Mental health needs associated with COVID-19 on the diamond princess cruise ship: A case series recorded by the disaster psychiatric assistance team.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection prevention measures have led to a variety of mental health issues. Although several self-care methods have been recommended for those quarantined, evidence regarding how best to support quarantined people experiencing a mental health crisis is limited. In February 2020, the Diamond Princess cruise ship was quarantined in Yokohama port, Japan following a passenger testing positive for COVID-19. We were sent to address the mental health issues as the Disaster Psychiatric Assistance Team (DPAT). In the present study, we examined the acute mental health needs of the passengers and crew collected by the DPAT using the standard Emergency Medical Team daily reporting system. We assessed 206 cases (99 men and 107 women) with generic health issues and 127 cases (39 men and 88 women) with mental health issues. Mental health issues including disaster stress-related symptoms were as frequent as physical health events associated with COVID-19. The most significant mental health issue was anxiety, as an acute psychological reaction to the quarantine situation. Women and crews most frequently needed mental health support. Mental health improved in most clients after brief counseling. Although several passengers experienced suicidal ideation, there were no cases of actual suicide attempts during the quarantine period. This case has been regarded as a well-known public health event at the beginning of the COVID-19 era. In addition to physical health support, disaster mental health support was essential to save lives. Our findings may facilitate responses to future quarantines, accidents, and mental health crises.

Final-state sensitivity characterized by phase transition in singularity spectra of intermingled basins.

Final-state sensitivity in a system with intermingled basins is investigated. Under a scaling assumption a dimension of the basins, referred to as the conditional external dimension, is introduced by which the uncertainty exponent is expressed. For an analytically tractable model, which is not a skew product type system, a multifractal analysis on the basin structure is performed. It is shown that the scaling assumption is valid and the conditional external dimension as the left end-point value of the singularity spectrum is determined by the transient motions converging to neither of the chaotic attractors. It is also shown that such transient motions bring about a phase transition in the singularity spectrum.

Phase transition in the singularity spectrum of an intermingled basin.

A two-dimensional piecewise linear mapping is introduced as a solvable model to characterize the multifractal structure of an intermingled basin. To this end, we make use of the multifractal formalism and introduce a partition function. The singularity spectrum, which characterizes local scaling property of the intermingled basin, is then determined. We have found that if the system is not symmetric, the singularity spectrum of either basin shows a phase transition, corresponding to the existence of two phases the orbits experience in the system, i.e., local one governed by the chaotic motions on the chaotic attractor, and the other global one reflecting nonhyperbolic motions characteristic of the intermingled basin.

Influence of Statin Pretreatment on Initial Neurological Severity and Short-Term Functional Outcome in Acute Ischemic Stroke Patients: The Fukuoka Stroke Registry.

BACKGROUND: Statins have neuroprotective effects against ischemic stroke. However, associations between pre-stroke statin treatment and initial stroke severity and between the treatment and functional outcome remain controversial. This study aimed at determining these associations in ischemic stroke patients. METHODS: Among patients registered in the Fukuoka Stroke Registry from June 2007 to October 2014, 3,848 patients with ischemic stroke within 24 h of onset, who had been functionally independent before onset, were enrolled in this study. Ischemic stroke was classified as cardioembolic or non-cardioembolic infarction. Primary and secondary study outcomes were mild neurological symptoms defined as a National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score of ≤4 on admission and favorable functional outcome defined as a modified Rankin Scale score of ≤2 at discharge, respectively. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to quantify associations between pre-stroke statin treatment and study outcomes. RESULTS: Of all 3,848 participants, 697 (18.1%) were taking statins prior to the stroke. The frequency of mild neurological symptoms was significantly higher in patients with pre-stroke statin treatment (64.1%) than in those without the treatment (58.3%, p < 0.01). Multivariable analysis showed that pre-stroke statin treatment was significantly associated with mild neurological symptoms (OR 1.31; 95% CI 1.04-1.65; p < 0.01). Sensitivity analysis in patients with dyslipidemia (n = 1,998) also showed the same trend between pre-stroke statin treatment and mild neurological symptoms (multivariable-adjusted OR 1.26; 95% CI 0.99-1.62; p = 0.06). In contrast, the frequency of favorable functional outcome was not different between patients with (67.0%) and without (65.3%) the treatment (p = 0.40). Multivariable analysis also showed no significant association between pre-stroke statin treatment and favorable functional outcome (OR 1.21; 95% CI 0.91-1.60; p = 0.19). Continuation of statin treatment, however, was significantly associated with favorable functional outcome among patients with pre-stroke statin treatment (multivariable-adjusted OR 2.17; 95% CI 1.16-4.00; p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: Pre-stroke statin treatment in ischemic stroke patients was significantly associated with mild neurological symptoms within 24 h of onset. Pre-stroke statin treatment per se did not significantly influence the short-term functional outcome; however, continuation of statin treatment during the acute stage of stroke seems to relate with favorable functional outcome for patients with pre-stroke statin treatment.

Influence of comorbid alcohol use disorder on treatment response of depressive patients.

Patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) frequently also have alcohol use disorder (AUD) and they are more likely to experience symptomatic recurrence and resist treatment. How the two disorders interrelate has not yet been fully examined in Japanese subjects. The treatment response of 47 MDD patients was followed for 12 weeks. Depressive symptoms were rated by the 17-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D) and those whose HAM-D score was less than 16 were excluded. The MDD patients were divided into a non-alcohol use disorder (NAUD) and an alcohol use disorder (AUD) group according to the Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT). We applied a cutoff score of 12 in the AUDIT scale. After 8 weeks, HAM-D NAUD group scores were significantly lower compared with AUD patients. The NAUD group, 23 individuals, prescribed therapeutic doses of antidepressant (equivalent to more than 150 mg of imipramine per day) significantly improved their HAM-D scores but no improvement occurred in the AUD subjects. Correlation analysis in all subjects revealed a significant negative correlation between AUDIT score and improved HAM-D score at endpoint. Moreover, a significant negative correlation was found between total alcohol consumption during the study period and improvement of HAM-D score at endpoint in AUD patients. These results suggest that co-occurrence of MDD and AUD is associated with a lower response to antidepressant treatment and it may reflect an inhibitory effect of ethanol on antidepressants action in the brain.

[Treatment response of depressive patients with comorbid problem drink].

In this study, we investigated the impact of Problem Drink on depression. Forty participants with depression were divided into 2 groups: non-Problem Drinker (NPD) group (n = 22) and Problem Drinker (PD) group (n = 18) according to Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT) score (NPD < 12, PD > or = 12). Depression was assessed by the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview. The effect of medication on depressive symptoms was monitored over 12 weeks using the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D). Significant improvement in HAM-D score was observed at 2 weeks in NPD patients but not until 4 weeks in PD patients. Total HAM-D scores were lower in NPD than in PD patients at the end of the treatment period. Therapeutic doses (dose of antidepressant used was equivalent to greater than 75 mg of imipramine) of antidepressants resulted in significant improvement in HAM-D scores at 2 weeks in NPD patients, but not until 8 weeks in PD patients and brought lower HAM-D scores in NPD than in PD patients at the end of the treatment period. The AUDIT score and total alcohol consumption during the study period were negatively correlated to the improvement in HAM-D score. In NPD patients, the level of education of patients in remission was higher than those by patients not in remission. In contrast, level of education of patients in remission were similar to those in PD patients not in remission. The above results suggest that co-occurrence of alcohol use disorders with depression is associated with a lower response to antidepressants which may reflect not only the result of biological alterations in the brain by chronic ethanol ingestion but also an inhibitory effect of ethanol on antidepressant action in the brain. Drinking-related cognitive dysfunction may also relate to the decreased response to treatment in the depressed patients with comorbid Problem Drinker.