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Little is known about Native American adaptations to blood-sucking arthropods prior to and following European contact. Multiple accounts starting in the 16th century suggest that rancid animal grease was employed by Gulf Coast indigenes as a mosquito repellent. Although many Native American ethnobotanical remedies for biting insects have been recorded, the use of animal products for this purpose is not well documented. Moreover, few traditional Native American mosquito repellents have been examined using controlled laboratory methods for repellency testing. In this study, we tested the repellent efficacy of fats derived from alligator, bear, cod, and shark that were aged to various stages of rancidity. Using yellow fever mosquitoes, (Aedes aegypti), we performed an arm-in-cage assay to measure the complete protection times resulted from these fats, when applied to human skin. We used a Y-tube olfactometer assay to evaluate long-distance repellency and tested tick-repellency in a crawling assay. Our results suggest that rancid animal fats from cod, bear, and alligator are potent albeit short-lived mosquito repellents. We found that both rancid and fresh fats do not repel ticks. Our findings show the validity of traditional ethnozoological knowledge of Native American people and support aspects of the ethnohistorical record.
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Repelentes de Insectos , Animales , Humanos , Aedes/efectos de los fármacos , Grasas , Indígenas Norteamericanos , Repelentes de Insectos/farmacologíaRESUMEN
Natural rubber produced in stems of the guayule plant (Parthenium argentatum) is susceptible to post-harvest degradation from microbial or thermo-oxidative processes, especially once stems are chipped. As a result, the time from harvest to extraction must be minimized to recover high quality rubber, especially in warm summer months. Tocopherols are natural antioxidants produced in plants through the shikimate and methyl-erythtiol-4-phosphate (MEP) pathways. We hypothesized that increased in vivo guayule tocopherol content might protect rubber from post-harvest degradation, and/or allow reduced use of chemical antioxidants during the extraction process. With the objective of enhancing tocopherol content in guayule, we overexpressed four Arabidopsis thaliana tocopherol pathway genes in AZ-2 guayule via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Tocopherol content was increased in leaf and stem tissues of most transgenic lines, and some improvement in thermo-oxidative stability was observed. Overexpression of the four tocopherol biosynthesis enzymes, however, altered other isoprenoid pathways resulting in reduced rubber, resin and argentatins content in guayule stems. The latter molecules are mainly synthesized from precursors derived from the mevalonate (MVA) pathway. Our results suggest the existence of crosstalk between the MEP and MVA pathways in guayule and the possibility that carbon metabolism through the MEP pathway impacts rubber biosynthesis.
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Asteraceae , Hojas de la Planta , Tallos de la Planta , Tocoferoles , Tocoferoles/metabolismo , Tocoferoles/química , Hojas de la Planta/metabolismo , Hojas de la Planta/química , Tallos de la Planta/metabolismo , Tallos de la Planta/química , Tallos de la Planta/genética , Asteraceae/metabolismo , Asteraceae/química , Asteraceae/genética , Goma/metabolismo , Goma/química , Arabidopsis/metabolismo , Arabidopsis/genética , Arabidopsis/química , Resinas de Plantas/metabolismo , Resinas de Plantas/químicaRESUMEN
Jujube, commonly known as the Chinese date, is a nutritious fruit with medicinal importance. Fresh jujube fruits have a shelf life of about ten days in ambient conditions that can be extended by drying. However, nutrition preservation varies with the drying method and parameters selected. We studied total phenolic content (TPC), proanthocyanidins (PA), vitamin C, cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), and antioxidant activities in jujube fruits dried with freeze-drying (FD), convective oven drying (OD) at 50 °C, 60 °C, and 75 °C, and sun drying (SD) with FD as a control. The cultivars used for this study were 'Capri' and 'Xiang' from Las Cruces in 2019, and 'Sugarcane', 'Lang', and 'Sherwood' from Las Cruces and Los Lunas, New Mexico, in 2020. Freeze-drying had the highest of all nutrient components tested, the best estimates of mature jujube fruits' nutrient contents. Compared with FD, the majority of PA (96-99%) and vitamin C (90-93%) was lost during SD or OD processes. The retention rates of antioxidant activities: DPPH and FRAP were higher in OD at 50/60 °C than SD. SD retained a higher cAMP level than OD at 50/60 °C in both years. The increase in oven drying temperature from 60 °C to 75 °C significantly decreased TPC, PA, antioxidant activities, and cAMP.
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Cases of mosquito- and tick-borne diseases are rising worldwide. Repellent products can protect individual users from being infected by such diseases. In a previous study, we identified five essential oils that display long-distance mosquito repellency using a Y-tube olfactometer assay. In the current study, the contact repellent efficacy of 20 active ingredients from the Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) Minimum Risk Pesticides list were tested using Aedes aegypti and Ixodes scapularis. We utilized an arm-in-cage assay to measure complete protection time from mosquito bites for these active ingredients. To measure tick repellency, we used an EPA-recommended procedure to measure the complete protection time from tick crossings. We found that of the 20 ingredients tested, 10% v/v lotion emulsions with clove oil or cinnamon oil provided the longest protection from both mosquito bites and tick crossings. We conclude that in a 10% v/v emulsion, specific active ingredients from the EPA Minimum Risk Pesticides list can provide complete protection from mosquito bites and tick crossings for longer than one hour.
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Aedes , Mordeduras y Picaduras de Insectos , Repelentes de Insectos , Ixodes , Aceites Volátiles , Animales , Humanos , Aceites Volátiles/farmacología , Repelentes de Insectos/farmacologíaRESUMEN
(-)-Cannabidiol [(-)-CBD] has recently gained prominence as a treatment for neuro-inflammation and other neurodegenerative disorders; interest is also developing in its synthetic enantiomer, (+)-CBD, which has a higher affinity to CB1 / CB2 receptors than the natural stereoisomer. We have developed an inexpensive, stereoselective route to access ent-CBD derivatives using (+)-carvone as a starting material. In addition to (+)-CBD, we report the first syntheses of (+)-cannabidivarin, (+)-cannabidiphorol as well as C-6 / C-8 homologues.
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The first asymmetric total synthesis of C(9)-S-(+)-taumycin A is now reported using an approach that targeted both C(9) diastereomers concurrently. To facilitate this work, we called upon the symmetrical nature of a C(5)-C(13) side-chain intermediate and exploited orthogonal protecting groups as a tactic to access both stereoisomers from a single chiral, nonracemic intermediate. In addition to our successful approach, several minor detours that helped refine our strategy and a detailed analysis of 1H NMR data will be discussed. Select compounds included in this work were screened against the NCI60 cell line panel and displayed modest growth inhibition activity.
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Depsipéptidos , EstereoisomerismoRESUMEN
PURPOSE: Abnormally invasive placenta is an important cause of maternal morbidity, and its primary complication is massive bleeding. Strategies for preventing bleeding include arterial endovascular occlusion. One concern with the use of intra-arterial occlusion balloons is radiation exposure to the fetus, which occurs while determining balloon position. In this study, we sought to determine the radiation absorbed dose by the fetus during intra-aortic occlusion balloon placement in patients with abnormally invasive placenta. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We estimated the fetal absorbed dose and the entrance skin dose in the vaginal fundus and lumbar skin, respectively, using thermoluminescent dosimeter crystals, during intra-aortic balloon positioning using the mobile X-ray image intensifier system (C-arm) in digital radiography mode, directly in surgery room, without transfer to angiographic suite. We also performed a mannequin-based simulation to validate the entrance skin dose measurement technique. RESULTS: Ten women undergoing surgical management of an abnormally invasive placenta, in whom the location of the intra-aortic occlusion balloon was verified using plain radiography with C-arm in the surgery room, were included in the study. Following maternal and fetal radiation exposure, the entrance skin dose and radiation absorbed dose by the fetus were 1.31 ± 0.96 mGy and 0.27 ± 0.28 mGy, respectively, with radiation exposure durations of <1 s. CONCLUSIONS: There were no complications with the use of REBOA, the radiation absorbed dose by the fetus, entrance skin dose, and duration of radiation exposure during intra-aortic occlusion balloon placement were lower than those reported for other vascular occlusion techniques, being this a safe procedure.
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Oclusión con Balón , Placenta Accreta , Femenino , Feto , Humanos , Placenta/diagnóstico por imagen , Placenta Accreta/terapia , Embarazo , Estudios RetrospectivosRESUMEN
The fat body is considered the insect analog of vertebrate liver and fat tissue. In mosquitoes, a blood meal triggers a series of processes in the fat body that culminate in vitellogenesis, the process of yolk formation. Lipids are stored in the fat body in specialized organelles called lipid droplets that change in size depending on the nutritional and metabolic status of the insect. We surveyed lipid droplets in female Aedes aegypti fat body during a reproductive cycle using confocal microscopy and analyzed the dynamic changes in the fat body lipidome during this process using LC/MS. We found that lipid droplets underwent dynamic changes in volume after the mosquito took a blood meal. The lipid composition found in the fat body is quite complex with 117 distinct lipids that fall into 19 classes and sublcasses. Our results demonstrate that the lipid composition of the fat body is complex as most lipid classes underwent significant changes over the course of the vitellogenic cycle. This study lays the foundation for identifying unknown biochemical pathways active in the mosquito fat body, that are high-value targets for the development of novel mosquito control strategies.
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Guayule (Parthenium argentatum), a shrub native to the arid region of the U.S. southwest and Mexico belonging to the Asteraceae family, is a source of high quality, hypoallergenic natural rubber with applications in pharmaceutical, tire, and food industries. Production of rubber results in a substantial amount of resin-containing residues which contain a wide variety of secondary metabolites (sesquiterpene esters, triterpene alcohols, fatty acids, etc.). In order to enhance the economic viability of guayule as an industrial crop, value-added use of the residues is needed and has the potential to reduce gross rubber production costs. The main objective of this research is the characterization of guayule resin using rapid and accurate analytical techniques to identify compounds of potential commercial value. Guayule resin is inherently complex and includes many high-molecular-weight and non-volatile compounds that are not easy to observe using traditional chromatographic techniques. The combination of two mass spectroscopy techniques: gas chromatography mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) and high-resolution Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectroscopy (FT-ICR MS), were used to characterize the composition of the extracted resin from guayule (Parthenium argentatum). FT-ICR MS was used to characterize hundreds of compounds with over a wide range of molecular weights and degrees of aromaticity at higher levels of mass accuracy than other forms of mass spectrometry. GC-MS was used to identify volatile compounds like mono- and sesquiterpene compounds.
RESUMEN
Zileuton, a 5-lipoxygenase (5LPO) inhibitor exerts a broad influence in the arachidonic acid (AA) pathway by blocking upstream molecules that otherwise would lead to production of an array of inflammatory leukotrienes (LT) A4-E4. Hence, it has the potential to be a drug suitable to treat complicated asthmatics. Studies have shown modest response rates for zileuton in asthmatics. OBJECTIVE: We sought to study our hypothesis that response to zileuton varies across specific asthmatic phenotypes. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed data from 129 patients with asthma that were prescribed zileuton at the University of Pittsburgh's Comprehensive Lung Clinic. A total of 75 patients from the above population had requisite lung function data and zileuton usage that would help assess a drug response effect. A zileuton responder was defined as having at least or greater than 5% annualized increase in post-bronchodilator FEV1% from baseline. Using a multivariate logistic regression analysis, we determined the association between responder status and the underlying phenotypic characteristics. RESULTS: Using generalized estimating equations (GEE) analysis of 331 individual lung function test data-points as well as logistic regression analysis for predictors of 5% or more annualized increase in FEV1%, 21 of 75 patients (28%) met criteria for having a differential response to zileuton. Severe asthma was associated less often with responder status (OR 0.12; p 0.004). Obesity was less often associated with responder status, however did not reach significance (OR 0.46; p 0.15). CONCLUSION: In this retrospective study, zileuton response varies across asthmatics, with poorer response rates being associated with those with severe asthma and possibly obesity. Although prescription trends for zileuton may predominate amongst severe asthmatics, this tendency does not seem to mirror the actual likelihood to respond. As against the trivial role for zileuton per current GINA algorithms, our study brings forward a notion that zileuton may well be considered along with LTRAs (like montelukast) for non-severe asthma.
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Antiasmáticos/uso terapéutico , Asma/tratamiento farmacológico , Hidroxiurea/análogos & derivados , Inhibidores de la Lipooxigenasa/uso terapéutico , Adulto , Anciano , Femenino , Humanos , Hidroxiurea/uso terapéutico , Pulmón/efectos de los fármacos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Fenotipo , Pruebas de Función Respiratoria , Estudios Retrospectivos , Índice de Severidad de la EnfermedadRESUMEN
Carotenoids are lipophilic pigments found in plants and algae, as well as some bacteria, archaea, and fungi that serve two functions-(1) as light harvesting molecules-primary carotenoids, and (2) as antioxidants, acting against reactive oxygen speciesâ»secondary carotenoids. Because of their strong antioxidant properties, they are also valuable for the development of anti-aging and photo-protective cosmetic applications. Of particular interest is the carotenoid phytoene, for its colorless and UV absorption characteristics. In this study, we targeted a reduction of phytoene desaturase (PDS) activity with the pigment-inhibiting herbicide 1-methyl-3-phenyl-5-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]pyridin-4-one (fluridone), which leads to the over-accumulation of phytoene in the recently characterized microalgal strain Chlorococcum sp. (UTEX B 3056). After post-incubation with fluridone, phytoene levels were measured at ~33 ug/mg cell tissue, as opposed to non-detectable levels in control cultures. Hence, the novel microalga Chlorococcum sp. is a viable candidate for the production of the high-value carotenoid phytoene and subsequent applications in cosmeceuticals, as well as more obvious nutraceutical and pharmaceutical applications.
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Carotenoides/metabolismo , Chlorophyceae/efectos de los fármacos , Chlorophyceae/metabolismo , Piridonas/farmacología , Carotenoides/biosíntesis , Ácidos Grasos/metabolismo , Oxidorreductasas/antagonistas & inhibidores , Oxidorreductasas/metabolismoRESUMEN
Enhanced reactivity of aqueous ozone (O3) with hydroxypropyl-ß-cyclodextrin (HPßCD) and its impact on relative reactivity of O3 with contaminants were evaluated herein. Oxidation kinetics of 1,4-dioxane, trichloroethylene (TCE), and 1,1,1-trichloroethane (TCA) using O3 in single and multiple contaminant systems, with and without HPßCD, were quantified. 1,4-Dioxane decay rate constants for O3 in the presence of HPßCD increased compared to those without HPßCD. Density functional theory molecular modeling confirmed that formation of ternary complexes with HPßCD, O3, and contaminant increased reactivity by increasing reactant proximity and through additional reactivity within the HPßCD cavity. In the presence of chlorinated co-contaminants, the oxidation rate constant of 1,4-dioxane was enhanced. Use of HPßCD enabled O3 reactivity within the HPßCD cavity and enhanced 1,4-dioxane treatment rates without inhibition in the presence of TCE, TCA, and radical scavengers including NaCl and bicarbonate. Micro-environmental chemistry within HPßCD inclusion cavities mediated contaminant oxidation reactions with increased reaction specificity.
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2-Hidroxipropil-beta-Ciclodextrina/farmacología , Dioxanos/farmacología , Ozono , Purificación del Agua/métodos , Agua Subterránea/química , Cinética , Oxidación-Reducción , Ozono/química , Tricloroetanos/farmacología , Tricloroetileno/farmacología , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/análisis , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/químicaRESUMEN
A comprehensive compartment model is presented for PFAS retention that incorporates all potential processes relevant for transport in source zones. Miscible-displacement experiments were conducted to investigate separately the impact of adsorption at the air-water and decane-water interfaces on PFAS retention and transport. Two porous media were used, a quartz sand and a soil, and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) was used as the model PFAS. The breakthrough curves for transport under water-unsaturated conditions were shifted noticeably rightward (delayed arrival) compared to the breakthrough curves for saturated conditions, indicating greater retardation due to adsorption at the air-water or decane-water interface. The retardation factor was 7 for PFOS transport in the sand for the air-water system, compared to 1.8 for saturated conditions. PFOS retardation factors for transport in the soil were 7.3 and 3.6 for unsaturated (air-water) vs saturated conditions. Air-water interfacial adsorption is a significant source of retention for PFOS in these two systems, contributing more than 80% of total retention for the sand and 32% for the soil. For the experiments conducted with decane residual emplaced within the sand, adsorption at the decane-water interface contributed more than 70% to total retention for PFOS transport. Methods to determine or estimate key distribution variables are presented for parameterization of the model. Predicted retardation factors were similar to the measured values, indicating that the conceptual model provided adequate representation of the relevant retention processes and that the parameter estimation methods produced reasonable values. The results of this work indicate that adsorption by fluid-fluid interfaces in variably saturated porous media can be a significant retention process for PFAS that should be considered when characterizing their transport and fate behavior in source zones.
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Fluorocarburos , Adsorción , Porosidad , Dióxido de Silicio , AguaRESUMEN
In humans, dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are involved in therapeutic processes such as prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases, neuropsychiatric disorders, and dementia. We examined the physiology, PUFA accumulation and glycerol lipid biosynthesis in the marine microalga Nannochloropsis salina in response to constant suboptimal temperature (<20 °C). As expected, N. salina exhibited significantly reduced growth rate and photosynthetic activity compared to optimal cultivation temperature. Total fatty acid contents were not significantly elevated at reduced temperatures. Cultures grown at 5 °C had the highest quantity of eicosapentanoic acid (EPA) (C20:5n3) and the lowest growth rate. Additionally, we monitored broadband lipid composition to model the occurrence of metabolic alteration and remodeling for various lipid pools. We focused on triacylglycerol (TAG) with elevated PUFA content. TAGs with EPA at all three acyl positions were higher at a cultivation temperature of 15 °C. Furthermore, monogalactosyldiacylglycerol and digalactosyldiacylglycerol, which are polar lipids associated with chloroplast membranes, decreased with reduced cultivation temperatures. Moreover, gene expression analysis of key genes involved in Kennedy pathway for de novo TAG biosynthesis revealed bimodal variations in transcript level amongst the temperature treatments. Collectively, these results show that Nannochloropsis salina is a promising source of PUFA containing lipids.
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Aclimatación/fisiología , Vías Biosintéticas/genética , Microalgas/fisiología , Estramenopilos/fisiología , Triglicéridos/biosíntesis , Frío , Ácidos Grasos Insaturados/química , Ácidos Grasos Insaturados/metabolismo , Perfilación de la Expresión Génica , Regulación de la Expresión Génica/fisiología , Metabolismo de los Lípidos/fisiología , Metaboloma/fisiología , Aguas Salinas , Triglicéridos/químicaRESUMEN
The use of trimethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate as a mild means to unite epoxy-carvone silyl ethers with anisole derivatives to yield products that are structurally similar to the CBD scaffold is reported. Importantly, unlike related methods, this process can utilize both epoxy-carvone diastereomers and does not require the use of air/moisture-sensitive organometallic reagents. Several examples of aryl nucleophiles as well as mechanistic insight based on in silico computational analysis are presented.
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Public health research and vector control frequently require the rearing of large numbers of vector mosquitoes. All target vector mosquito species are anautogenous, meaning that females require vertebrate blood for egg production. Vertebrate blood, however, is costly, with a short shelf life. To overcome these constraints, we have developed SkitoSnack, an artificial blood meal replacement for the mosquito Aedes aegypti, the vector of dengue, Zika and chikungunya virus. SkitoSnack contains bovine serum albumin and hemoglobin as protein source as well as egg yolk and a bicarbonate buffer. SkitoSnack-raised females had comparable life history traits as blood-raised females. Mosquitoes reared from SkitoSnack-fed females had similar levels of infection and dissemination when orally challenged with dengue virus type 2 (DENV-2) and significantly lower infection with DENV-4. When SkitoSnack was used as a vehicle for DENV-2 delivery, blood-raised and SkitoSnack-raised females were equally susceptible. The midgut microbiota differed significantly between mosquitoes fed on SkitoSnack and mosquitoes fed on blood. By rearing 20 generations of Aedes exclusively on SkitoSnack, we have proven that this artificial diet can replace blood in mosquito mass rearing.
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Aedes/fisiología , Sustitutos Sanguíneos , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/fisiología , Aedes/metabolismo , Animales , Femenino , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/genética , Hierro/metabolismoRESUMEN
We report the co-liquefaction performance of unicellular, red alga Cyanidioschyzon merolae and Galdieria sulphuraria under sub-critical water conditions within a stainless-steel batch reactor under different temperatures (150-300°C), residence time (15-60min), and Cyanidioschyzon merolae to Galdieria sulphuraria mass loading (0-100%). Individual liquefaction of C. merolae and G. sulphuraria at 300°C achieved maximum biocrude oil yield of 18.9 and 14.0%, respectively. The yield of biocrude oil increased to 25.5%, suggesting a positive synergistic effect during the co-liquefaction of 80-20mass loading of C. merolae to G. sulphuraria. The biocrude oils were analyzed by FT-ICR MS which showed that co-liquefaction did not significantly affect the distribution of product compounds compared to individual oils. The co-liquefied biocrude and biochar have a higher-heating-value of 35.28 and 7.96MJ/kg. Ultimate and proximate analysis were performed on algae biomass, biocrude and biochar.
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Microalgas , Biomasa , Aceites , Temperatura , AguaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Asthma is associated with reduced systemic levels of l-arginine and increased asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA). This imbalance leads to nitric oxide synthase (NOS) uncoupling with reduced nitric oxide (NO) formation and greater oxidative and nitrosative stress. Whether this imbalance also occurs in bronchial epitheliumof asthmatics is unknown. OBJECTIVES: We used primary human bronchial epithelial cells (HBECs) from asthmatics and healthy controls to evaluate: (i) ADMA-mediated NOS uncoupling reduces epithelial production of NO and increases oxygen and nitrogen reactive species, and (ii) l-citrulline can reverse this mechanism by recoupling NOS, restoring NO production and reducing oxidative and nitrosative stress. RESULTS: In HBECsIL-13 and INFγ stimulated NOS2 and increased NOx levels. The addition of ADMA reduced NOx and increased H2 O2 levels (p<0.001). Treatment with l-citrulline (800, 1600 µm) rescued NOx when the l-arginine media concentration was 25 µm but failed to do so with higher concentrations (100 µm). Under reduced l-arginine media conditions, HBECs treated with l-citrulline increased the levels of argininosuccinate, an enzyme that metabolizes l-citrulline to l-arginine. l-citrulline prevented the ADMA-mediated increase in nitrotyrosine in HBECs in cells from asthmatics and controls. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Increasing ADMA reduces NO formation and increases oxidative and nitrosative stress in airway epithelial cells. l-citrulline supplementation restores NO formation, while preventing nitrosative stress. These results, suggest that l-citrulline supplementation may indeed be a powerful approach to restore airway NO production and may have a therapeutic potential in diseases in which there is a defective production of NO.
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Arginina/análogos & derivados , Citrulina/farmacología , Óxido Nítrico/metabolismo , Estrés Nitrosativo/efectos de los fármacos , Oxidación-Reducción/efectos de los fármacos , Mucosa Respiratoria/efectos de los fármacos , Mucosa Respiratoria/metabolismo , Adulto , Arginina/farmacología , Asma/metabolismo , Asma/fisiopatología , Células Epiteliales/efectos de los fármacos , Células Epiteliales/metabolismo , Femenino , Humanos , Peróxido de Hidrógeno , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Óxido Nítrico Sintasa/metabolismo , Pruebas de Función Respiratoria , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
This work investigates the hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) of Cyanidioschyzon merolae algal species under various reaction temperatures and catalysts. Liquefaction of microalgae was performed with 10% solid loading for 30min at temperatures of 180-300°C to study the influences of two base and two acid catalysts on HTL product fractions. Maximum biocrude oil yield of 16.98% was obtained at 300°C with no catalyst. The biocrude oil yield increased to 22.67% when KOH was introduced into the reaction mixture as a catalyst. The algal biocrude and biochar has a higher heating values (HHV) of 32.22MJkg-1 and 20.78MJkg-1 respectively when no catalyst was used. Gas chromatography time of flight mass spectrometry (GC/TOFMS) was employed to analyze the biocrude oil composition, and elemental analysis was performed on the algae, biocrude and biochar samples. Analysis of the HTL aqueous phase revealed the presence of valuable products.
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Microalgas/química , Temperatura , Agua , Cromatografía de Gases y Espectrometría de Masas/métodos , Agua/químicaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Anthocyanin-rich blue corn is an emerging specialty crop in the USA. The antioxidant properties of blue corn offer health benefits in the human diet. The objectives of this study were to identify, characterize and quantify the anthocyanins from blue corn. Hypotheses tested were that total anthocyanin content was similar among southwestern US accessions and that it would vary across locations. It was also examined whether different anthocyanin components were unique to certain genotypes. RESULTS: Across all locations and accessions, an average of 0.43 g kg(-1) total anthocyanin content (TAC) was observed. Accessions Santa Clara Blue and Ohio Blue displayed the highest TAC. The TAC of accession Flor del Rio was lower by nearly a factor of six. A total of five anthocyanin components were identified. Cyanidin 3-glucoside was the most abundant, followed by pelargonidin and peonidin 3-glucoside. Succinyl and disuccinyl glycosidic forms of cyanidin were also identified. Cyanidin 3-disuccinylglucoside was newly identified as a novel form of anthocyanin. CONCLUSION: Quantitative and qualitative anthocyanin expression was determined to be relatively stable across multiple southwestern environments. Increased expression of red and purple pigmentation in accession Flor del Rio appeared to be associated more with reduced TAC and cyanidin 3-glucoside than with elevated pelargonidin per se. A previously unreported anthocyanin component in blue corn, cyanidin 3-disuccinylglucoside, is present in southwestern landraces. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.