Dammarane-type Saponins from the Leaves of Vietnamese Ginseng (Panax vietnamensis Ha & Grushv.) and Their Acetylcholinesterase Inhibition In Vitro and In Silico.

Vietnamese ginseng (Panax vietnamensis Ha & Grushv.) represents one of the famous Panax spp. for valuable applications in both traditional and modern medicine; in which, its rhizome part has mainly been used as the medicinal materials based on the bioactive ginsenosides such as ginsenoside Rb1, ginsenoside Rg1, ginsenoside Rd, and majonoside R2. In modern medicine, the development of medicinal materials and utilization of medicinal plants are crucially based on standard bioactive ingredients, so this study to evaluate the leaves of Vietnamese ginseng as source of bioactive ginsenoside led to the identification of seven ginsenosides (1-7). Of them, ginsenoside Rd (2) and pseudoginsenoside RS1 (5) showed inhibitory effects on acetylcholinesterase in vitro with the IC50 values of 47.13 and 79.58 µM and supported by molecular docking analysis, in which ginsenoside Rd (2) and pseudoginsenoside RS1 (5) could play as allosteric inhibitors with high binding affinity (-8.5 and -9.4 kcal/mol) as evidenced by hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions. The findings provided the scientific evidence for using the leaves of Vietnamese ginseng as an alternative source to the roots to enhance memory in traditional medicine as well as for further research on the anti-dementia effects of 2 and 5.

Dietary glycemic index and glycemic load predict longitudinal change in glycemic and cardio-metabolic biomarkers among old diabetic adults living in a resource-poor country.

This study aims to investigate longitudinal associations between the dietary glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL) and changes in glycemic and cardio-metabolic outcomes. A 28-month retrospective cohort study included 110 Vietnamese diabetic patients, collecting their dietary GI and GL values along with blood biochemical data from baseline 24-h dietary recall and medical records. Latent class growth modelling identified three distinct HbA1c trajectories during the follow-up period, with 51% of patients achieving good glycemic control. The adjusted linear mixed-effect model showed that 1 unit increase in logarithms in dietary GL was associated with a 0.14% increase in the log-HbA1c. Among poorly controlled diabetic patients, baseline GL values were positively correlated with increases in HbA1c; GI showed effects on changes in fasting plasma glucose and the triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index. No significant association was observed in patients with good glycemic control.

Highly Efficient Removal of 2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic Acid by Adsorption and Photocatalysis Using Nanomaterials with Surface Coating by the Cationic Surfactant.

Extensive removal of 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T) using titania (TiO2) nanoparticles by adsorption and photocatalysis with a surface coating by cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) is reported. The CTAB-coated TiO2 nanoparticles (CCTN) were characterized by FT-IR, zeta-potential measurements, and UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV-vis-DRS). 2,4,5-T removal increased significantly after surface modification with CTAB compared with bare TiO2 nanoparticles. Optimal parameters affecting 2,4,5-T removal were found to be pH 4, CCTN dosage 10 mg/mL, and adsorption time 180 min. The maximum adsorptive removal of 2,4,5-T using CCTN reached 96.2% while highest adsorption capacity was 13.4 mg/g. CCTN was also found to be an excellent photocatalyst that achieved degradation efficiency of 99.2% with an initial concentration of 25 mg/L. The removal mechanisms of 2,4,5-T using CCTN by both adsorption and photocatalysis are discussed in detail based on changes in functional group vibrations and surface charge. Our results indicate that CCTN is an excellent material for 2,4,5-T removal in water by both adsorption and photocatalysis.

A new benzophenanthridine alkaloid from stem bark of Zanthoxylum rhetsa and its biological activities.

A new benzophenanthridine alkaloid 6-butanoyldihydrochelerythrine (1) and five known alkaloids 6-acetonyldihydronitidine (2), 6-acetonyldihydrochelerythrine (3), isocorydine (4), (O)-methyltembamide (5), N-(4-methoxyphenethyl)benzamide (6) were isolated from the stem barks of Zanthoxylum rhetsa. These structures were elucidated by 1D, 2D NMR spectroscopy and by mass spectrometry. This is the first time that compounds 2-6 were identified from Zanthoxylum rhetsa and the first time that compounds 4 and 6 were identified from the genus Zanthoxylum. Bioactivity results of isolated compounds showed that 1, 2, 5 and 6 exhibited inhibitory activity against MCF7 and A549 cell lines, while 3 showed the inhibitory activity against A549 cell line; all isolated compounds 1-6 inhibited at least two strain microorganisms; compound 4 showed angiotensin II converting enzyme inhibitory activity in vitro with IC50 value of 65.58 µM and in silico with a docking score of -11.52 kcal/mol.

Assessing applicability of two gridded precipitation datasets for hydrological simulation in a poorly gauged river basin towards supporting sustainable water resources management.

Reliable and accurate precipitation estimates are important for hydrological studies and sustainable water resource management. However, networks of rain gauges are often sparsely and unevenly distributed in many large river basins in the world including the Red River basin (RRB). Thus this study aimed to comprehensively evaluate the applicability of two widely used gridded precipitation products, gauge-based APHRODITE and gauge satellite-based GSMaP-Gauge, over the RRB using both statistical and hydrological assessment approaches. The accuracy assessment of the gridded precipitation datasets was performed by comparing with the reference precipitation dataset derived from the local weather stations. The hydrological performance of both gridded products was evaluated through the Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) hydrological modelling scheme for simulation of daily streamflow at the hydrological stations in the RRB. The results demonstrated that both gridded products could generally capture the spatiotemporal variation of the reference precipitation over the RRB during the period of 2005-2014, although both underestimated the reference precipitation. Results of statistical analysis showed that the APHRODITE data outperformed the GSMaP-Gauge data in precipitation estimation. The performance of the VIC model driven by the gridded precipitation products in streamflow simulation was satisfactory, although simulations forced with APHRODITE data displayed the better performance. Generally, the APHRODITE product showed its encouraging potential for hydrological studies over the RRB.

Human femur morphology and histology variation with ancestry and behaviour in an ancient sample from Vietnam.

BACKGROUND: There is a genetic component to the minimum effective strain (MES)-a threshold which determines when bone will adapt to function-which suggests ancestry should play a role in bone (re)modelling. Further elucidating this is difficult in living human populations because of the high global genetic admixture. We examined femora from an anthropological skeletal assemblage (Mán Bac, Vietnam) representing distinct ancestral groups. We tested whether femur morphological and histological markers of modelling and remodelling differed between ancestries despite their similar lifestyles. METHODS: Static histomorphometry data collected from subperiosteal cortical bone of the femoral midshaft, and gross morphometric measures of femur robusticity, were studied in 17 individuals from the Mán Bac collection dated to 1906-1523 cal. BC. This assemblage represents agricultural migrants with affinity to East Asian groups, who integrated with the local hunter-gatherers with affinity to Australo-Papuan groups during the mid-Holocene. Femur robusticity and histology data were compared between groups of 'Migrant' (n = 8), 'Admixed' (n = 4), and 'Local' (n = 5). RESULTS: Local individuals had more robust femoral diaphyses with greater secondary osteon densities, and relatively large secondary osteon and Haversian canal parameters than the migrants. The Migrant group showed gracile femoral shafts with the least dense bone made up of small secondary osteons and Haversian canals. The Admixed individuals fell between the Migrant and Local categories in terms of their femoral data. However, we also found that measures of how densely bone is remodelled per unit area were in a tight range across all three ancestries. CONCLUSIONS: Bone modelling and remodelling markers varied with ancestral histories in our sample. This suggests that there is an ancestry related predisposition to bone optimising its metabolic expenditure likely in relation to the MES. Our results stress the need to incorporate population genetic history into hierarchical bone analyses. Understanding ancestry effects on bone morphology has implications for interpreting biomechanical loading history in past and modern human populations.

Predicting Heavy Metal Concentrations in Shallow Aquifer Systems Based on Low-Cost Physiochemical Parameters Using Machine Learning Techniques.

Monitoring ex-situ water parameters, namely heavy metals, needs time and laboratory work for water sampling and analytical processes, which can retard the response to ongoing pollution events. Previous studies have successfully applied fast modeling techniques such as artificial intelligence algorithms to predict heavy metals. However, neither low-cost feature predictability nor explainability assessments have been considered in the modeling process. This study proposes a reliable and explainable framework to find an effective model and feature set to predict heavy metals in groundwater. The integrated assessment framework has four steps: model selection uncertainty, feature selection uncertainty, predictive uncertainty, and model interpretability. The results show that Random Forest is the most suitable model, and quick-measure parameters can be used as predictors for arsenic (As), iron (Fe), and manganese (Mn). Although the model performance is auspicious, it likely produces significant uncertainties. The findings also demonstrate that arsenic is related to nutrients and spatial distribution, while Fe and Mn are affected by spatial distribution and salinity. Some limitations and suggestions are also discussed to improve the prediction accuracy and interpretability.

Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome in Young Adults With Congenital Heart Disease.

Adults with congenital heart disease (ACHD) are at risk of developing metabolic syndrome (MetS) at a younger age. We sought to obtain the prevalence of MetS in ACHD from a large population-based database in the United States. We conducted a retrospective cohort study of patients with ACHD in Explorys (IBM Inc., Armonk, New York) database from 2008 to 2019. The ACHD cohort included patients aged 20 to 39 years, with moderate and severe congenital heart disease, as defined by ACHD anatomic and physiologic classification. Patients were diagnosed with MetS using the modified International Diabetes Federation's diagnostic criteria. Logistic regression analysis was performed to compare the risk of MetS in the ACHD cohort. MetS was diagnosed in 1,860 of 6,720 patients with ACHD (27.6%). Among 7,359,470 controls, MetS was seen in 742,010 (10.1%). The average age of MetS in ACHD was 31.5 and 32.7 years in controls (p <0.001). The risk of MetS was higher in ACHD versus controls (odds ratio [OR] 2.75 [2.61 to 2.89], p <0.001). The risk of MetS in ACHD was higher in men (OR 3.01 [2.78 to 3.26], p <0.001) and those aged <25 years (men OR 7.57 [6.31 to 9.07], women OR 4.66 [3.85 to 5.63]; p <0.001). The risk of MetS was higher in patients with severe versus moderate ACHD (OR 1.4 [1.56 to 1.74], p <0.001). In conclusion, MetS and its risk factors are more common in young ACHD than in the general population.

Study of aerosol optical properties at two urban areas in the north of Vietnam with the implication for biomass burning impacts.

The spatiotemporal distribution and characterization of aerosol optical properties in the north of Vietnam were investigated extensively using the long-term measurements obtained from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) (from 2010 to 2019) and two Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) stations (Nghia Do, Hanoi City, from 2010 to 2019 and Son La from 2012 to 2019) located in fast-developing urban areas. This study also analyzed the tendency of AOD over different wavelengths as well as the influences of meteorological parameters and boundary layer height (BLH) on AOD and Ångström exponent (AE). The annual mean AOD500 at Nghia Do and Son La stations were 0.81 and 0.78, respectively. Our results revealed the existence of particles emitted from anthropogenic activities in Hanoi and Son La with the dominance of fine particles (more than 90% of the AE440-870 were larger than 1). Besides, a high percentage of AE440-870 larger than or approximately 1.5 during the dry and transition months in Son La indicated the existence of biomass-burning aerosol particles due to forest fires and burning of agriculture residuals. The classification results for aerosol types showed the presence of both biomass burning and urban/industrial aerosol types at Nghia Do and Son La sites. Among the investigated meteorological parameters, surface solar radiation expressed a significant correlation with AE440-870 in all three seasons at the two sites due to the secondary formation of fine particles induced by the high solar radiation condition. The impacts of meteorological parameters and BLH on AOD were not observed simultaneously during three seasons at Nghia Do and Son La stations.

SuP-Ring: A pneumatic tactile display with substitutional representation of contact force components using normal indentation.

BACKGROUND: Shear force is important for tumour detection and can contribute to minimally invasive surgery (MIS). A popular method uses lateral skin stretch to produce shear force but has some limitations. METHODS: We have developed a ring-type pneumatic tactile display that employs normal indentation substituted for lateral skin stretch to represent normal and shear feedback, called SuP-Ring. Psychophysical experiments were conducted to evaluate how users perceive the provided feedback and the effectiveness of SuP-Ring in tumour localisation. RESULTS: The experimental results show that the participants could perceive the provided normal and shear feedback well. Shear feedback enables users to enhance their performance in localising the tumour and normal feedback could contribute to ensuring the safety requirements in MIS. CONCLUSIONS: The proposed tactile display could be useful for intraoperative tumour localisation and has the potential to be used in a wide variety of applications.

Single-Port Access Endoscopic Thyroidectomy via Axillary Approach for the Benign Thyroid Tumor: New Aspects from Vietnam.

BACKGROUND: This study aims to describe our new experience with single-port totally endoscopic thyroidectomy via the axillary approach in patients with unilateral thyroid benign tumors. In parallel with that, we also discuss here the challenges and novelty highlights we have confronted and solved and the details of our operative technique. METHODS: Between August 2018 and May 2020, the study involved 54 patients who underwent a single-port single-incision endoscopic thyroidectomy via the axillary approach for benign thyroid tumor at the National Hospital of Endocrinology (Hanoi, Vietnam). Surgical patient indications were in working age, goiter classification of grade 1 or grade 2, the thyroid with mononuclear or multinucleated, lesion diameter of less than 4 cm, unilateral thyroid benign lesion and no previous history of neck surgery or irradiation. RESULTS: No mortality was observed. Morbidities included transient voice change in 8 patients, swallowing disorders in 2 patients, transient skin paresthesia in 2 patients and wound hematoma in 2 patients. Mean amount of postoperative drainage was 70.2 mL, mean duration of postoperative drainage was 2.7 days, and mean postoperative hospital day was 6.6 days. Mean total operation time was 66.0 minutes and mean blood loss was 13.3 mL. Regarding medium-term follow-up outcomes following surgery, we recorded the hypothyroidism in 3 patients (5.6%) and the hypocalcemia in 1 case (1.8%). Most patients felt normal neck movement and sensation (79.6%), 3 patients were painful (5.6%) and 8 those were numb (14.8%). We saw the soft incision scar in 35 patients (64.8%), convex scar in 14 patients (25.9%), and hard scar in 5 patients (9.3%). CONCLUSION: Single-port endoscopic thyroidectomy via axillary approach is a safe and feasible treatment option for removing benign thyroid tumor, delivering favorable surgical outcomes with ideal cosmetic effect and reduction in injury to the anterior neck tissue.

Author Correction: Craniometrics Reveal "Two Layers" of Prehistoric Human Dispersal in Eastern Eurasia.

A correction to this article has been published and is linked from the HTML and PDF versions of this paper. The error has not been fixed in the paper.

Craniometrics Reveal "Two Layers" of Prehistoric Human Dispersal in Eastern Eurasia.

This cranio-morphometric study emphasizes a "two-layer model" for eastern Eurasian anatomically modern human (AMH) populations, based on large datasets of 89 population samples including findings directly from ancient archaeological contexts. Results suggest that an initial "first layer" of AMH had related closely to ancestral Andaman, Australian, Papuan, and Jomon groups who likely entered this region via the Southeast Asian landmass, prior to 65-50 kya. A later "second layer" shared strong cranial affinities with Siberians, implying a Northeast Asian source, evidenced by 9 kya in central China and then followed by expansions of descendant groups into Southeast Asia after 4 kya. These two populations shared limited initial exchange, and the second layer grew at a faster rate and in greater numbers, linked with contexts of farming that may have supported increased population densities. Clear dichotomization between the two layers implies a temporally deep divergence of distinct migration routes for AMH through both southern and northern Eurasia.

Immobilized Enzymes in Biosensor Applications.

Enzyme-based biosensing devices have been extensively developed over the last few decades, and have proven to be innovative techniques in the qualitative and quantitative analysis of a variety of target substrates over a wide range of applications. Distinct advantages that enzyme-based biosensors provide, such as high sensitivity and specificity, portability, cost-effectiveness, and the possibilities for miniaturization and point-of-care diagnostic testing make them more and more attractive for research focused on clinical analysis, food safety control, or disease monitoring purposes. Therefore, this review article investigates the operating principle of enzymatic biosensors utilizing electrochemical, optical, thermistor, and piezoelectric measurement techniques and their applications in the literature, as well as approaches in improving the use of enzymes for biosensors.

Improved model adaptation approach for recognition of reduced-frame-rate continuous speech.

In distributed speech recognition applications, the front-end device that stands for any handheld electronic device like smartphones and personal digital assistants (PDAs) captures the speech signal, extracts the speech features, and then sends the speech-feature vector sequence to the back-end server for decoding. Since the front-end mobile device has limited computation capacity, battery power and bandwidth, there exists a feasible strategy of reducing the frame rate of the speech-feature vector sequence to alleviate the drawback. Previously, we proposed a method for adjusting the transition probabilities of the hidden Markov model to enable it to address the degradation of recognition accuracy caused by the frame-rate mismatch between the input and the original model. The previous model adaptation method is referred to as the adapting-then-connecting approach that adapts each model individually and then connects the adapted models to form a word network for speech recognition. We have found that this model adaption approach introduces transitions that skip too many states and increase the number of insertion errors. In this study, we propose an improved model adaptation approach denoted as the connecting-then-adapting approach that first connects the individual models to form a word network and then adapts the connected network for speech recognition. This new approach calculates the transition matrix of a connected model, adapts the transition matrix of the connected model according to the frame rate, and then creates a transition arc for each transition probability. The new approach can better align the speech feature sequence with the states in the word network and therefore reduce the number of insertion errors. We conducted experiments to investigate the effectiveness of our new approach and analyzed the results with respect to insertion, deletion, and substitution errors. The experimental results indicate that the proposed new method obtains a better recognition rate than the old method.

Ancient genomes document multiple waves of migration in Southeast Asian prehistory.

Southeast Asia is home to rich human genetic and linguistic diversity, but the details of past population movements in the region are not well known. Here, we report genome-wide ancient DNA data from 18 Southeast Asian individuals spanning from the Neolithic period through the Iron Age (4100 to 1700 years ago). Early farmers from Man Bac in Vietnam exhibit a mixture of East Asian (southern Chinese agriculturalist) and deeply diverged eastern Eurasian (hunter-gatherer) ancestry characteristic of Austroasiatic speakers, with similar ancestry as far south as Indonesia providing evidence for an expansive initial spread of Austroasiatic languages. By the Bronze Age, in a parallel pattern to Europe, sites in Vietnam and Myanmar show close connections to present-day majority groups, reflecting substantial additional influxes of migrants.

On-Chip Fluorescence Switching System for Constructing a Rewritable Random Access Data Storage Device.

We report the development of on-chip fluorescence switching system based on DNA strand displacement and DNA hybridization for the construction of a rewritable and randomly accessible data storage device. In this study, the feasibility and potential effectiveness of our proposed system was evaluated with a series of wet experiments involving 40 bits (5 bytes) of data encoding a 5-charactered text (KRIBB). Also, a flexible data rewriting function was achieved by converting fluorescence signals between "ON" and "OFF" through DNA strand displacement and hybridization events. In addition, the proposed system was successfully validated on a microfluidic chip which could further facilitate the encoding and decoding process of data. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the use of DNA hybridization and DNA strand displacement in the field of data storage devices. Taken together, our results demonstrated that DNA-based fluorescence switching could be applicable to construct a rewritable and randomly accessible data storage device through controllable DNA manipulations.

Long-Term Stability and Integrity of Plasmid-Based DNA Data Storage.

Validation of long-term DNA stability and integrity are essential for the use of DNA in data storage applications. Because of this, we evaluated the plasmid-based DNA data storage in a manner that preserves DNA stability and integrity. A document consisting of 2046 words was encoded with DNA sequences using Perl script, and the encoded DNA sequences were synthesized for information storage. The DNA comprised a total of 22 chemically synthesized DNA fragments with 400 nucleotides each, which were incorporated into a plasmid vector. A long-term DNA stability study demonstrated that 3-year stored plasmid containing text information showed DNA stability at controlled conditions of -20 °C. The plasmid DNA under accelerated aging conditions (AAC) up to 65 °C for 20 days, which corresponds to approximately 20 years of storage at -20 °C, also exhibited no significant differences in DNA stability compared to newly produced plasmid. Also, the 3-year old plasmid stored at -20 °C and the AAC-tested plasmid stored up to 65 °C for 20 days had functional integrity and nucleotide integrity comparable to control sample, thereby allowing for retrieval of the original error-free text data. Finally, the nucleotides were sequenced, and then decoded to retrieve the original data, thereby allowing us to read the text with 100% accuracy, and amplify the DNA with a simple and quick bacterial transformation. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on examining the long-term stability and integrity of plasmid-based DNA data storage. Taken together, our results indicate that plasmid DNA data storage can be useful for long-term archival storage to recover the source text in a reproducible and accountable manner.

Rapid resolution of cardiac rhabdomyomas following everolimus therapy.

Cardiac rhabdomyoma is the most common primary cardiac tumour during childhood and is usually associated with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC). These tumours are generally considered benign, and spontaneous regression occurs commonly. However, when the tumours cause significant symptoms, the current standard treatment is surgical resection. Everolimus is an mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) complex 1 inhibitor that has been successfully used to treat subependymal giant cell astrocytomas and renal angiomyolipomas associated with TSC. A few case reports have described the effectiveness of everolimus therapy in treating cardiac rhabdomyomas as well. We report a case of a newborn who had near complete resolution of multiple rhabdomyomas within a month of receiving everolimus therapy for non-cardiac masses. To the best of our knowledge, this is the fastest resolution of cardiac rhabdomyomas associated with everolimus therapy to date. Everolimus may be a promising alternative for high-risk surgical candidates with haemodynamically significant cardiac rhabdomyomas.

A novel and highly specific phage endolysin cell wall binding domain for detection of Bacillus cereus.

Rapid, specific and sensitive detection of pathogenic bacteria is crucial for public health and safety. Bacillus cereus is harmful as it causes foodborne illness and a number of systemic and local infections. We report a novel phage endolysin cell wall-binding domain (CBD) for B. cereus and the development of a highly specific and sensitive surface plasmon resonance (SPR)-based B. cereus detection method using the CBD. The newly discovered CBD from endolysin of PBC1, a B. cereus-specific bacteriophage, provides high specificity and binding capacity to B. cereus. By using the CBD-modified SPR chips, B. cereus can be detected at the range of 10(5)-10(8) CFU/ml. More importantly, the detection limit can be improved to 10(2) CFU/ml by using a subtractive inhibition assay based on the pre-incubation of B. cereus and CBDs, removal of CBD-bound B. cereus, and SPR detection of the unbound CBDs. The present study suggests that the small and genetically engineered CBDs can be promising biological probes for B. cereus. We anticipate that the CBD-based SPR-sensing methods will be useful for the sensitive, selective, and rapid detection of B. cereus.