Intussusception and Other Adverse Event Surveillance after Pilot Introduction of Rotavirus Vaccine in Nam Dinh and Thua Thien Hue Provinces-Vietnam, 2017-2021.

Rotavin-M1 (POLYVAC) was licensed in Vietnam in 2012. The association of Rotavin-M1 with intussusception, a rare adverse event associated with rotavirus vaccines, and with adverse events following immunization (AEFI) have not been evaluated and monitored under conditions of routine use. From February 2017 to May 2021, we conducted a pilot introduction of Rotavin-M1 into the routine vaccination program in two provinces. Surveillance for intussusception was conducted at six sentinel hospitals. AEFI reports at 30 min and 7 days after vaccination were recorded. Among 443 children <12 months of age admitted for intussusception, most (92.3%) were children ≥ 6 months. Of the 388 children who were age-eligible to receive Rotavin-M1, 116 (29.9%) had received ≥1 dose. No intussusception cases occurred in the 1-21 days after dose 1 and one case occurred on day 21 after dose 2. Among the 45,367 children who received ≥1 dose of Rotavin-M1, 9.5% of children reported at least one AEFI after dose 1 and 7.3% after dose 2. Significantly higher AEFI rates occurred among children given Rotavin-M1 with pentavalent vaccines (Quinvaxem®, ComBE Five®) compared to Rotavin-M1 without pentavalent vaccines. There was no association between intussusception and Rotavin-M1. The vaccine was generally safe when administered alone and when co-administered with other vaccines.

Integration of Rubus yellow net virus in the raspberry genome: A story centuries in the making.

Rubus yellow net virus (RYNV) belongs to genus Badnavirus. Badnaviruses are found in plants as endogenous, inactive or activatable sequences, and/or in episomal (infectious and active) forms. To assess the state of RYNV in Rubus germplasm, we sequenced the genomes of various cultivars and mined eight raspberry whole genome datasets. Bioinformatics analysis revealed the presence of a diverse array of endogenous RYNV (endoRYNV) sequences that differ significantly in their structure; some lineages have nearly complete, yet non-functional genomes whereas others have rudimentary, short sequence fragments. We developed assays to genotype the main lineages as well as the only known episomal lineage present in the United States. This study discloses the widespread presence of endoRYNVs in commercial raspberries, likely because breeding efforts have focused on a limited pool of germplasm that harbored endoRYNVs.