Detection of microplastics in patients with allergic rhinitis.

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to investigate the relationship between microplastics, which are a worldwide health and environmental issue, and their relationship to allergic rhinitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 66 patients participated in this prospective study. The patients were divided into two groups. While there were 36 patients with allergic rhinitis in group 1, there were 30 healthy volunteers in group 2. The participants' age, gender and Score for Allergic Rhinitis results were noted. Microplastics were examined in the nasal lavage fluids of the patients and their numbers noted. The groups were compared on these values. RESULTS: There was no significant difference between the groups in terms of age and gender. There was a significant difference between the allergic rhinitis group and the control group in terms of the Score for Allergic Rhinitis results (p < 0.001). In the allergic rhinitis group, the microplastic density in the nasal lavage was significantly higher than in the control group (p = 0.027). Microplastics were detected in all participants. CONCLUSIONS: We found more microplastics in allergic rhinitis patients. According to this result, we can say that there is a relationship between allergic rhinitis and microplastics.

Adverse effect of VEGFR-2 (rs1870377) polymorphism on the clinical course of COVID-19 in females and males in an age-dependent manner.

The COVID-19 pandemic has affected people worldwide with varying clinical presentations ranging from mild to severe or fatal, and studies have found that age, gender, and some comorbidities can influence the severity of the disease. It would be valuable to have genetic markers that might help predict the likely outcome of infection. For this objective, genes encoding VEGFR-2 (rs1870377), CCR5Δ32 (rs333), and TLR3 (rs5743313) were analyzed for polymorphisms in the peripheral blood of 160 COVID-19 patients before COVID-19 vaccine was available in Türkiye. We observed that possession of the VEGFR-2 rs1870377 mutant allele increased the risk of severe/moderate disease in females and subjects ≥65 years of age, but was protective in males <65 years of age. Other significant results were that the CCR5Δ32 allele was protective against severe disease in subjects ≥65 years of age, while TLR3 rs5743313 polymorphism was found to be protective against severe/moderate illness in males <65 years of age. The VEGFR-2 rs1870377 mutant allele was a risk factor for severe/moderate disease, particularly in females over the age of 65. These findings suggest that genetic polymorphisms have an age- and sex-dependent influence on the severity of COVID-19, and the VEGFR-2 rs1870377 mutant allele could be a potential predictor of disease severity.

Intralesional Avirulent Bacillus Calmette-Guérin Injection as a Promising Method for the Treatment of Tuberculosis Verrucosa Cutis.

Cutaneous involvement is a relatively uncommon manifestation of tuberculosis (TB), particularly outside the endemic regions. Cutaneous TB manifests itself in various clinical forms, depending on the host's immune status and mode of transmission. Nonetheless, the same treatment regimen is recommended for every subtype. Tuberculosis verrucosa cutis (TBVC) is a specific subgroup in which the affected persons are usually healthy adults who are vaccinated or exposed to mycobacteria during their occupational activities. These patients have the ability to launch a strong cellular immune reaction against mycobacteria. In this article, we present an elderly patient with a 4-year history of TBVC who was treated with intralesional injection of avirulent Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) and report our clinical observation on the inflammatory and healing process of the patient's lesion following the intralesional BCG injection.

Does influenza subtype H1N1 have a place in the etiology of pityriasis rosea?

INTRODUCTION: Pityriasis rosea (PR) is an acute, inflammatory skin disease of unknown cause. Various infectious agents including viruses have been proposed as causative agents and presence of influenza subtype H1N1 was shown in case reports with PR, but the relation was not conclusive. We hypothesited that there may be a relation between PR and H1N1, since both of them are prevalent in the same period as winter or season transitions. AIM: To investigate the effect of the H1N1 virus in PR in this study. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Twenty-one female and 12 male PR patients who applied to Kirikkale University Faculty of Medicine Hospital Dermatology Outpatient Clinic were included in the study. Influenza subtype H1N1 IgM and IgG antibodies were detected by enzyme immunoassay (EIA) in sera of patients; tissue biopsy specimens were examined for influenza subtype H1N1 RNA by PCR. RESULTS: Seven (23%) of the 33 patients had positive IgM and IgG antibodies. Influenza subtype H1N1 RNA was not detected in the tissue samples of 33 PR patients. CONCLUSIONS: According to the results of this study, we can say that influenza subtype H1N1 does not play a role in PR etiology.

Helicobacter pylori resistance to clarithromycin and fluoroquinolones in a pediatric population in Turkey: A cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Helicobacter pylori antimicrobial resistance is gradually increasing around the world. However, there are a limited number of studies reporting on this issue in the pediatric population. In this study, we aimed to determine H pylori resistance to clarithromycin and fluoroquinolones in the pediatric patients living in Kirikkale province that were detected with H pylori in gastric biopsies. Moreover, we also aimed to investigate the concordance between the histopathologic and molecular methods used in the diagnosis of H pylori infection. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients aged 2-18 years who had a history of epigastric pain and/or nausea persisting for longer than 1 month underwent upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. Biopsies were taken from the gastric antral mucosa. In the samples detected with H pylori in the histopathologic examination, the presence of H pylori and H pylori resistance to clarithromycin and fluoroquinolones was investigated using the GenoType HelicoDR test which allows the detection of wild-type and mutant genes. The strains detected with more than one mutant gene are defined as hetero-resistant strains. RESULTS: The 93 patients that underwent DNA extraction and amplification included 68 (73.1%) girls and 25 (26.9%) boys with a median age of 15 ± 2.62 (range 6-17) years. The overall concordance for the diagnosis of H pylori infection between histopathology and PCR was 94%, and H pylori resistance to clarithromycin and fluoroquinolones was 27% and 15%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The high H pylori resistance to clarithromycin and fluoroquinolones among the pediatric patients in our region implicates that the antibiotic sensitivity of strains should be studied prior to administration in accordance with the recommendations provided in the guidelines. Moreover, the presence of hetero-resistant strains in our patients may be a reason for treatment failure.

Does penile tourniquet application alter bacterial adhesion to rat urethral cells: an in vitro study.

PURPOSE: To investigate the effects of penile tourniquet (PT) application on bacterial adhesion to urothelium. METHODS: Fifty-six rats were allocated into control group (CG), sham group (SG), PT group (PTG). No intervention was applied in CG. A 5mm-length urethral repair was performed in SG and PTG. In PTG, a 10-min duration of PT was applied during the procedure and the tissue oxygenation monitor was used to adjust the same degree of ischemia in all subjects. Samples were examined for wound healing parameters and tissue levels of inflammatory markers, eNOS, e-selectin, and ICAM-1antibodies. The adhesion of Escherichia coli to urothelium was investigated with in vitro adhesion assay. RESULTS: Inflammation was higher and wound healing was worse in SG than CG and in PTG in comparison to CG and SG (p<0.05). The endothelial damage, as shown by eNOS expression, was significantly higher in PTG compared to CG and SG (p<0.05). The staining with ICAM-1 and e-selectin antibodies, showing increased inflammatory response to bacterial adhesion, was significantly higher in PTG compared to CG and SG (p<0.05). In vitro urethral cell proliferation was achieved only in CG and SG revealing significantly increased adhesion in SG compared to CG (p<0.05). The PT application caused endothelial corruption and prevented cell proliferation in cell culture. CONCLUSION: The PT application does not improve wound healing and increases bacterial adhesion molecules in penile tissue. The in vitro assays showed that PT causes severe endothelial damage and inhibits endothelial cell proliferation.

A comparison of the recoverable proportion of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from two different types of papers.

AIM: Paper is used for various purposes in hospitals. Generally, there are two different types of paper, which are commonly used in our facility: wood-free paper, and paper containing wood. We compared the recoverable proportion of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA; ATCC 43300) from the surface of such papers. METHOD: The papers were divided into two groups: Group 1: wood-free paper; Group 2: paper containing wood. The papers were contaminated in a standardized procedure with 0.1 mL of a 5×10(7) CFU MRSA/mL stock solution. RESULTS: The recoverable proportion of MRSA was higher in the wood-containing papers than in the papers without wood (P=0.043). CONCLUSION: This study indicates that if paper is purchased for healthcare facilities it should not contain wood, but rather wood-free paper types should be considered.

Risk Factors for Colistin-Associated Acute Kidney Injury: A Multicenter Study from Turkey.

The aim of this study was to investigate the incidence of acute kidney injury (AKI) and risk factors due to colistin use in patients infected with multidrug-resistant pathogens. This multicenter, retrospective, observational study was conducted in Turkey, at 5 different research and university hospitals. Cox regression analyses were performed, to determine independent predictors of AKI. From April 2012 to July 2014, a total of 216 patients aged between 18-94 years, treated with colistimethate sodium (CMS) were included in the study. The mean age of the patients was 60.3 ± 20.1 years. The overall incidence of AKI was 34.3% (74/216) at any time during treatment. Concomitant use of loop diuretics, baseline creatinine level, and CMS dosage were independently associated with AKI. According to our results, patients with higher baseline creatinine levels, or patients who had to use concomitant loop diuretics may need to be monitored more closely, and dose adjustment should be done promptly. More comprehensive studies are, however, still needed to evaluate the efficacy of low-dose colistin since higher doses tend to increase the risk of AKI.

Procalcitonin Level and Its Predictive Effect on Mortality in Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Patients.

Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a potentially fatal disease which is endemic to Turkey. We aimed to investigate the procalcitonin levels and their prognostic value over fatality in CCHF patients. The sera were harvested from patients who were diagnosed with CCHF within the first 2 days of the onset of their symptoms. The patients were divided into 2 groups according to their survival status: fatal or non-fatal. The biochemical and hematological parameters were studied in the Biochemistry Laboratory of Sorgun City Hospital. The sera were stored at -80℃ until testing for procalcitonin, and the procalcitonin levels were assayed by ELISA at the Biochemistry Laboratory of Kirikkale University. Forty- eight patients were included in the study, with 8 and 40 patients in the fatal and non-fatal groups, respectively. While the procalcitonin level was high in all patients in the fatal group, the same was observed in 30 patients in the non-fatal group (75%). The mean value of procalcitonin was 1.12 ng/ml in the fatal group and was 0.21 ng/ml in the non-fatal group (P = 0.003). According to the results of our study, the procalcitonin levels in the first 2 days of the onset of the symptoms might be helpful for predicting fatality in CCHF patients.

Drug resistance profiles and clonality of sporadic Shigella sonnei isolates in Ankara, Turkey.

The aims of this study were to investigate drug resistance rates, types of extended spectrum beta lactamases (ESBLs), and molecular epidemiological characteristics of 43 Shigella sonnei isolates. Ampicillin-sulbactam, amoxicillin-clavulanate, chloramphenicol, and ciprofloxacin were the most active antibiotics. Five isolates harbored bla SHV-12, bla(TEM-1) and bla(CTX-M-15). More than 90% of the isolates had an indistinguishable pulsotype.

Drug resistance profiles and clonality of sporadic Shigella sonnei isolates in Ankara, Turkey

The aims of this study were to investigate drug resistance rates, types of extended spectrum beta lactamases (ESBLs), and molecular epidemiological characteristics of 43 Shigella sonnei isolates. Ampicillin-sulbactam, amoxicillin-clavulanate, chloramphenicol, and ciprofloxacin were the most active antibiotics. Five isolates harbored blaSHV-12, blaTEM-1 and blaCTX-M-15. More than 90% of the isolates had an indistinguishable pulsotype.

In vitro susceptibilities of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp. to ampicillin-sulbactam and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid.

Ampicillin-sulbactam (A/S) and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (AUG) are thought to be equally efficacious clinically against the Enterobacteriaceae family. In this study, the in vitro activities of the A/S and AUG were evaluated and compared against Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed by standard agar dilution and disc diffusion techniques according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). During the study period, 973 strains were isolated. Of the 973 bacteria isolated, 823 were E. coli and 150 Klebsiella spp. More organisms were found to be susceptible to AUG than A/S, regardless of the susceptibility testing methodology. The agar dilution results of the isolates that were found to be sensitive or resistant were also compatible with the disc diffusion results. However, some differences were seen in the agar dilution results of some isolates that were found to be intermediately resistant with disc diffusion. In E. coli isolates, 17 of the 76 AUG intermediately resistant isolates (by disc diffusion), and 17 of the 63 A/S intermediately resistant isolates (by disc diffusion) showed different resistant patterns by agar dilution. When the CLSI breakpoint criteria are applied it should be considered that AUG and A/S sensitivity in E. coli and Klebsiella spp. strains may show differences.

Evaluation of rapid urine screening tests to detect asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnancy.

In order to compare the performance of leukocyte esterase and nitrite urine dipstick tests with enhanced urinalysis (uncentrifuged urine white blood cell count/mm(3) plus Gram stain) in detecting asymptomatic bacteriuria in obstetric patients, clean-catch midstream urine specimens were collected from 250 consecutive asymptomatic pregnant women. Ten of the women (4.0%) showed urine culture results indicating significant bacteriuria. The nitrite test was the most specific (99.2%) of these tests, however, its sensitivity was found to be the lowest (60.0%). The sensitivity of the leukocyte esterase test was 70.0%, on the other hand, while its positive predictive value was 28.0%. The sensitivity and specificity of enhanced urinalysis were found to be 50.0 and 96.7%, respectively. None of the rapid tests was found to be a reliable alternative for culture screening of all pregnant women. Nitrite tests are useful screening tests for detecting asymptomatic bacteriuria only if their limitations are fully understood, while leukocyte esterase and enhanced urinalysis tests are not suitable for screening for asymptomatic bacteriuria. Our findings support previous conclusions that quantitative urine cultures are required to rule out asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnant women.

Antimicrobial resistance of enterococci in Turkey.

Susceptibility to ampicillin, penicillin, vancomycin and teicoplanin, high-level resistance to aminoglycosides (gentamicin and streptomycin) and beta-lactamase production were investigated among 264 consecutive clinical enterococcal isolates in Turkey. Disc diffusion test was used to detect resistance to ampicillin, penicillin, vancomycin and teicoplanin. High-level resistance to aminoglycosides was determined both by standard agar screening and by disc diffusion methods. The values of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of each isolate for ampicillin, vancomycin and teicoplanin were determined by the microbroth dilution technique. The isolates were found to consist of Enterococcus faecalis (78%), Enterococcus faecium (9%) and Enterococcus spp. (12%). In all strains, the penicillin and ampicillin resistance ratios were 27% and 26%, respectively. Enterococcus faecalis was more susceptible to penicillin and ampicillin than the other strains. None of the strains were resistant to glycopeptides. High-level aminoglycoside resistance was found in 16% E. faecalis and 88% E. faecium for gentamicin, and 35% and 44%, respectively, for streptomycin. There were no differences between the two methods used to determine the aminoglycoside resistance rates in the enterococcal isolates. No beta-lactamase-producing isolates were detected in either species. In conclusion, to determine the resistance of enterococci to the penicillin group of drugs by the disc diffusion method, both penicillin and ampicillin discs should be evaluated. In serious enterococcal infections, before starting combined therapy, high-level aminoglycoside resistance should be investigated.