak. AIM: To explore the status of research on psychopathology and social media use before and after the COVID-19 outbreak. METHODS: We used Bibliometrix (an R software package) to conduct a scientometric analysis of 4588 relevant studies drawn from the Web of Science Core Collection, PubMed, and Scopus databases. RESULTS: Such research output was scarce before COVID-19, but exploded after the pandemic with the publication of a number of high-impact articles. Key authors and institutions, located primarily in developed countries, maintained their core positions, largely uninfluenced by COVID-19; however, research production and collaboration in developing countries increased significantly after COVID-19. Through the analysis of keywords, we identified commonly used methods in this field, together with specific populations, psychopathological conditions, and clinical treatments. Researchers have devoted increasing attention to gender differences in psychopathological states and linked COVID-19 strongly to depression, with depression detection becoming a new trend. Developments in research on psychopathology and social media use are unbalanced and uncoordinated across countries/regions, and more in-depth clinical studies should be conducted in the future. CONCLUSION: After COVID-19, there was an increased level of concern about mental health issues and a changing emphasis on social media use and the impact of public health emergencies.

The upregulation and transcriptional regulatory mechanisms of Extra spindle pole bodies like 1 in bladder cancer: An immunohistochemistry and high-throughput screening Evaluation.

Background: This study aimed to explore the expression level and transcriptional regulation mechanism of Extra Spindle Pole Bodies Like 1 (ESPL1) in bladder cancer (BC). Methods: A multicentre database of samples (n = 1391) was assayed for ESPL1 mRNA expression in BC and validated at the protein level by immunohistochemical (IHC) staining of in-house samples (n = 202). Single-cell sequencing (scRNA-seq) analysis and enrichment analysis explored ESPL1 distribution and their accompanying molecular mechanisms. ATAC-seq, ChIP-seq and Hi-C data from multiple platforms were used to investigate ESPL1 upstream transcription factors (TFs) and potential epigenetic regulatory mechanisms. Immune-related analysis, drug sensitivity and molecular docking of ESPL1 were also calculated. Furthermore, upstream microRNAs and the binding sites of ESPL1 were predicted. The expression level and early screening efficacy of miR-299-5p in blood (n = 6625) and tissues (n = 537) were examined. Results: ESPL1 was significantly overexpressed at the mRNA level (p < 0.05, SMD = 0.75; 95 % CI = 0.09, 1.40), and IHC staining of in-house samples verified this finding (p < 0.0001). ESPL1 was predominantly distributed in BC epithelial cells. Coexpressed genes of ESPL1 were enriched in cell cycle-related signalling pathways, and ESPL1 might be involved in the communication between epithelial and residual cells in the Hippo, ErbB, PI3K-Akt and Ras signalling pathways. Three TFs (H2AZ, IRF5 and HIF1A) were detected upstream of ESPL1 and presence of promoter-super enhancer and promoter-typical enhancer loops. ESPL1 expression was correlated with various immune cell infiltration levels. ESPL1 expression might promote BC growth and affect the sensitivity and therapeutic efficacy of paclitaxel and gemcitabine in BC patients. As an upstream regulator of ESPL1, miR-299-5p expression was downregulated in both the blood and tissues, possessing great potential for early screening. Conclusions: ESPL1 expression was upregulated in BC and was mainly distributed in epithelial cells. Elevated ESPL1 expression was associated with TFs at the upstream transcription start site (TSS) and distant chromatin loops of regulatory elements. ESPL1 might be an immune-related predictive and diagnostic marker for BC, and the overexpression of ESPL1 played a cancer-promoting role and affected BC patients' sensitivity to drug therapy. miR-299-5p was downregulated in BC blood and tissues and was also expected to be a novel marker for early screening.

Regulation of hepatocyte phospholipid peroxidation signaling by a Chinese patent medicine against psychological stress-induced liver injury.

BACKGROUND: Psychological stress is associated with various diseases including liver dysfunction, yet effective intervention strategies remain lacking due to the unrevealed pathogenesis mechanism. PURPOSE: This study aims to explore the relevance between BMAL1-controlled circadian rhythms and lipoxygenase 15 (ALOX15)-mediated phospholipids peroxidation in psychological stress-induced liver injury, and to investigate whether hepatocyte phospholipid peroxidation signaling is involved in the hepatoprotective effects of a Chinese patent medicine, Pien Tze Huang (PZH). METHODS: Restraint stress models were established to investigate the underlying molecular mechanisms of psychological stress-induced liver injury and the hepatoprotective effects of PZH. Redox lipidomics based on liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was applied for lipid profiling. RESULTS: The present study discovered that acute restraint stress could induce liver injury. Notably, lipidomic analysis confirmed that phospholipid peroxidation was accumulated in the livers of stressed mice. Additionally, the essential core circadian clock gene Brain and Muscle Arnt-like Protein-1 (Bmal1) was altered in stressed mice. Circadian disruption in mice, as well as BMAL1-overexpression in human HepaRG cells, also appeared to have a significant increase in phospholipid peroxidation, suggesting that stress-induced liver injury is closely related to circadian rhythm and phospholipid peroxidation. Subsequently, arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase (ALOX15), a critical enzyme that contributed to phospholipid peroxidation, was screened as a potential regulatory target of BMAL1. Mechanistically, BMAL1 promoted ALOX15 expression via direct binding to an E-box-like motif in the promoter. Finally, this study revealed that PZH treatment significantly relieved pathological symptoms of psychological stress-induced liver injury with a potential mechanism of alleviating ALOX15-mediated phospholipid peroxidation. CONCLUSION: Our findings illustrate the critical role of BMAL1-triggered phospholipid peroxidation in psychological stress-induced liver injury and provide new insight into treating psychological stress-associated liver diseases by TCM intervention.

Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Hydrolyzed Royal Jelly Peptide in Human Dermal Fibroblasts: Implications for Skin Health and Care Applications.

Hydrolyzed royal jelly peptide (RJP) has garnered attention for its health-promoting functions. However, the potential applications of RJP in skincare have not been fully explored. In this study, we prepared RJP through the enzymatic hydrolysis of royal jelly protein with trypsin and investigated its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties on primary human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs). Our results demonstrate that RJP effectively inhibits oxidative damage induced by H2O2 and lipid peroxidation triggered by AAPH and t-BuOOH in HDFs. This effect may be attributed to the ability of RJP to enhance the level of glutathione and the activities of catalase and glutathione peroxidase 4, as well as its excellent iron chelating capacity. Furthermore, RJP modulates the NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated inflammatory response in HDFs, suppressing the mRNA expressions of NLRP3 and IL-1ß in the primer stage induced by LPS and the release of mature IL-1ß induced by ATP, monosodium urate, or nigericin in the activation stage. RJP also represses the expressions of COX2 and iNOS induced by LPS. Finally, we reveal that RJP exhibits superior antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties over unhydrolyzed royal jelly protein. These findings suggest that RJP exerts protective effects on skin cells through antioxidative and anti-inflammatory mechanisms, indicating its promise for potential therapeutic avenues for managing oxidative stress and inflammation-related skin disorders.

Ion pair sites for efficient electrochemical extraction of uranium in real nuclear wastewater.

Electrochemical uranium extraction from nuclear wastewater represents an emerging strategy for recycling uranium resources. However, in nuclear fuel production which generates the majority of uranium-containing nuclear wastewater, fluoride ion (F-) co-exists with uranyl (UO22+), resulting in the complex species of UO2Fx and thus decreasing extraction efficiency. Herein, we construct Tiδ+-PO43- ion pair extraction sites in Ti(OH)PO4 for efficient electrochemical uranium extraction in wastewater from nuclear fuel production. These sites selectively bind with UO2Fx through the combined Ti-F and multiple O-U-O bonds. In the uranium extraction, the uranium species undergo a crystalline transition from U3O7 to K3UO2F5. In real nuclear wastewater, the uranium is electrochemically extracted with a high efficiency of 99.6% and finally purified as uranium oxide powder, corresponding to an extraction capacity of 6829 mg g-1 without saturation. This work paves an efficient way for electrochemical uranium recycling in real wastewater of nuclear production.

Fusion of airborne multimodal point clouds for vegetation parameter correction extraction in burned areas.

Most experimental studies use unimodal data for processing, the RGB image point cloud cannot separate the shrub and tree layers according to the visible vegetation index, and the airborne laser point cloud is difficult to distinguish between the ground and grass ranges, to address the above problems, a multi-band information image fusing the LiDAR point cloud and the RGB image point cloud is constructed. In this study, data collected from UAV platforms, including RGB image point clouds and laser point clouds, were used to construct a fine canopy height model (using laser point cloud data) and high-definition digital orthophotos (using image point cloud data), and the orthophotos were fused with a canopy height model (CHM) by selecting the Difference Enhancement Vegetation Index (DEVI) and Normalised Green-Blue Discrepancy Index (NGBDI) after comparing the accuracy of different indices. Morphological reconstruction of CHM + DEVI/NGBDI fusion image, remove unreasonable values; construct training samples, using classification regression tree algorithm, segmentation of the range of the burned areas and adaptive extraction of vegetation as trees, shrubs and grasslands, tree areas as foreground markers using the local maximum algorithm to detect the tree apexes, the non-tree areas are assigned to be the background markers, and the Watershed Transform is performed to obtain the segmentation contour; the original laser point cloud is divided into chunks according to the segmented single-tree contour, and the highest point is traversed to search for the highest point, and corrected for the height of the single-tree elevations one by one. Accuracy analysis of the vegetation information extracted by the method with the measured data showed that the improved method increased the overall recall rate by 4.1%, the overall precision rate by 3.7%, the overall accuracy F1 score by 3.9%, and the tree height accuracy by 8.8%, 1.4%, 1.7%, 6.4%, 1.8%, and 0.3%, respectively, in the six sampling plots. The effectiveness of the improved method is verified, while the higher the degree of vegetation mixing in the region the better the extraction effect of the improved algorithm.