Update on the mechanism of microglia involvement in post-stroke cognitive impairment.

Post-stroke cognitive impairment (PSCI) is a clinical syndrome characterized by cognitive deficits that manifest following a stroke and persist for up to 6 months post-event. This condition is grave, severely compromising patient quality of life and longevity, while also imposing substantial economic burdens on societies worldwide. Despite significant advancements in identifying risk factors for PSCI, research into its underlying mechanisms and therapeutic interventions remains inadequate. Microglia, the brain's primary immune effector cells, are pivotal in maintaining, nurturing, defending, and repairing neuronal function, a process intrinsically linked to PSCI's progression. Thus, investigating microglial activation and mechanisms in PSCI is crucial. This paper aims to foster new preventive and therapeutic approaches for PSCI by elucidating the roles, mechanisms, and characteristics of microglia in the condition.

A nomogram for predicting the possibility of effusion deterioration in patients with traumatic subdural effusion.

BACKGROUND: Traumatic subdural effusion (TSDE) may increase progressively or evolve into chronic subdural hematoma. These events, defined as deterioration of the effusion, often require close observation or even surgical treatment. The aim of our study was to develop and validate a nomogram for predicting the possibility of an effusion deteriorating in patients with TSDE based on the available clinical characteristics. METHODS: Clinical data from 78 patients with TSDE were retrospectively analyzed. All patients were admitted from January 2019 to May 2022. Logistic regression was applied to the data to screen for independent predictors of effusion deterioration within six months; then, a predictive nomogram model was established in R language. The consistency, predictive accuracy and clinical utility of the model were evaluated with the C-index, calibration plots, ROC curves and decision curve analysis (DCA). Furthermore, we performed internal validation using a bootstrap approach to assess the effectiveness of the model. RESULTS: Time of effusion after trauma, maximum thickness of the effusion, CT value of the effusion as well as the use of atorvastatin were identified as predictors in the nomogram. The predictive model was well calibrated and demonstrated good discrimination (C-index: 0.893). The AUC of the model was 0.893 (95% CI: 0.824-0.962), and the modified C-index (0.865) indicated excellent performance in the internal validation. In addition, DCA revealed that the nomogram had clinical value. CONCLUSIONS: This predictive model can effectively assess the risk of effusion deterioration in TSDE patients within six months and identify high-risk patients early.

Curative effect analysis of robot-assisted drainage surgery in treatment of spontaneous hypertensive brainstem hemorrhage.

Objective: Spontaneous hypertensive brainstem hemorrhage (HBSH) is characterized by sudden onset, rapid progression and poor prognosis. There has been a growing tendency of surgical treatment for HBSH. This study aimed to investigate outcomes and potential factors associated with the prognosis of robot-assisted drainage surgery for HBSH treatment. Methods: Patients with HBSH from July 2016 to March 2023 at a single neurosurgery center were included and divided into conservative group and surgical groups. Baseline and clinical data, radiographic characteristics, complications, and outcome evaluations were recorded and analyzed. Results: A total of 125 patients, with 74 in the conservative group and 51 in the surgical group, were enrolled in the study. Mortality at 6 months was 59/74 (79.7%) in the conservative group and 9/51 (17.6%) in the surgical group. Twenty-four patients (47.1%) achieved favorable outcomes in the surgical group, whereas this rate in the conservative group was only 5.4% (4/74). There was a significant difference in NIHSS, GCS, and mRS at 6 months between surviving patients in the conservative and surgical groups. In prognostic analysis in the surgical subgroup, initial GCS score [5 (IQR 4-7) vs. 3 (IQR 3-4), p < 0.001], NIHSS [36 (IQR 32-38) vs. 40 (IQR 38-40), p < 0.001], smoking history [45.8% (11/24) vs. 74.1% (20/27), p = 0.039], hematoma volume [6.9 (IQR 6.2-7.6) vs. 9.6 (IQR 7.3-11.4), p = 0.001], and hemorrhage location (p = 0.001) were potential risk factors for poor 6-month prognosis after robot-assisted surgery for HBSH. Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, robot-assisted minimally invasive drainage of brain stem hematoma may significantly reduce mortality and improve prognosis. Surgery should be conducted for selected patients.

Brain region changes following a spinal cord injury.

Brain-related complications are common in clinical practice after spinal cord injury (SCI); however, the molecular mechanisms of these complications are still unclear. Here, we reviewed the changes in the brain regions caused by SCI from three perspectives: imaging, molecular analysis, and electrophysiology. Imaging studies revealed abnormal functional connectivity, gray matter volume atrophy, and metabolic abnormalities in brain regions after SCI, leading to changes in the structure and function of brain regions. At the molecular level, chemokines, inflammatory factors, and damage-associated molecular patterns produced in the injured area were retrogradely transmitted through the corticospinal tract, cerebrospinal fluid, or blood circulation to the specific brain area to cause pathologic changes. Electrophysiologic recordings also suggested abnormal changes in brain electrical activity after SCI. Transcranial magnetic stimulation, transcranial direct current stimulation, and deep brain stimulation alleviated pain and improved motor function in patients with SCI; therefore, transcranial therapy may be a new strategy for the treatment of patients with SCI.

Exosome-transmitted ANGPTL1 suppresses angiogenesis in glioblastoma by inhibiting the VEGFA/VEGFR2/Akt/eNOS pathway.

OBJECTIVE: Glioblastoma (GBM) is a highly vascularized malignancy that relies on new vessel generation, and thus targeting angiogenesis has been a promising anti-GBM approach. ANGPTL1 is well-known for its anti-angiogenic property; nevertheless, its role in GBM is yet to be explored. Recently, the crucial role of exosomes (Exos) as intercellular communication mediators has gained prominence in GBM therapy. This work aimed to explore the role of exosomal ANGPTL1 in GBM angiogenesis and its mechanisms. METHODS: Bioinformatic analysis was performed to evaluate ANGPTL expression in GBM. Human GBM cell lines (U87 and U251) and a xenograft mouse model were employed. Exos were isolated from oe-NC- and oe-ANGPTL-transfected bone mesenchymal stem cells and identified. Cell proliferation, migration, and apoptosis were detected. Immunofluorescence, qRT-PCR, western blotting, co-immunoprecipitation, and immunohistochemistry were used to determine the molecular mechanisms underlying exosomal ANGPTL1 against GBM angiogenesis. Besides, tube generation and transmission electron microscope assays were conducted to assess GBM angiogenesis. RESULTS: Low ANGPTL1 expression was observed in GBM tumor tissues and cells. Functionally, e-ANGPTL-Exos inhibited GBM malignant progression and angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo. Mechanically, e-ANGPTL-Exos reduced VEGFA expression and blocked the VEGFR2/Akt/eNOS pathway in GBM cells and tumor tissues. Co-immunoprecipitation revealed a link between ANGPTL1 and VEGFA in GBM cells. Notably, oe-VEGFA abolished the suppressive functions of e-ANGPTL-Exos in GBM progression and angiogenesis and the VEGFR2/Akt/eNOS axis. The VEGFR2 inhibitor, vandetanib, eliminated the promotive effects of oe-VEGFA on GBM angiogenesis with suppressed VEGFR2/Akt/eNOS pathway. CONCLUSIONS: Exosomal ANGPTL1 suppressed GBM angiogenesis by inhibiting the VEGFA/VEGFR2/Akt/eNOS axis.

Effect of edoxaban compared with other oral anticoagulants for stroke prevention in patients with atrial fibrillation: A meta-analysis.

Background and aim: Current observational studies have compared the effectiveness and safety of edoxaban with other oral anticoagulants in patients with AF, but the results are still disputed. This meta-analysis was conducted to compare the effect of edoxaban in patients with AF. Methods: We performed systematic research from the PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library databases until November 2022 to obtain relevant observational studies. Adjusted risk ratios (RRs) and 95 % confidence intervals (CIs) of the outcomes were collected and pooled by a random-effects model. This study was prospectively registered in PROSPERO (CRD42022314222). Results: A total of 17 observational studies were included in this meta-analysis. Compared with vitamin K antagonists, edoxaban was associated with lower risks of stroke or systemic embolism (RR = 0.67, 95 % CI:0.61-0.74), major bleeding (RR = 0.54, 95 % CI:0.44-0.67), and intracranial hemorrhage (RR = 0.51, 95 % CI:0.29-0.90). Compared with dabigatran or rivaroxaban, edoxaban was associated with reduced risks of stroke or systemic embolism (dabigatran [RR = 0.76, 95 % CI:0.66-0.87]; rivaroxaban [RR = 0.81, 95 % CI:0.70-0.94]) and major bleeding (dabigatran [RR = 0.82, 95 % CI:0.69-0.98]; rivaroxaban [RR = 0.81, 95 % CI:0.70-0.94]). Compared with apixaban, edoxaban was associated with a reduced risk of stroke or systemic embolism (RR = 0.87, 95 % CI:0.79-0.97), but had similar risks of bleeding events. Conclusions: Our current evidence suggested that edoxaban might have superior effectiveness and/or safety outcomes than vitamin K antagonists, dabigatran, rivaroxaban, and apixaban for stroke prevention in patients with AF.

Budding uninhibited by benzimidazoles 1 promotes cell proliferation, invasion, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition via the Wnt/ß-catenin signaling in glioblastoma.

The pathogenesis and progression of GBM (glioblastoma), as one of the most frequently occurring malignancies of the central nervous system, are regulated by several genes. BUB1 (budding uninhibited by benzimidazoles 1) is a mitotic checkpoint that plays an important role in chromosome segregation as well as in various tumors. However, its role in glioma is unknown. The current study discovered prominently elevated BUB1 in glioma and a significant relationship between BUB1 expression, a high World Health Organization grade, and a poor prognosis in glioma patients. Moreover, BUB1 triggered EMT (epithelial-mesenchymal transition) apart from promoting glioma cell proliferation, migration, and infiltration. Besides, BUB1 promoted EMT by activating the Wnt/ß-catenin axis. As implied by our study, BUB1 probably has the potential as a target for GBM management.

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Disorders of Consciousness: An Update and Perspectives.

Disorders of consciousness (DOC) is a state in which consciousness is affected by brain injuries, leading to dysfunction in vigilance, awareness, and behavior. DOC encompasses coma, vegetative state, and minimally conscious state based on neurobehavioral function. Currently, DOC is one of the most common neurological disorders with a rapidly increasing incidence worldwide. Therefore, DOC not only impacts the lives of individuals and their families but is also becoming a serious public health threat. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) can stimulate electrical activity using a pulsed magnetic field in the brain, with great value in the treatment of chronic pain, neurological diseases, and mental illnesses. However, the clinical application of rTMS in patients with DOC is debatable. Herein, we report the recent main findings of the clinical therapeutics of rTMS for DOC, including its efficacy and possible mechanisms. In addition, we discuss the potential key parameters (timing, location, frequency, strength, and secession of rTMS applications) that affect the therapeutic efficiency of rTMS in patients with DOC. This review may help develop clinical guidelines for the therapeutic application of rTMS in DOC.

A clinical case report of Balamuthia granulomatous amoebic encephalitis in a non-immunocompromised patient and literature review.

BACKGROUND: Balamuthia granulomatous amoebic encephalitis (GAE) is a peculiar parasitic infectious disease of the central nervous system, about 39% of the infected Balamuthia GAE patients were found to be immunocompromised and is extremely rare clinically. The presence of trophozoites in diseased tissue is an important basis for pathological diagnosis of GAE. Balamuthia GAE is a rare and highly fatal infection for which there is no effective treatment plan in clinical practice. CASE PRESENTATION: This paper reports clinical data from a patient with Balamuthia GAE to improve physician understanding of the disease and diagnostic accuracy of imaging and reduce misdiagnosis. A 61-year-old male poultry farmer presented with moderate swelling pain in the right frontoparietal region without obvious inducement three weeks ago. Head computed tomography(CT) and magnetic resonance imaging(MRI) revealed a space-occupying lesion in the right frontal lobe. Intially clinical imaging diagnosed it as a high-grade astrocytoma. The pathological diagnosis of the lesion was inflammatory granulomatous lesions with extensive necrosis, suggesting amoeba infection. The pathogen detected by metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) is Balamuthia mandrillaris, the final pathological diagnosis was Balamuthia GAE. CONCLUSION: When a head MRI shows irregular or annular enhancement, clinicians should not blindly diagnose common diseases such as brain tumors. Although Balamuthia GAE accounts for only a small proportion of intracranial infections, it should be considered in the differential diagnosis.

Osteopontin-integrin signaling positively regulates neuroplasticity through enhancing neural autophagy in the peri-infarct area after ischemic stroke.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the role of Osteopontin (OPN) in mediating macroautophagy, autophagy, and neuroplasticity in the ipsilateral hemisphere after stroke. METHODS: Focal stroke was induced by photothrombosis in adult mice. Spatiotemporal expression of endogenous OPN and BECN1 was assessed by immunohistochemistry. Motor function was determined by the grid-walking and cylinder tasks. We also evaluated markers of neuroplasticity and autophagy using biochemical and histology analyses. RESULTS: Herein, we showed that endogenous OPN and beclin1 were increased in the peri-infarct area of stroked patients and mice. Intracerebral administration of OPN (0.1 mg/ml; 3 ml) significantly improved performance in motor behavioral tasks compared with non-OPN-treated stroke mice. Furthermore, the neural repair was induced in OPN-treated stroke mice. We found that OPN treatment resulted in a significantly higher density of a presynaptic marker (vesicular glutamate transporter 1, VgluT1) and synaptic plasticity marker (synaptophysin, SYN) within the peri-infarct region. OPN treatment in stroke mice not only increased protein levels of integrin ß1 but also promoted the expression of beclin1 and LC3, two autophagy-related proteins in the peri-infarct area. Additionally, OPN-induced neuroplasticity and autophagy were blocked by an integrin antagonist. CONCLUSION: Our findings indicate that OPN may enhance neuroplasticity via autophagy, providing a new therapeutic strategy for ischemic stroke.

Primary intraosseous meningioma with subcutaneous and dural invasion: A case report and literature review.

Primary intraosseous meningiomas (PIOMs) are a rare subset of meningiomas, comprising fewer than 1% of all such tumors. Furthermore, PIOMs presenting as osteogenic lesions that invade both the dura and subcutaneous tissue are extremely rare. Unlike intracranial meningiomas, diagnosing and treating PIOMs are challenges due to their insidious clinical behavior and a lack of clear radiological diagnostic criteria. We report the case of a 60-year-old female with headache and a slightly outward protrusion of the parietal region of the skull. CT showed an osteogenic lesion in the right parietal bone. MR imaging indicated mild to moderate homogeneous enhancement with an intense dural reaction. The suggested clinical diagnosis was lymphoma, so we performed a skull biopsy, which revealed an intraosseous benign meningioma. A precise resection strategy was planned with a neuronavigation system accompanied by a one-step customized titanium mesh cranioplasty. The lesion was completely removed, and pathological analysis confirmed a meningothelial meningioma (WHO Grade I) of intraosseous layer origin invading the dura mater and subcutaneous tissue. This case highlights the need for an initial biopsy when the lesion is difficult to diagnose on imaging. Complete resection should be attempted to minimize the risk of recurrence.

Development and validation of a prediction nomogram for a 6-month unfavorable prognosis in traumatic brain-injured patients undergoing primary decompressive craniectomy: An observational study.

Objective: This study was designed to develop and validate a risk-prediction nomogram to predict a 6-month unfavorable prognosis in patients with traumatic brain-injured (TBI) undergoing primary decompressive craniectomy (DC). Methods: The clinical data of 391 TBI patients with primary DC who were admitted from 2012 to 2020 were reviewed, from which 274 patients were enrolled in the training group, while 117 were enrolled in the internal validation group, randomly. The external data sets containing 80 patients were obtained from another hospital. Independent predictors of the 6-month unfavorable prognosis were analyzed using multivariate logistic regression. Furthermore, a nomogram prediction model was constructed using R software. After evaluation of the model, internal and external validations were performed to verify the efficiency of the model using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curves and the calibration plots. Results: In multivariate analysis, age(p = 0.001), Glasgow Score Scale (GCS) (p < 0.001), operative blood loss of >750 ml (p = 0.045), completely effaced basal cisterns (p < 0.001), intraoperative hypotension(p = 0.001), and activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) of >36 (p = 0.012) were the early independent predictors for 6-month unfavorable prognosis in patients with TBI after primary DC. The AUC for the training, internal, and external validation cohorts was 0.93 (95%CI, 0.89-0.96, p < 0.0001), 0.89 (95%CI, 0.82-0.94, p < 0.0001), and 0.90 (95%CI, 0.84-0.97, p < 0.0001), respectively, which indicated that the prediction model had an excellent capability of discrimination. Calibration of the model was exhibited by the calibration plots, which showed an optimal concordance between the predicted 6-month unfavorable prognosis probability and actual probability in both training and validation cohorts. Conclusion: This prediction model for a 6-month unfavorable prognosis in patients with TBI undergoing primary DC can evaluate the prognosis accurately and enhance the early identification of high-risk patients.

Silencing of lncRNA CHRM3-AS2 Expression Exerts Anti-Tumour Effects Against Glioma via Targeting microRNA-370-5p/KLF4.

Objectives: Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are key regulators involved in the progression of glioma, and many functional lncRNAs are yet to be identified. This study aimed to explore the function of CHRM3-AS2, a rarely reported lncRNA, in glioma, as well as the underlying mechanisms involving miR-370-5p/KLF4. Methods: Differentially expressed RNAs (DERs) were screened from two gene expression profiles of glioblastoma (GBM). Fluorescence in situ hybridisation was performed to determine the subcellular localisation of CHRM3-AS2. Cell viability, colony formation, apoptosis, migration, and invasion were evaluated using cell counting kit-8, colony counts, flow cytometry, wound healing, and Transwell assays, respectively. mRNA and protein expression of specific genes were measured using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blotting, respectively. Dual luciferase reporter gene, RNA immunoprecipitation, and RNA pull-down assays were performed to identify the target relationships. A mouse xenograft model was established for in vivo validation. Results: CHRM3-AS2 was screened as a prognosis-associated DER in GBM. CHRM3-AS2 expression was up-regulated in glioma cells, and CHRM3-AS2 was localised in the cytoplasm. Silencing of CHRM3-AS2 expression inhibited cell viability, colony formation, migration, and invasion and promoted apoptosis of U251 and SHG-44 cells. In addition, CHRM3-AS2 targeted miR-370-5p/KLF4 in glioma cells. The anti-tumour effect of CHRM3-AS2 silencing was weakened by miR-370-5p silencing or KLF4 overexpression. In vivo, silencing of CHRM3-AS2 expression inhibited tumour growth and Ki67 expression in mice. Overexpression of KLF4 also weakened the anti-tumour effect of CHRM3-AS2 silencing in mice. Conclusions: Silencing of CHRM3-AS2 expression inhibited the malignant progression of glioma by regulating miR-370-5p/KLF4 expression.

Outcomes of Traumatic Brain-Injured Patients With Glasgow Coma Scale < 5 and Bilateral Dilated Pupils Undergoing Decompressive Craniectomy.

Objective: Decompressive craniectomy (DC) plays an important role in the treatment of patients with severe traumatic brain injury (sTBI) with mass lesions and intractably elevated intracranial hypertension (ICP). However, whether DC should be performed in patients with bilateral dilated pupils and a low Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score is still controversial. This retrospective study explored the clinical outcomes and risk factors for an unfavorable prognosis in sTBI patients undergoing emergency DC with bilateral dilated pupils and a GCS score <5. Methods: The authors reviewed the data from patients who underwent emergency DC from January 2012 to March 2019 in a medical center in China. All data, such as patient demographics, radiological findings, clinical parameters, and preoperative laboratory variables, were extracted. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the factors associated with 30-day mortality and 6-month negative neurological outcome {defined as death or vegetative state [Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) score 1-2]}. Results: A total of 94 sTBI patients with bilateral dilated pupils and a GCS score lower than five who underwent emergency DC were enrolled. In total, 74 patients (78.7%) died within 30 days, and 84 (89.4%) had a poor 6-month outcome (GOS 1-2). In multivariate analysis, advanced age (OR: 7.741, CI: 2.288-26.189), prolonged preoperative activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) (OR: 7.263, CI: 1.323-39.890), and low GCS (OR: 6.162, CI: 1.478-25.684) were associated with a higher risk of 30-day mortality, while advanced age (OR: 8.812, CI: 1.817-42.729) was the only independent predictor of a poor 6-month prognosis in patients undergoing DC with preoperative bilateral dilated pupils and a GCS score <5. Conclusions: The mortality and disability rates are extremely high in severe TBI patients undergoing emergency DC with bilateral fixed pupils and a GCS score <5. DC is more valuable for younger patients.

Upregulation of glutaminase 2 and neutrophil cytosolic factor 2 is associated with the poor prognosis of glioblastoma.

Background: This study aimed to identify glioblastoma prognosis-associated genes with potential diagnosis or prognosis values using integrated bioinformatics analysis. Results: In total, 1831 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the glioblastoma and control samples were identified and were clustered into seven weighed gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) modules. These DEGs were associated with different functional categories and pathways. Nine prognosis-associated DEGs (including glutaminase 2 [GLS2] and neutrophil cytosolic factor 2 [NCF2]) were identified, and the higher expression levels of GLS2 and NCF2 genes were associated with the poor prognosis of glioblastoma in 'The Cancer Genome Atlas' cohort and a clinical cohort. Conclusion: These results showed that the two genes play novel roles in the etiological and development of glioblastoma.

Predictors of 30-Day Mortality in Traumatic Brain-Injured Patients after Primary Decompressive Craniectomy.

OBJECTIVE: Primary decompressive craniectomy (DC) is an important therapeutic technique for severe head-injured patients with space-occupying lesions in emergency situations, but these patients are still at high risk for unfavorable outcomes. This study aimed to investigate the predictors of 30-day mortality in adult patients undergoing primary DC after traumatic brain injury (TBI). METHODS: All adult patients (≥18 years of age) who underwent primary DC from January 2012 to March 2019 were included. Demographic, clinical, surgical, and laboratory variables were collected for analysis. Early mortality was defined as 30-day mortality after DC. First, a univariate analysis (P < 0.05) was used to compare survivors and nonsurvivors. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to identify the predictors of 30-day mortality for patients who underwent primary DC. RESULTS: A total of 387 patients were enrolled in the study. The 30-day mortality was 31.52% (122/387). The median age at presentation was 49 years (interquartile range, 38-60), and 316 (81.65%) patients were male. In the multivariate logistic regression analysis, the factors associated with 30-day mortality included age (odds ratio [OR], 1.068; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.040-1.096; P < 0.001), bilateral unreactive pupils (OR, 12.734; 95% CI, 4.129-39.270; P < 0.001), subdural hemorrhage (OR, 3.468; 95% CI, 1.305-9.218; P < 0.013), completely effaced basal cistern (OR, 3.52; 95% CI, 1.568-7.901; P = 0.002), intraoperative hypotension (OR, 11.532; 95% CI, 4.222-31.499; P < 0.001), preoperative activated partial thromboplastin time (OR, 6.905; 95% CI, 2.055-23.202; P = 0.002), and Injury Severity Score (OR, 1.081; 95% CI, 1.031-1.133; P = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: In patients undergoing primary DC after traumatic brain injury, the predictors of 30-day mortality include age, bilateral unreactive pupils, subdural hemorrhage, completely effaced basal cistern, intraoperative hypotension, preoperative activated partial thromboplastin time, and Injury Severity Score.