RESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: To investigate whether the inhibition of 12/15-lipoxygenase (12/15-LOX), one of the core enzymes of the arachidonic acid cascade, suppresses orthodontically induced root resorption (OIRR), and examine the involvement of the hyaline degeneration of periodontal ligament cells and odontoclast differentiation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The left maxillary first molars of 10-week-old male Wistar rats were moved mesially for 14 days using a closed-coil spring (25 cN) inserted between the first molar and incisor. The rats were intraperitoneally administered with a 12/15-LOX specific inhibitor (ML-351; 0.05 mmol/kg) daily in the experimental group or vehicle (dimethyl sulfoxide) in the control group. Tooth movement was measured using microcomputed tomography on day 14. The appearance of OIRR, hyaline degeneration, osteoclasts, and odontoclasts was evaluated via histological analysis. Immunohistochemical staining for receptor-activated NF-kB ligand (RANKL) and osteoprotegerin was performed. RESULTS: OIRR observed on day 14 in the control group was strongly suppressed by ML-351 treatment. Hyaline degeneration observed on the compression side on day 3 and the appearance of osteoclasts and odontoclasts on days 3 and 14 were significantly suppressed by ML-351. RANKL expression on day 3 was significantly suppressed by ML-351. These key processes in OIRR were substantially suppressed by ML-351 treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Inhibition of 12/15-LOX reduced OIRR by suppressing hyaline degeneration and subsequent odontoclast differentiation.
Asunto(s)
Araquidonato 12-Lipooxigenasa , Araquidonato 15-Lipooxigenasa , Inhibidores de la Lipooxigenasa , Osteoclastos , Ratas Wistar , Resorción Radicular , Técnicas de Movimiento Dental , Animales , Masculino , Técnicas de Movimiento Dental/métodos , Resorción Radicular/etiología , Resorción Radicular/prevención & control , Resorción Radicular/patología , Ratas , Araquidonato 15-Lipooxigenasa/metabolismo , Araquidonato 12-Lipooxigenasa/metabolismo , Inhibidores de la Lipooxigenasa/farmacología , Inhibidores de la Lipooxigenasa/uso terapéutico , Osteoclastos/efectos de los fármacos , Microtomografía por Rayos X , Ligando RANK/metabolismo , Diferenciación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Ligamento Periodontal/efectos de los fármacos , Ligamento Periodontal/patología , Osteoprotegerina/metabolismo , Diente MolarRESUMEN
Acetates were successfully alkylated with primary alcohols and alpha,omega-diols in the presence of tert-BuOK under the influence of [IrCl(cod)](2). For instance, the reaction of tert-butyl acetate with n-butanol in the presence of tert-BuOK as a base and [IrCl(cod)](2) as a catalyst in tert-BuOH at 100 degrees C produced tert-butyl hexanoate in good yield. When the alpha,omega-diol 1,9-nonanediol was employed, di-tert-butyl tridecanoate was obtained. These reactions are the first report of the alkylation of acetates using alcohols as alkylating agents. This method provides a very convenient direct route to carboxylates, which are very important raw materials in organic and industrial chemistry.
RESUMEN
Synthesis of omega-hydroxy carboxylic acids and alpha,omega-dimethyl diketones was successfully achieved by using alpha,omega-diols as alkylating agents under the influence of an iridium catalyst. For example, the alkylation of butyl cyanoacetate with 1,13-tridecanediol in the presence of [IrCl(cod)](2) or [IrCl(coe)(2)](2) gave rise to butyl 2-cyano-15-hydroxypentadecanoate in good yield which is easily converted to cyclopentadecanolide (CPDL). In addition, the alkylation of acetone with 1,10-decanediol in the presence of [IrCl(cod)](2) and KOH resulted in an important muscone precursor, 2,15-hexadecanedione (HDDO), in good yield.