A Narrative Review of the Association Between Healthy Dietary Patterns and Depression.

The purpose of the present review is the investigation of healthy dietary patterns and diet quality in relation to depression risk. Nutritional psychiatry is to develop scientifically based research that defines the role of nutrition and nutrients in various aspects of mental health. Growing evidence from the field suggests that diet may play an important role in the prevention and/or treatment of depression. In contrast, there is evidence that unhealthy diets may increase the risk of depression. This emerging research suggests that dietary interventions could help prevent depression or be an alternative or adjunctive therapy for depression. The Mediterranean diet (MedDiet), the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet, and the vegetarian diet are examined in this review. The electronic databases PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar were searched for relevant studies published during the last five years. We found many results that support that healthy eating patterns (high in vegetables, fruits, whole grains, nuts, seeds, and fish, low in processed foods) are related to a reduction in the risk of depression. The most robust findings are related to MedDiet, where we also found several positive results for the DASH diet. Regarding the vegetarian diet, there are inconsistent reports. Furthermore, a consistent finding refers to a lower Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII) as associated with a lower depression risk. It has been observed that people suffering from depression have poorer nutritional quality, with lower fruit and vegetable intake. This observation may strengthen the argument that nutritional interventions should be incorporated as an important "pillar" in the multifactorial treatment of patients. However, more well-designed studies are needed to establish the relationship between dietary patterns and mental health. In particular, interventional, longitudinal studies could be more enlightening.

The Effect of Shift Working on Dietary Patterns of Healthcare Practitioners during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Background and Objectives: Health professionals' working schedules often do not allow them to follow a balanced way of life, and the nature of their work can affect their weight and eating habits. The aim of the present study is to shed some light on the impact of night shift working on the dietary practices of healthcare practitioners in Greece. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study. With the use of an administered questionnaire several parameters were assessed, including anthropometric characteristics, weight history, as well as nutritional habits of the same group of participants during night shifts and when at regular working hours. Moreover, nutritional beliefs of the subjects were recorded, as well as the level of adherence to the Mediterranean diet. Results: It was observed that in all food groups, including water, used to compare the nutritional patterns of the participants during night shifts and when working regular hours, statistical differences were noted (p = 0.001). Furthermore, the participants who reported a higher adherence to the Mediterranean diet and self-reported healthier nutritional habits, had a statistically lower weight compared to the participants that rarely followed the specific model or reported unhealthier eating routine (p = 0.010 and p = 0.015, respectively). Conclusions: We conclude that shift-working healthcare professionals are associated with disturbed eating behaviours leading to the high consumption of unhealthy food. The implementation of interventions that will concentrate on educating health workers on balanced nutrition and improving physical environment (i.e., food availability, healthier food choices) seems to be of great importance.

Translation, validation, and first application of the Greek version of an irritable bowel syndrome severity scoring system.

Background: The Irritable Bowel Syndrome Severity Scoring System (IBS-SSS) is a self-administered questionnaire that categorizes patients according to symptom severity. We aimed to translate and adapt the English IBS-SSS, validate the Greek version, and detect factors predictive of IBS severity. Methods: The original English version was obtained from the Rome Foundation, and the final Greek version arose through a process of translation, comprehensibility evaluation and back-translation. The 141 participants enlisted in the study were enrolled from 2 tertiary hospitals and were divided into 2 groups (98 patients and 43 healthy volunteers). We evaluated the questionnaire properties based on COSMIN criteria. Results: The recruited patients reported either diarrhea-predominant (34.7%), constipation-predominant (28.6%), or mixed subtype (36.7%) IBS. No significant variations were found regarding the frequency and intensity of abdominal pain and flatulence among the 3 IBS subtypes. Severity scores among healthy volunteers were significantly lower compared to IBS patients, irrespective of their disease subtype (P<0.001). The Cronbach coefficient (α) was calculated at 0.953, suggesting high inter-item internal consistency. The intraclass correlation coefficient was calculated and found to be high, suggesting good responsiveness of the questionnaire. Two-way MANOVA evaluation showed that demographic variables (age, family status, body mass index [BMI], smoking, and alcohol consumption) in the Greek population affect the IBS-SSS score and syndrome severity. Conclusions: The Greek version of IBS-SSS is a reliable, valid and responsive tool for assessing Greek IBS patients' symptom severity. Older age, smoking, alcohol use and higher BMI are indicative of greater symptom severity.

The Effect of Fat Supplementation on the Appearance of Symptoms Associated With Dumping Syndrome in Patients Having Undergone Gastric Surgery: Preliminary Results.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Data on the effect of dietary fat on dumping syndrome (DS) symptoms are limited. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of the addition of fat to a carbohydrate meal on the appearance of DS symptoms and glycemic response, in patients who had undergone gastric surgery. SUBJECTS/METHODS: This was an interventional crossover study. Patients scheduled for gastric surgical procedures related to DS at two surgical units of two public hospitals (General University Hospital of Larissa and General Hospital of Larissa) were considered for study inclusion. Patients presenting symptoms suggestive of diagnosis (n = 12), after the ingestion of a carbohydrate meal, were used as both intervention and control groups. During the intervention process, a fat supplement was added to the carbohydrate meal that was previously used for diagnosis. Glycemic response and the amount and intensity of DS symptoms provoked by the two meals were assessed at both appointments. RESULTS: Blood glucose levels were significantly lower in the group that consumed the added fat meal compared with the group that consumed the carbohydrate meal 60 minutes after ingestion (p = 0.028). Furthermore, a significant reduction was noted in the amount of late dumping symptoms (p = 0.021) and the intensity of both early and late dumping symptoms (p = 0.007 and p = 0.012 respectively), after fat addition.  Conclusions: Incorporating fat into a carbohydrate meal seems to attenuate postprandial blood glucose rises and reduce the amount and intensity of DS symptoms, in patients who had undergone gastric surgery.

Endoscopic luminal stenting: Current applications and future perspectives.

Endoscopic luminal stenting (ELS) represents a minimally invasive option for the management of malignant obstruction along the gastrointestinal tract. Previous studies have shown that ELS can provide rapid relief of symptoms related to esophageal, gastric, small intestinal, colorectal, biliary, and pancreatic neoplastic strictures without compromising cancer patients' overall safety. As a result, in both palliative and neoadjuvant settings, ELS has largely surpassed radiotherapy and surgery as a first-line treatment modality. Following the abovementioned success, the indications for ELS have gradually expanded. To date, ELS is widely used in clinical practice by well-trained endoscopists in managing a wide variety of diseases and complications, such as relieving non-neoplastic obstructions, sealing iatrogenic and non-iatrogenic perforations, closing fistulae and treating post-sphincterotomy bleeding. The abovementioned development would not have been achieved without corresponding advances and innovations in stent technology. However, the technological landscape changes rapidly, making clinicians' adaptation to new technologies a real challenge. In our mini-review article, by systematically reviewing the relevant literature, we discuss current developments in ELS with regard to stent design, accessories, techniques, and applications, expanding the research basis that was set by previous studies and highlighting areas that need to be further investigated.

Pharmacogenetic Analysis of the MIR146A rs2910164 and MIR155 rs767649 Polymorphisms and Response to Anti-TNF Treatment in Patients with Crohn's Disease and Psoriasis.

The clinical heterogeneity regarding the response profile of the antitumor necrosis factor (anti-TNF) in patients with Crohn's disease (CD) and psoriasis (PsO) is attributed, amongst others, to genetic factors that influence the regulatory mechanisms which orchestrate the inflammatory response. Here, we investigated the possible associations between the MIR146A rs2910164 and MIR155 rs767649 variants and the response to anti-TNF therapy in a Greek cohort of 103 CD and 100 PsO patients. We genotyped 103 CD patients and 100 PsO patients via the PCR-RFLP method, utilizing the de novo formation of a restriction site for the SacI enzyme considering the MIR146A rs2910164, while Tsp45I was employed for the MIR155 rs767649 variant. Additionally, we investigated the potential functional role of the rs767649 variant, exploring in silico the alteration of transcription factor binding sites (TFBSs) mapped on its genomic location. Our single-SNP analysis displayed a significant association between the rare rs767649 A allele and response to therapy (Bonferroni-corrected p value = 0.012) in patients with PsO, a result further enhanced by the alteration in the IRF2 TFBS caused by the above allele. Our results highlight the protective role of the rare rs767649 A allele in the clinical remission of PsO, implying its utilization as a pharmacogenetic biomarker.

Objective Measurements of Physical Function to Predict Survival in Patients with Metastatic Cancer.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Physician-reported performance status (PS) constitutes the established method for stratifying oncologic patients in therapeutic decision-making. Objective measurements of physical function may further refine prognostication. SUBJECTS/METHODS: In this prospective observational study, 103 patients with metastatic cancer who were referred for systemic therapy initiation were evaluated. PS was evaluated using the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Performance Status (ECOG-PS) and five objective physical function measurements (handgrip strength [HGS], chair stand test [CST], timed up and go [TUG] test, 4-m gait speed [GS] test, and short physical performance battery [SPPB] test). Overall survival and treatment complications were recorded from the medical records. RESULTS: Patients with low PS according to ECOG-PS (hazard ratio [HR]: 3.80, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.84, 7.80), HGS (HR: 2.37, 95% CI: 1.24, 4.55), SPPB (HR: 3.43, 95% CI: 1.55, 7.57), GS (HR: 3.03, 95% CI: 1.44, 6.38), and TUG (HR: 5.16, 95% CI: 2.19, 12.14) had shorter overall survival after adjustment for sex, age, symptomatology, comorbidity, percentage of weight loss, and tumor localization. CONCLUSIONS: Among the studied objective physical function measurements, HGS, SPPB, GS, and TUG were independent predictors of survival in a sample of patients with metastatic cancer, with TUG showing the highest effect size.

Efficacy and safety of transpancreatic sphincterotomy in endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography: a retrospective cohort study.

Background: Difficult cannulation represents a common obstacle during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). We assessed the efficacy and adverse events of transpancreatic sphincterotomy (TPS), and investigated potential associated confounders. Methods: All patients referred to our department for ERCP during 2015-2020 were eligible if they had intact papilla and visceral anatomy. In addition to standard measures, TPS was combined with pancreatic stent placement. Apart from demographics, we retrieved data related to the indication, periampullary anatomy, necessity for TPS or fistulotomy, their outcomes and complications. Chi-square test was employed to investigate associations between TPS and independent variables. When significance was observed, the respective variables were inserted into a regression model. Results: A total of 1082 individual patients were eligible, with an equal female: male ratio and a mean age of 72.7±15.82 years. Seventy-three patients (6.7%) underwent TPS, with a 95.9% successful cannulation rate. Papilla morphology or regional diverticulum did not affect the decision to perform TPS, though it was significantly associated with malignant common bile duct (CBD) obstruction as the ERCP indication (P=0.001). Considering adverse events, TPS did not increase the incidence of post-ERCP pancreatitis (PEP), though it affected bleeding (P=0.005). Regression analysis revealed a protective role of TPS against PEP (risk ratio [RR] 0.015, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.23-5.05; P<0.001), while the aforementioned risk of hemorrhage was attributed to previous precut attempts (RR 3.02, 95%CI 1.42-6.43; P=0.004). Conclusion: TPS combined with pancreatic stenting is an effective and safe modality in difficult cannulation cases and could be the first-choice alternative in malignant CBD obstruction.

Computed tomography-guided percutaneous cholecystostomy: a single institution's 6-year experience.

Background: Acute cholecystitis (AC) is an emergency commonly managed by a surgical department. The interventional part of the standard treatment algorithm includes laparoscopic or open cholecystectomy. Percutaneous cholecystostomy (PC) under imaging guidance is recommended as the first-line approach in the subset of high-risk patients for perioperative complications, as a bridging therapy to elective surgery or as a definitive solution. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the mortality and morbidity of PC performed under computed tomographic (CT) guidance in patients at high surgical risk. Methods: Medical and imaging records from all consecutive patients who underwent a CTPC between 2015 and 2020 were reviewed. Adult patients with a definite indication for CTPC were recruited and mortality 7 and 30 days post-procedure was recorded. Variables potentially affecting those outcomes were retrieved and included in our analysis. Results: Eighty-six consecutive patients at high risk for surgical management were identified and included in the present study. Most patients (58.1%) were diagnosed with AC, while 14 (16.3%) had concurrent AC and cholangitis, 13 (15.2%) gallbladder empyema, and 9 (10.4%) hydrops. The 7- and 30-day mortality rates were 16.3% (14/86) and 22.1% (19/86), respectively, and were significantly associated with patients' hospitalization in the intensive care unit (P<0.05). Other parameters investigated, such as age, sex, diagnosis, catheter diameter, and duration of hospital stay were not significantly associated with our primary outcome. Conclusion: PC is a safe alternative to surgery in patients with high perioperative risk, thus providing acceptable mortality rates.

Colon Capsule Endoscopy in the Diagnosis of Colon Polyps: Who Needs a Colonoscopy?

Colon screening programs have reduced colon cancer mortality. Population screening should be minimally invasive, safe, acceptably sensitive, cost-effective, and scalable. The range of screening modalities include guaiac or immunochemical fecal occult blood testing and CT colonography and colonoscopy. A number of carefully controlled studies concur that second-generation capsule endoscopy has excellent sensitivity for polyp detection and a high negative predictive value. Colon capsules fulfill the screening expectation of safety, high sensitivity for polyp detection, and patient acceptance, and appear to straddle the divide between occult blood testing and colonoscopy. While meeting these criteria, there remains the challenges of scaling, capsule practitioner training, resource allocation, and implementing change of practice. Like CT colonography, capsule screening presents the clinician with a decision on the threshold for colonoscopy referral. Overall, colon capsules are an invaluable tool in polyp detection and colon screening and offer a filter that determines "who needs a colonoscopy?".

Pharmacogenetic analysis of canonical versus noncanonical pathway of NF-kB in Crohn's disease patients under anti-tumor necrosis factor-α treatment.

OBJECTIVES: This study explores the potential of gene polymorphisms in the canonical and noncanonical NF-kB signaling pathway as a prediction biomarker of anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α response in Crohn's patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 109 Greek patients with Crohn's disease (CD) were recruited, and the genotype of TLR2 rs3804099, LTA rs909253, TLR4 rs5030728, and MAP3K14/NIK rs7222094 single nucleotide polymorphisms was investigated for association with response to anti-TNFα therapy. Patient's response to therapy was based on the Crohn's Disease Activity Index, depicting the maximum response within 24 months after initiation of treatment. RESULTS: Seventy-three patients (66.7%) were classified as responders while 36 as nonresponders (33.3%). Comparing allelic frequencies between responders and nonresponders, the presence of TLR2 rs3804099 T allele was associated with nonresponse (P = 0.003), even after stratification by anti-TNFα drugs (infliximab: P = 0.032, adalimumab: P = 0.026). No other association was identified for the rest of the polymorphisms under study. Haplotype analysis further enhanced the association of rs3804099 T allele with loss of response, even though the results were NS (P = 0.073). CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that polymorphisms in the canonical NF-kB pathway genes could potentially act as a predictive biomarker of anti-TNFα response in CD.

Role of autophagy in gastric carcinogenesis.

Gastric cancer represents a common and highly fatal malignancy, and thus a pathophysiology-based reconsideration is necessary, given the absence of efficient therapeutic regimens. In this regard, emerging data reveal a significant role of autophagy in gastric oncogenesis, progression, metastasis and chemoresistance. Although autophagy comprises a normal primordial process, ensuring cellular homeostasis under energy depletion and stress conditions, alterations at any stage of the complex regulatory system could stimulate a tumorigenic and promoting cascade. Among others, Helicobacter pylori infection induces a variety of signaling molecules modifying autophagy, during acute infection or after chronic autophagy degeneration. Subsequently, defective autophagy allows malignant transformation and upon cancer establishment, an overactive autophagy is stimulated. This overexpressed autophagy provides energy supplies and resistance mechanisms to gastric cancer cells against hosts defenses and anticancer treatment. This review interprets the implicated autophagic pathways in normal cells and in gastric cancer to illuminate the potential preventive, therapeutic and prognostic benefits of understanding and intervening autophagy.

The natural history of COVID-19 in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a nationwide study by the Hellenic Society for the study of IBD.

OBJECTIVES: COVID-19 has evolved into a global health crisis, variably affecting the management of patients with chronic illnesses. Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) may represent a vulnerable population due to frequent administration of immune-modifying treatments. We aimed to depict the natural history of COVID-19 infection in Greek patients with IBD at a nationwide level via unbiased reporting of all cases that were registered during the sequential waves of the pandemic. METHODS: Following a national call from the Hellenic Society for the study of IBD, we enrolled all IBD patients with established diagnoses of COVID-19. Clinical and epidemiological data, including COVID-19 modifying factors and IBD-associated therapies, were analyzed against adverse outcomes (hospitalization, ICU admission and death). RESULTS: We identified 154 IBD patients who were diagnosed with COVID-19 (men: 58.4%; mean age=41.7 years [SD = 14.9]; CD: 64.3%). Adverse outcomes were reported in 34 patients (22.1%), including 3 ICU admissions (1.9%) and two deaths (1.3%). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that age (OR = 1.04, 95% CI, 1-1.08) and dyspnea at presentation (OR = 7.36, 95% CI, 1.84-29.46) were associated with worse outcomes of COVID-19 infection. In contrast, treatment with biologics, in particular anti-TNF agents, exerted a protective effect against an unfavorable COVID-19 disease course (OR = 0.4, 95% CI, 0.16-0.99). Patients on subcutaneous biologics were more likely to halt treatment due to the infection as compared to those on intravenous biologics. CONCLUSIONS: IBD patients who developed COVID-19 had a benign course with adverse outcomes being infrequent. Treatment with anti-TNF biologics had a protective effect, thus, supporting continuation of therapy during the pandemic.

The burden and management of anemia in Greek patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a retrospective, multicenter, observational study.

BACKGROUND: Anemia is a common extraintestinal manifestation of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) affecting negatively the patients' quality of life. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency and real-life management of anemia in IBD patients in Greece. METHODS: This study was conducted in 17 Greek IBD referral centers. Demographic, clinical, laboratory, IBD and anemia treatment data were collected and analyzed retrospectively. RESULTS: A total of 1394 IBD patients [560 ulcerative colitis (UC), 834 Crohn's disease (CD)] were enrolled. Anemia at any time was reported in 687 (49.3%) patients of whom 413 (29.6%) had episodic and 274 (19.7%) had recurrent/persistent anemia. Anemia was diagnosed before IBD in 45 (6.5%), along with IBD in 269 (39.2%) and after IBD in 373 (54.3%) patients. In the multivariate analysis the presence of extraintestinal manifestations (p = 0.0008), IBD duration (p = 0.026), IBD related surgeries and hospitalizations (p = 0.026 and p = 0.004 accordingly) were risk factors of recurrent/persistent anemia. Serum ferritin was measured in 839 (60.2%) IBD patients. Among anemic patients, 535 (77.9%) received treatment. Iron supplementation was administered in 485 (90.6%) patients, oral in 142 (29.3%) and intravenous in 393 (81%). CONCLUSIONS: The frequency of anemia in IBD patients, followed at Greek referral centers, is approximately 50%. Development of recurrent/persistent anemia may be observed in 20% of cases and is independently associated with the presence of extraintestinal manifestations, IBD duration, IBD related surgeries and hospitalizations. Anemia treatment is administered in up to [Formula: see text] of anemia IBD patients with the majority of them receiving iron intravenously.

The impact of COVID-19 pandemic on gastrointestinal diseases: a single-center cross-sectional study in central Greece.

BACKGROUND: The current COVID-19 pandemic induced a suppressive environment for healthcare professionals and patients, especially during the lockdown period. Except for the direct burden of the COVID-19, collateral damage has been identified concerning other diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential impact of the lockdown on the non-COVID-19 patients' outcome in a tertiary gastroenterology department. METHODS: Patients admitted to our department during the lockdown period (23 March- 4 May 2020) and during the respective previous year's timeframe were recruited. Sex, age, comorbidities, presenting symptoms, final diagnosis, therapeutic management, duration of hospitalization, and outcome were evaluated. A direct comparison was performed to investigate the potential impact of the lockdown on the duration of hospitalization and the final outcome. RESULTS: A total of 161 patients were included to our analysis with 1:1 male:female ratio and mean age 70.86 years. Most of the cases experienced gastrointestinal tract bleeding, biliary stone disease manifestations, or gastrointestinal malignancy complications, and 85.1% were discharged. Fewer patients were hospitalized during the lockdown period (40%), whereas the duration of hospitalization was significantly longer (7.69±4.55 vs. 5.76±4.36 days). Binary logistic regression analysis and sensitivity analysis demonstrated that the quarantine was associated with increased prevalence of negative outcomes (odds ratio 5.21, 95% confidence interval 1.66-16.34; P=0.005), especially in cases with gastrointestinal malignancy and acute pancreatitis (P=0.045 and P=0.041, respectively). CONCLUSION: The increase in the negative outcomes of common gastrointestinal diseases and the duration of hospitalization during the lockdown raise reasonable concerns regarding healthcare policies against further outbreaks.

Gut Microbiota in Patients with Morbid Obesity Before and After Bariatric Surgery: a Ten-Year Review Study (2009-2019).

The changes in the composition and function of gut microbiota affect the metabolic functions (which are mediated by microbial effects) in patients with obesity, resulting in significant physiological regulation in these patients. Most of the studies emphasize that the Western-style diet (high fat and low vegetable consumption) leads to significant changes in the intestinal microbiome in individuals with metabolic syndrome. A deeper understanding of the profiles of gut microbes will contribute to the development of new therapeutic strategies for the management of metabolic syndrome and other metabolic diseases and related disorders. The aim of this review is to evaluate recent experimental evidence outlining the alterations of gut microbiota composition and function in recovery from bariatric surgical operations with an emphasis on sleeve gastrectomy and gastric bypass.

Impact of Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy on Gastrointestinal Motility.

OBJECTIVE: Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) was considered mainly as a restrictive procedure due to anatomic alterations in the upper gastrointestinal tract. Additionally, due to neurohormonal alterations, LSG modifies the gastrointestinal motility, which controls appetite and feeling of satiety. AIM: The aim of the study was to review the impact of laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy on gastrointestinal motility. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A search of the medical literature was undertaken in Pubmed, Web of Science, and Cochrane library. Esophageal, gastric, bowel motility were assessed separately. RESULTS: Nine studies assessed esophageal motility. The data remain debatable attributing to the heterogeneity of follow-up timing, surgical technique, bougie size, and distance from pylorus. The stomach motility was assessed in eighteen studies. Functionally, the sleeve was divided into a passive sleeve and an accelerated antrum. All scintigraphic studies revealed accelerated gastric emptying after LSG except of one. Patients demonstrated a rapid gastroduodenal transit time. The resection of the gastric pacemaker had as a consequence aberrant distal ectopic pacemaking or bioelectrical quiescence after LSG. The bowel motility was the least studied. Small bowel transit time was reduced; opposite to that the initiation of cecal filling and the ileocecal valve transit was delayed. CONCLUSION: Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy has impacts on gastrointestinal motility. The data remain debatable for esophageal motility. Stomach and small bowel motility were accelerated, while the initiation of cecal filling and the ileocecal valve transit was delayed. Further pathophysiological studies are needed to evaluate the correlation of motility data with clinical symptoms.