Unveiling the pathogenic and multidrug-resistant profiles of Vibrio alfacsensis: A potential identified threat in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) aquaculture.

Vibrio alfacsensis is traditionally seen as an environmental symbiont within its genus, with no detailedly documented pathogenicity in marine aquaculture to date. This study delves into the largely unexplored pathogenic potential and emerging antibiotic resistance of V. alfacsensis. The VA-1 strain, isolated from recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) effluent of cultured turbot (Scophthalmus maximus), underwent comprehensive analysis including biochemical identification, antibiotic susceptibility testing and reinfection trials. The results confirmed VA-1's pathogenicity and significant multiple antibiotic resistance. VA-1 could induce systemic infection in turbot, with symptoms like kidney enlargement, exhibiting virulence comparable to known Vibrio pathogens, with an LD50 around 2.36 × 106 CFU/fish. VA-1's remarkable resistance phenotype (14/22) suggested potential for genetic exchange and resistance factor acquisition in aquaculture environments. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rDNA sequences and whole-genome sequencing has firmly placed VA-1 within the V. alfacsensis clade, while genome-wide analysis highlights its similarity and diversity in relation to strains from across the globe. VA-1 contained numerous replicons, indicating the possibility for the spread of resistance and virulence genes. This study suggests V. alfacsensis may acquire and transfer pathogenic and resistant traits through horizontal gene transfer, a likelihood intensified by changing environmental and aquaculture conditions, highlighting the need for vigilant pathogen monitoring and new non-antibiotic treatments.

Novel Role of the ALPI Gene Associated with Constipation Caused by Complement Component 3 Deficiency.

Complement component 3 (C3) deficiency has recently been reported as one of the novel causes of constipation. To identify a unique gene specific to constipation caused by C3 deficiency, the total RNA extracted from the mid colon of C3 knockout (C3 KO) mice was hybridized to oligonucleotide microarrays, and the function of the candidate gene was verified in in vitro and in vivo models. C3 KO mice used for microarrays showed definite phenotypes of constipation. Overall, compared to the wild type (WT), 1237 genes were upregulated, and 1292 genes were downregulated in the C3 KO mice. Of these, the major genes included were lysine (K)-specific demethylase 5D (KDM5D), olfactory receptor 870 (Olfr870), pancreatic lipase (PNLIP), and alkaline phosphatase intestinal (ALPI). Specifically, the ALPI gene was selected as a novel gene candidate based on alterations during loperamide (Lop)-induced constipation and intestinal bowel disease (IBD). The upregulation of ALPI expression treated with acetate recovered the expression level of mucin-related genes in primary epithelial cells of C3 KO mice as well as most phenotypes of constipation in C3 KO mice. These results indicate that ALPI plays an important role as the novel gene associated with C3 deficiency-induced constipation.

Asymmetric Kosmotropism-Stabilized Double-Layer Hydrogel for Low-Cost Neutral Zinc-Air Battery.

Zinc air battery (ZAB) provides a low-cost and high-energy density power source, particularly in wearable and portable devices. Despite the extensive research on air cathode catalysts, their practical application is hindered by low zinc utilization rate and severe corrosion and passivation in liquid-based alkaline electrolytes. Herein, a double-layer gel (DLKgel) is developed by leveraging the distinct kosmotropic properties of ZnCl2 and ZnSO4. Through phase separation induced by the kosmotropic differentiation (instead of membrane in decoupled systems), this DLKgel electrolyte serves a dual purpose of shielding cathode from irreversible reaction products and protecting Zn anode from passivation. Neutral ZABs with DLKgel demonstrate high zinc utilization rate of 89.3% and stable cycling over 800 h under a current density of 0.1 mA cm-2. The integration of DLKgel-based ZABs into a flexible GPS tracking device is demonstrated, highlighting the potential for broad adoption of flexible ZABs in wearable and logistics applications.

Soret-Effect Induced Phase-Change in a Chromium Nitride Semiconductor Film.

Phase-change materials such as Ge-Sb-Te (GST) exhibiting amorphous and crystalline phases can be used for phase-change random-access memory (PCRAM). GST-based PCRAM has been applied as a storage-class memory; however, its relatively low ON/OFF ratio and the large Joule heating energy required for the RESET process (amorphization) significantly limit the storage density. This study proposes a phase-change nitride, CrN, with a much wider programming window (ON/OFF ratio more than 105) and lower RESET energy (one order of magnitude reduction from GST). High-resolution transmission electron microscopy revealed a phase-change from the low-resistance cubic CrN phase into the highly resistive hexagonal CrN2 phase induced by the Soret-effect. The proposed phase-change nitride could greatly expand the scope of conventional phase-change chalcogenides and offer a strategy for the next-generation of PCRAM, enabling a large ON/OFF ratio (∼105), low switching energy (∼100 pJ), and fast operation (∼30 ns).

The relationship between growth mindset and cognitive fusion in college students is mediated by bias towards negative information.

This study aimed to investigate the relationships among growth mindset, cognitive fusion, bias towards negative information, and bias towards positive information. The Growth Mindset Scale, the Attention to Positive and Negative Information Scale, and the Cognitive Fusion Questionnaire were employed. A total of 470 college students in China participated in the study. The findings showed a negative correlation between a growth mindset and cognitive fusion. In addition, a parallel mediation analysis demonstrated that bias towards negative information mediated the relationship between a growth mindset and cognitive fusion and that the indirect effect was significant. However, the mediation of bias towards positive information in this model was not significant. These results suggest that possessing a growth mindset is advantageous for mental health.

Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis in Siblings Treated by Surgical Deformity Correction.

Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) in siblings reflects genetic hypothesis; however, few studies have been published. Furthermore, to the best of our knowledge, there have been no reports in the literature of both siblings with AIS who underwent deformity corrections. A 15-year-old adolescent girl visited our clinic with back pain after recognition of the incidental findings of a scoliotic curve in the spine. Whole spine radiographs detected Lenke classification type 3CN. The patient underwent deformity correction with posterior instrumented fusion from T4 to L3 with thoracoplasty of the right 7th to 10th rib. Four years later, her 16-year-old younger brother also visited our clinic with back pain after recognition of the incidental findings of a scoliotic curve in the spine. Whole spine radiographs detected Lenke classification type 2AN. The patient underwent deformity correction with posterior instrumented fusion from T5 to L2 with thoracoplasty of the right 8th to 10th rib. In conclusion, we report on two siblings with AIS who underwent surgical treatment for different types of curves. They showed favorable outcomes after performing deformity correction with posterior instrumented fusion. Our rare case supports the underlying basis of genetic heterogeneity as a complex polygenic model.

Investigation of Tissue-Specific Distribution and Genetic Variation of Alfalfa Mosaic Virus and Chinese Artichoke Mosaic Virus in Chinese Artichoke (Stachys affinis miq.).

The Chinese artichoke (Stachys affinis syn. S. sieboldii) is a widely cultivated crop, and its rhizome is used as a medicinal vegetable. To investigate the causes of viral diseases in Chinese artichokes, the infection rates of four virus species infecting Chinese artichoke were investigated. Since the Chinese artichoke propagates through its tuber, this study aimed to determine whether viral transmission to the progeny is possible through the tuber, by identifying the virus present in the tuber and investigating its accumulation. First, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis was performed to detect viruses using total RNA extracted from the flowers, leaves, and tubers of Chinese artichoke plants. Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) and Chinese artichoke mosaic virus (ChAMV) had high infectivity in Chinese artichoke and most plants were simultaneously infected with AMV and ChAMV. These viruses were present in all tissues, but their detection frequency and accumulation rates varied across different tissues of the Chinese artichoke. Also, we sequenced the coat protein (CP) genes of AMV and ChAMV to investigate genetic variations of virus between the leaf and tuber. It provides information on CP gene sequences and genetic diversity of isolates identified from new hosts of AMV and ChAMV. This study offers valuable insights into the distribution and spread of the ChAMV and AMV within Chinese artichoke plants, which have implications for the management and control of viral infections in crops.

Cocaine-derived hippuric acid activates mtDNA-STING signaling in alcoholic liver disease: Implications for alcohol and cocaine co-abuse.

The simultaneous abuse of alcohol-cocaine is known to cause stronger and more unpredictable cellular damage in the liver, heart, and brain. However, the mechanistic crosstalk between cocaine and alcohol in liver injury remains unclear. The findings revealed cocaine-induced liver injury and inflammation in both marmosets and mice. Of note, co-administration of cocaine and ethanol in mice causes more severe liver damage than individual treatment. The metabolomic analysis confirmed that hippuric acid (HA) is the most abundant metabolite in marmoset serum after cocaine consumption and that is formed in primary marmoset hepatocytes. HA, a metabolite of cocaine, increases mitochondrial DNA leakage and subsequently increases the production of proinflammatory factors via STING signaling in Kupffer cells (KCs). In addition, conditioned media of cocaine-treated KC induced hepatocellular necrosis via alcohol-induced TNFR1. Finally, disruption of STING signaling in vivo ameliorated co-administration of alcohol- and cocaine-induced liver damage and inflammation. These findings postulate intervention of HA-STING-TNFR1 axis as a novel strategy for treatment of alcohol- and cocaine-induced excessive liver damage.

Unraveling the Capacitive Behaviors in Nanoconfined Ionophilic Carbon Pores.

Intensifying the synergy between confined carbon nanopores and ionic liquids (ILs) and a deep comprehension of the ion behavior is required for enhancing the capacitive storage performance. Despite many theoretical insights on the storage mechanism, experimental verification has remained lacking due to the intricate nature of pore texture. Here, a compressed micropore-rich carbon framework (CMCF) with tailored monolayer and bilayer confinement pores is synthesized, which exhibits a compatible ionophilic interface to accommodate the IL [EMIM][BF4]. By deploying in situ Raman spectroscopy, in situ Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance, the effect of the pore textures on ions storage behaviors is elucidated. A voltage-induced ion gradient filling process in these ionophilic pores is proposed, in which ion exchange and co-ion desorption dominate the charge storage process. Moreover, it is established that the monolayer confinement of ions enhances the capacity, and bilayer confinement facilitates the charging dynamics. This work may guide the design of nanoconfinement carbon for high-energy-density supercapacitors and deepen the understanding of the charge storage mechanism in ionophilic pores.

Development of Dynamic Four-Dimensional Printing Technology for Patterned Structures by Applying Microcellular Foaming Process.

Four-dimensional (4D) printing adds the dimension of time to 3D-printed specimens, causing movement when external stimuli are applied. This movement enables applications across various fields, including the soft robotics, aerospace, apparel, and automotive industries. Traditionally, 4D printing has utilized special materials such as shape-memory polymers (SMPs) or shape-memory alloys (SMAs) to achieve this movement. This study explores a novel approach to 4D printing by applying microcellular foaming processes (MCPs) to 3D printing. This study primarily aims to design and fabricate patterned specimens using common materials, such as PLA, through 3D printing and to analyze their dynamic behavior under various foaming conditions. To demonstrate the potential applications of this technology, the degree of bending was measured by controlling the patterning and foaming conditions. The 3D-printed specimens with microcellular foaming exhibited predictable deformations owing to the asymmetric expansion caused by differential gas saturation. The results confirm that 4D printing can be realized using conventional materials without the need for smart materials and can introduce foaming processes as a new external stimulus. This study highlights the potential of combining 3D printing with microcellular foaming for advanced 4D printing applications.

Digital assessment of cognitive-affective biases related to mental health.

With an increasing societal need for digital therapy solutions for poor mental health, we face a corresponding rise in demand for scientifically validated digital contents. In this study we aimed to lay a sound scientific foundation for the development of brain-based digital therapeutics to assess and monitor cognitive effects of social and emotional bias across diverse populations and age-ranges. First, we developed three computerized cognitive tasks using animated graphics: 1) an emotional flanker task designed to test attentional bias, 2) an emotional go-no-go task to measure bias in memory and executive function, and 3) an emotional social evaluation task to measure sensitivity to social judgments. Then, we confirmed the generalizability of our results in a wide range of samples (children (N = 50), young adults (N = 172), older adults (N = 39), online young adults (N=93), and depression patients (N = 41)) using touchscreen and online computer-based tasks, and devised a spontaneous thought generation task that was strongly associated with, and therefore could potentially serve as an alternative to, self-report scales. Using PCA, we extracted five components that represented different aspects of cognitive-affective function (emotional bias, emotional sensitivity, general accuracy, and general/social attention). Next, a gamified version of the above tasks was developed to test the feasibility of digital cognitive training over a 2-week period. A pilot training study utilizing this application showed decreases in emotional bias in the training group (that were not observed in the control group), which was correlated with a reduction in anxiety symptoms. Using a 2-channel wearable EEG system, we found that frontal alpha and gamma power were associated with both emotional bias and its reduction across the 2-week training period.

Is There a Pathologic Running Motion Associated with Running-Related Injuries? A Methodological Study Using a Motion Analysis System Without Sensors.

(1) Background and objectives: Running-related injuries (RRIs) are commonly attributed to improper running posture and overuse. This study aims to analyze the running motions of individuals with and without RRIs using a sensor-free method, which offers a user-friendly and straightforward approach. (2) Materials and Methods: A total of 155 runners were divided into two groups: the normal runner group (runners who had never been injured, n = 50) and the RRI group (runners who had experience at least one injury while running, n = 105). The forward head posture (FHP), trunk lean, hip rotation, horizontal movement of the center of gravity (COG), vertical movement of the COG, pelvic rotation, hip hike, and type of strike were measured for posture analysis. (3) Results: We found that the left-right balance of the pelvis and the spinal posture during running were associated with RRIs. The difference in hip hike and FHP emerged as key predictors of running-related musculoskeletal injury occurrence from our logistic regression analysis. (4) Conclusions: Identifying pathological movements in runners through running motion analysis without the use of sensors can be instrumental in the prevention and treatment of RRIs.

Development of a Standardized Suicide Prevention Program for Gatekeeper Intervention in Korea (Suicide CARE Version 2.0) to Prevent Adolescent Suicide: Version for Teachers.

OBJECTIVE: The increasing concern over adolescent suicide necessitates suicide prevention training for school teachers, as students spend a significant portion of their time at school. This study's objective is to develop a suicide prevention program tailored for teachers. METHODS: The program was developed by a multidisciplinary research team, drawing on a review of both domestic and international suicide prevention programs, related scholarly articles, and Korean psychological autopsy interviews of adolescents. This was complemented by a survey of teachers to assess the program's practicality and usability. RESULTS: The developed program comprises three parts, consistent with other versions: Careful Observation, Active Listening, and Risk Evaluation and Expert Referral. Careful Observation focuses on training teachers to recognize verbal, behavioral, and situational warning signs of suicidal ideation in students; Active Listening involves strategies for encouraging students to express their suicidal thoughts and techniques for being an empathetic and attentive listener; Risk Evaluation and Expert Referral provides instruction on how to assess suicide risk and assist students safely. CONCLUSION: It is anticipated that this program will equip teachers with valuable knowledge and skills, contributing to a reduction in adolescents suicide rates.

[Analysis of Bacterial Community Characteristics in Maize Root Zones Under Maize-soybean Compound Planting Mode].

Maize-soybean compound intercropping has the potential to increase yield and is being tested for spreading in Huang-Huai-hai Plain. However, the main regulatory regions of this cropping pattern on soil microbial communities have not been clarified. In the present study, the tested samples were collected from three maize root zones of bulk soil, rhizosphere soil, and roots under mono- and intercropping planting modes, respectively. The non-rhizosphere soil chemical properties and enzyme activities were determined, and bacterial communities were characterized using high-throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene V3-V4 region. Compared with monocropping, the maize bulk soil electric conductivity （EC）, soil organic matter （SOM）, available potassium （AK）, available phosphorus （AP）, total nitrogen （TN）, and enzyme activities of intercropping were significantly increased. The α diversities and ß diversity of the bacterial community in rhizosphere soil were significantly different between the two planting modes. There were 11 bacteria genera with significantly higher abundance in the rhizosphere soil of compound planting than that of monoculture, and TN, AP, and catalase were the three most important factors contributing to their distribution. The abundances of 8 genera among the 11 genera mentioned above, unclassified Vicinamibacterales, unclassified Geminicoccaceae, MND1, unclassified Gemmatimonadaceae, Acidibacter, unclassified Vicinamibacteraceae, Sphingomonas, and unclassified Comamonadaceae were significantly positively correlated with TN. As for the bacteria distribution in maize root, AK contributed the most and had a significantly negative correlation with unclassified Rhizobiaceae and unclassified Microscillaceae and a positive correlation with Haliangium. Maize-soybean compound intercropping affected mainly the bacterial community of maize rhizosphere and had an evident effect on soil fertilizer cultivation and microbial diversity regulation, which provides a theoretical basis and practical guidance for rational intercropping to maintain agroecosystem biodiversity.

Single-Slice Hounsfield Unit (HU) Value of the Chinese Proximal Humerus on Routine Chest CT: A Study on Opportunistically Screening for Low Bone Density / Valor de Unidad Hounsfield (HU) de Corte Único del Húmero Proximal Chino en una Tomografía Computarizada de Tórax de Rutina: Un Estudio sobre la Detección Oportunista de Baja Densidad Ósea

SUMMARY: A Study on Relationship between Single-Slice Hounsfield Unit(HU) value of the Chinese proximal humerus and Bone Mineral Density(BMD) Using Routine Chest CT and Dual-energy X-ray Absorptiometry(DEXA) was performed. Data were collected from 240 individuals who underwent DEXA and routine chest CT scans (including full images of the proximal humerus) on the same day at 967 Hospitals between January 2019 and December 2021. The method of measuring single-slice HU values of the proximal humerus on routine chest CT scans exhibited high reliability and repeatability (intraclass correlation coefficient > 0.961, P < 0.001). A strong positive correlation was observed between single-slice HU values of the proximal humerus and DEXA results, with the 20-mm HU value demonstrating the highest correlation. Across different BMI groups, the Area Under Curve (AUC) for the 20-mm HU value was consistently the largest (AUC=0.701- 0.813, P< 0.05). Therefore, the 20-mm HU value can be considered a reliable reference for the opportunistic screening of low BMD, with reference values of -4HU for underweight individuals, -13HU for normal weight individuals, -7HU for overweight individuals, and -16HU for obese individuals. Values below these thresholds indicate a risk of low BMD. This study enriches the Chinese BMD data and offers a swift and effective approach for opportunistically screening low BMD.

Se realizó un estudio sobre la relación entre el valor de la Unidad Hounsfield (HU) de corte único del húmero proximal chino y la densidad mineral ósea (DMO) mediante TC de tórax de rutina y absorciometría de rayos X de energía dual (DEXA). Se recopilaron datos de 240 personas que se sometieron a DEXA y tomografías computarizadas de rutina de tórax (incluidas imágenes completas del húmero proximal) el mismo día en 967 hospitales entre enero de 2019 y diciembre de 2021. El método para medir los valores de HU de un solo corte del húmero proximal en las tomografías computarizadas de tórax mostraron alta confiabilidad y repetibilidad (coeficiente de correlación intraclase > 0,961, P < 0,001). Se observó una fuerte correlación positiva entre los valores de HU de un solo corte del húmero proximal y los resultados de DEXA, demostrando el valor de HU de 20 mm la correlación más alta. En diferentes grupos de IMC, el área bajo la curva (AUC) para el valor HU de 20 mm fue consistentemente el más grande (AUC = 0,701-0,813, P <0,05). Por lo tanto, el valor de HU de 20 mm puede considerarse una referencia fiable para el cribado oportunista de DMO baja, con valores de referencia de -4 HU para personas con bajo peso, -13 HU para personas con peso normal, -7 HU para personas con sobrepeso y -16 HU para personas obesas. Los valores por debajo de estos umbrales indican un riesgo de DMO baja. Este estudio es un aporte para los datos chinos sobre la DMO y ofrece un enfoque rápido y eficaz para detectar de forma oportunista la DMO baja.

Biaxial strain induced OH engineer for accelerating alkaline hydrogen evolution.

The sluggish kinetics of Volmer step in the alkaline hydrogen evolution results in large energy consumption. The challenge that has yet well resolved is to control the water adsorption and dissociation. Here, we develop biaxially strained MoSe2 three dimensional nanoshells that exhibit enhanced catalytic performance with a low overpotential of 58.2 mV at 10 mA cm-2 in base, and long-term stable activity in membrane-electrode-assembly based electrolyser at 1 A cm-2. Compared to the flat and uniaxial-strained MoSe2, we establish that the stably adsorbed OH engineer on biaxially strained MoSe2 changes the water adsorption configuration from O-down on Mo to O-horizontal on OH* via stronger hydrogen bonds. The favorable water dissociation on 3-coordinated Mo sites and hydrogen adsorption on 4-coordinated Mo sites constitute a tandem electrolysis, resulting in thermodynamically favorable hydrogen evolution. This work deepens our understanding to the impact of strain dimensions on water dissociation and inspires the design of nanostructured catalysts for accelerating the rate-determining step in multi-electron reactions.

Raphanus sativus Linne Protects Human Nucleus Pulposus Cells against H2O2-Induced Damage by Inhibiting TREM2.

Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) progresses owing to damage and depletion of nucleus pulposus (NP) cells. Cytoprotection mitigates oxidative stress, nutrient deprivation, and mechanical stress, which lead to cell damage and necrosis. We aimed to examine the protective effect of Raphanus sativus Linne (RSL), common radish, against oxidative stress by H2O2 in human NP cells and whether the RSL extracts can inhibit triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2), an inducer of apoptosis and degeneration in NP cells. We administered hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to cultured human NP cells treated with RSL extracts. We used immunoblotting and quantitative PCR to investigate expression of the apoptosis-associated proteins in cultured cells. RSL significantly enhanced cell survival by suppressing the activation of cleaved caspase-3 and Bax. In contrast, RSL extract increased Bcl2 concentration to downregulate apoptosis. Additionally, RSL treatment notably enhanced the mRNA levels of ACAN and Col2a1 while significantly reducing those of ADAMTS-4, ADAMTS-5, MMP3, and MMP13, key genes involved in NP degeneration. While H2O2 elevated TREM2 expression, causing disc degeneration, RSL downregulated TREM2 expression. Thus, our findings imply that RSL supports human NP cells under oxidative stress and regulates the pathways underlying disc degeneration, particularly TREM2, and that RSL extracts may potentially prevent IDD.

Spatial attention in three-dimensional space: A meta-analysis for the near advantage in target detection and localization.

Studies have explored how human spatial attention appears allocated in three-dimensional (3D) space. It has been demonstrated that target distance from the viewer can modulate performance in target detection and localization tasks: reaction times are shorter when targets appear nearer to the observer compared to farther distances (i.e., near advantage). Times have reached to quantitatively analyze this literature. In the current meta-analysis, 29 studies (n = 1260 participants) examined target detection and localization across 3-D space. Moderator analyses included: detection vs localization tasks, spatial cueing vs uncued tasks, control of retinal size across depth, central vs peripheral targets, real-space vs stereoscopic vs monocular depth environments, and inclusion of in-trial motion. The analyses revealed a near advantage for spatial attention that was affected by the moderating variables of controlling for retinal size across depth, the use of spatial cueing tasks, and the inclusion of in-trial motion. Overall, these results provide an up-to-date quantification of the effect of depth and provide insight into methodological differences in evaluating spatial attention.

Association between osteoporosis and the rate of telomere shortening.

A shorter leukocyte telomere length (LTL) is reported to be associated with age-related diseases, including osteoporosis. Many studies have tried identifying the association between LTL and osteoporosis, although it remains controversial. This study aimed to determine whether osteoporosis is independently associated with LTL shortening in a prospective longitudinal cohort. The KBASE study is an independent multicenter prospective cohort in South Korea, which began in 2014. We compared the LTL values for each participant at baseline and over a 2-year follow-up period. Boxplots were used to demonstrate the differences in the change in LTL over a 2-year follow-up according to osteoporosis. Multivariable linear regression was conducted to identify whether osteoporosis is independently associated with the rate of telomere shortening. A total of 233 subjects (from 55 to 88 years) from the KBASE cohort were finally enrolled in the study. We observed that the LTL decreased by approximately 1.2 kbp over 2 years. While the LTL decreased as age increased, the rate of LTL shortening did not increase with age. Multivariable linear regression analysis indicated that only osteoporosis was independently associated with rapid LTL shortening over 2 years (B, -8.08; p = 0.038). We sought to identify an association between osteoporosis and LTL shortening in an independent prospective cohort. We found that participants with osteoporosis had significantly faster LTL shortening over 2 years than those without osteoporosis. We hope this study will help elucidate the underlying mechanisms in the relationship between LTL and osteoporosis in the future.

Positively Charged Hollow Co Nanoshells by Kirkendall Effect Stabilized by Electron Sink for Alkaline Water Dissociation.

While cobalt (Co) exhibits a comparable energy barrier for H* adsorption/desorption to platinum in theory, it is generally not suitable for alkaline hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) because of unfavorable water dissociation. Here, the Kirkendall effect is adopted to fabricate positive-charged hollow metal Co (PHCo) nanoshells that are stabilized by MoO2 and chainmail carbon as the electron sink. Compared to the zero-valent Co, the PHCo accelerates the water dissociation and changes the rate-determining step from Volmer to Heyrovsky process. Alkaline HER occurs with a low overpotential of 59.0 mV at 10 mA cm-2. Operando Raman and first principles calculations reveal that the interfacial water to the PHCo sites and the accelerated proton transfer are conducive to the adsorption and dissociation of H2O molecules. Meanwhile, the upshifted d-band center of PHCo optimizes the adsorption/desorption of H*. This work provides a unique synthesis of hollow Co nanoshells via the Kirkendall effect and insights to water dissociation on catalyst surfaces with tailored charge states.