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Objective: The aim was to assess postoperative outcomes in pediatric thyroid nodules with atypia of undetermined significance (AUS/FLUS) or suspicious for a follicular neoplasm (SFN) and their respective the European-Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System (EU-TIRADS) scores. Methods: Forty-four pediatric patients at a single center with thyroid nodules classified as AUS/FLUS or SFN from August 2019 to December 2022 were retrospectively reviewed. Data on demographics, thyroid function, nodule size, and ultrasonographic features were collected. Postoperative pathologies were categorized into benign, low-risk, and malignant neoplasms according to the World Health Organization 2022 criteria, and EU-TIRADS was used for retrospective radiological scoring. Results: Among 21 (47.7%) of patients who had surgical intervention, 72% had Bethesda 3 and 28% had Bethesda 4 thyroid nodules. Post-surgical histopathological classifications were 43% benign, 19% low-risk, and 38% malignant. Of note, EU-TIRADS 3 and 5 scores were present in 44% and 56% of the benign cases, respectively. Malignant cases tended to produce higher EU-TIRADS scores, with 64% rated as EU-TIRADS 5. Bethesda category 4 nodules had a 66% malignancy rate, significantly higher than the 27% in category 3. Conclusion: A substantial proportion of histologically benign cases were classified as EU-TIRADS 5, suggesting that EU-TIRADS may lead to unnecessary biopsies in benign cases. Malignant cases were more likely to have a higher EU-TIRADS score, indicating a positive correlation with malignancy risk, particularly in Bethesda 4 cases. However, the EU-TIRADS system's predictive value for malignancy in Bethesda 3 cases was poorer.
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Nódulo Tiroideo , Humanos , Nódulo Tiroideo/cirugía , Nódulo Tiroideo/patología , Nódulo Tiroideo/diagnóstico por imagen , Nódulo Tiroideo/diagnóstico , Nódulo Tiroideo/clasificación , Femenino , Niño , Masculino , Estudios Retrospectivos , Adolescente , Ultrasonografía , Neoplasias de la Tiroides/cirugía , Neoplasias de la Tiroides/patología , Neoplasias de la Tiroides/diagnóstico por imagen , Neoplasias de la Tiroides/diagnóstico , Biopsia con Aguja Fina , Tiroidectomía , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Obese asthma is a complex syndrome with certain phenotypes that differ in children and adults. There is no clear evidence regarding the presence of additive or synergistic pathological interaction between obesity and asthma in children. OBJECTIVES: Our aim was to demonstrate the interaction of obesity and asthma in children in terms of airway and systemic inflammation by a controlled observational study. METHODS: Four groups were formed: asthma obese (AO), asthma nonobese (ANO), non-AO (NAO), nonasthma nonobese (NANO). Spirometry test, fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) test, skin prick test, serum inflammatory biomarkers (C-reactive protein, C3, C4, adiponectin, leptin, resistin, periostin, YKL-40, Type 1, and Type 2 cytokines) were conducted and evaluated in all participants. Sputum inflammatory cells (sputum eosinophils and neutrophils) were evaluated in patients who could produce induced sputum and obesity-asthma interactions were determined. RESULTS: A total of 153 participants aged 6-18 years were included in the study, including the AO group (n = 46), the ANO group (n = 45), the NAO group (n = 30), and the NANO group (n = 32). IL-4 (p < 0.001), IL-5 (p < 0.001), IL-13 (p < 0.001), resistin (p < 0.001), and YKL-40 (p < 0.001) levels were higher in patients with asthma independent of obesity. The lowest adiponectin level was found in the AO group and obesity-asthma interaction was detected (p < 0.001). Sputum eosinophilia (p < 0.01), sputum neutrophilia (p < 0.01), and FeNO levels (p = 0.07) were higher in asthmatic patients independent of obesity. In the group with paucigranulocytic inflammation, resistin and YKL-40 levels were significantly lower than in the group without paucigranulocytic inflammation (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: No interaction was found between obesity and asthma in terms of airway inflammation. Interaction between obesity and asthma was shown in terms of adiponectin level and resistin/adiponectin and leptin/adiponectin ratios. It was found that serum YKL-40 and resistin levels could be associated with airway inflammation.
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Asma/etiología , Inflamación/etiología , Obesidad Infantil/complicaciones , Adolescente , Factores de Edad , Asma/diagnóstico , Asma/metabolismo , Biomarcadores , Niño , Preescolar , Susceptibilidad a Enfermedades , Humanos , Inflamación/metabolismo , Inflamación/patología , Especificidad de Órganos , Obesidad Infantil/metabolismo , Fenotipo , SíndromeRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Autoimmune atrophic gastritis (AIG) is very rare in children. Despite a better understanding of histopathologic changes and serological markers in this disease, underlying etiopathogenic mechanisms and the effect of Helicobacter pylori (H pylori) infection are not well known. We aimed to investigate the relation between AIG and H pylori infection in children. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We evaluated the presence of AIG and H pylori infection in fifty-three patients with positive antiparietal cell antibody (APCA). Demographic data, clinical symptoms, laboratory and endoscopic findings, histopathology, and presence of H pylori were recorded. RESULTS: The children were aged between 5 and 18 years, and 28 (52.8%) of them were male. Mean age was 14.7 ± 2.6 years (median: 15.3; min-max: 5.2-18), and 10 (18.8%) of them had AIG confirmed by histopathology. In the AIG group, the duration of vitamin B12 deficiency was longer (P = .022), hemoglobin levels were lower (P = .018), and APCA (P = .039) and gastrin (P = .002) levels were higher than those in the non-AIG group. Endoscopic findings were similar between the two groups. Intestinal metaplasia was higher (P = .018) in the AIG group. None of the patients in the AIG group had H pylori infection (P = .004). One patient in the AIG group had enterochromaffin-like cell hyperplasia. CONCLUSIONS: Our results show that, in children, H pylori infection may not play a role in AIG. AIG could be associated with vitamin B12 deficiency, iron deficiency, and APCA positivity in children. APCA and gastrin levels should be investigated for the early diagnosis of AIG and intestinal metaplasia.
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Enfermedades Autoinmunes/etiología , Gastritis Atrófica/etiología , Infecciones por Helicobacter/complicaciones , Adolescente , Anemia Ferropénica/complicaciones , Niño , Preescolar , Femenino , Gastrinas/metabolismo , Helicobacter pylori/aislamiento & purificación , Humanos , Masculino , Metaplasia/complicaciones , Células Parietales Gástricas/patología , Estudios Retrospectivos , Estómago/patología , Deficiencia de Vitamina B 12/complicacionesRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection may rarely lead to protein-losing gastropathy that presents with nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and edema in immunocompetent children, but extremely rarely with only generalized edema. CLINICAL PRESENTATION AND INTERVENTION: A previously healthy 5-year-old boy presented with generalized edema without any other symptoms. He had hypoalbuminemia but no proteinuria. He was evaluated for gastrointestinal protein loss, and hypertrophic gastropathy was revealed on esophagogastroduodenoscopy. Meanwhile, CMV infection was detected by serologic tests and polymerase chain reaction in the blood. He recovered spontaneously within a week. CONCLUSION: CMV-related protein-losing gastropathy may present with generalized edema without any gastrointestinal symptoms.
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Infecciones por Citomegalovirus/complicaciones , Infecciones por Citomegalovirus/diagnóstico , Edema/complicaciones , Niño , Citomegalovirus/aislamiento & purificación , Humanos , MasculinoRESUMEN
Background/aim: Insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R) is a pivotal receptor tyrosine kinase involved in the cell cycle and malignant tumor transformation. It is differentially expressed in various types of tumors. We aimed to determine the expression of IGF- 1R in different pediatric tumors and to shed light on possible new indications of anti-IGF-1R treatment approaches. Materials and methods: A total of 147 specimens were analyzed according to their expression of IGF-1R. Specimens included those from rhabdomyosarcomas, Wilms tumors, Ewing sarcoma/primitive neuroectodermal tumors, peripheral neuroblastic tumors, acute lymphoblastic lymphoma, Hodgkin lymphoma, Burkitt lymphoma, retinoblastoma, pleuropulmonary blastoma, Langerhans cell histiocytosis, endodermal sinus tumors (ESTs), and myeloid sarcoma. Analysis was performed on tissue sections by immunohistochemically staining for IGF-1R expression. Results: All six specimens of EST cases showed positivity for IGF-R1. Additionally, about 56% of the Hodgkin lymphoma, 80% of the rhabdomyosarcoma, and 70% of the Wilms tumor specimens showed positivity for IGF-R1 expression. Conclusion: All ESTs examined in our study expressed IGF-1R and to our knowledge this is the first report regarding ESTs and IGF-1R expression. IGF-1R could be included among confirmatory markers for ESTs and, from a therapeutic viewpoint, ESTs should also be examined for IGF-1R expression for beneficial regimens.
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BACKGROUND: Nuclear protein of the testis (NUT) midline carcinoma is genetically defined by rearrangement of NUT or by immunohistochemical expression of NUT. FINDINGS: A 6-year old child had a NUT midline carcinoma of the lung. Despite aggressive therapy, the child died. CONCLUSION: NUT carcinoma, which can be diagnosed immunohistochemically, remains an aggressive tumor.
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Carcinoma/genética , Neoplasias Pulmonares/genética , Proteínas Nucleares/genética , Proteínas de Fusión Oncogénica/genética , Apoptosis , Carcinoma/terapia , Niño , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Progresión de la Enfermedad , Resultado Fatal , Femenino , Reordenamiento Génico , Humanos , Inmunohistoquímica , Hibridación Fluorescente in Situ , Neoplasias Pulmonares/terapia , NecrosisRESUMEN
Congenital portosystemic shunts are rare vascular malformations that lead to several complications including liver tumors, pulmonary hypertension, and metabolic encephalopathy. We describe a rare case of a 17-year-old girl with an extrahepatic portosystemic shunt presenting recurrent syncope episodes and a liver mass mimicking hepatocellulary carcinoma.
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Hiperplasia Nodular Focal/etiología , Vena Porta/anomalías , Fístula Vascular/congénito , Vena Cava Inferior/anomalías , Adolescente , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/diagnóstico , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Femenino , Hiperplasia Nodular Focal/diagnóstico , Encefalopatía Hepática/etiología , Humanos , Hiperamonemia/etiología , Hiperandrogenismo/etiología , Hiperandrogenismo/fisiopatología , Hipertensión Pulmonar/etiología , Hipertensión Pulmonar/fisiopatología , Neoplasias Hepáticas/diagnóstico , Vena Porta/diagnóstico por imagen , Síncope/etiología , Fístula Vascular/diagnóstico , Fístula Vascular/diagnóstico por imagen , Malformaciones Vasculares , Vena Cava Inferior/diagnóstico por imagenRESUMEN
Emir S, Hacisalihoglu S, Özyörük D, Kaçar D, Erdem A, Karakus E. Squamous cell carcinoma associated with Xeroderma pigmentosum: an unusual presentation with a tremendously huge mass over the face and paraneoplastic hypercalcemia-hyperleukocytosis. Turk J Pediatr 2017; 59: 711-714. Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder that results from genetic defects in DNA repair and manifests with a marked hypersensivity to ultraviolet rays. Children with X-P are at high risk of developing skin cancers. On the other hand, hypercalcemia-hyperleukocytosis is a rare paraneoplastic syndrome in children with cancer compared to adults. Here, we report a five-year-old female with X-P and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). The patient presented with a necrotic, ulcerating huge mass sized 20x15x10 cm involving the right half of the face. She had a history of increased freckling over the face since the age of two years. Her other cutaneous findings are dryness of skin, photosensitivity, freckling and telengiectasis all over the body. A diagnosis of Xeroderma pigmentosum was made based on clinical features. She also had high fever, anemia, hyperleukocytosis, thrombocytosis and hypercalcemia. After pathological diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma, she was treated with chemotherapy. All the symptoms and signs resolved dramatically with the initiation of chemotherapy. Our case is an example of early development of massive disfiguring SCC in children with undiagnosed and untreated X-P. Although we could not prove the paraneoplastic nature of hypercalcemia-hyperleukocytosis, dramatic response to the chemotherapy may be an evidence for paraneoplastic origin.
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In this study, we probed whether chronic infections of skin such as pilonidal sinus could be a potential site of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) replication. Pilonidal sinus is associated with a high recurrence rate. Therefore, we decided to determine the role of EBV's presence to explain whether it is correlated with the recurrence of pilonidal sinuses. This study was conducted on 36 patient samples with sacrococcygeal pilonidal sinus. Samples were immunohistochemically stained for EBV, CD3 and CD20 expression. Thirty-six adolescents with pilonidal disease were evaluated. EBV-positive cells were located in dermis with high inflammatory activity. EBV-positive cells stained positive for the B-cell antigen CD20 and were detected in 10 of 36 (27%) pilonidal sinus specimens. Among those who had experienced a relapse, three were positive for EBV expression. In addition, EBV expression was detected in eight cases with severe inflammation, and in two with minimal or moderate inflammation. Our study advances the field by demonstrating that similar to gastrointestinal mucosa, skin could be a reservoir for EBV. EBV was found to be restricted to B cells in skin lesions, and it was found that skin lesions with severe inflammation showed higher frequency of EBV expression in comparison to minimal or moderately inflammed skin lesions. Additionally, recurrence was more frequently observed among EBV-positive cases. These findings point out for a role of EBV infection in the recurrence of pilonidal sinuses.
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Anticuerpos Antivirales/análisis , Infecciones por Virus de Epstein-Barr/virología , Herpesvirus Humano 4/inmunología , Inmunohistoquímica/métodos , Seno Pilonidal/virología , Región Sacrococcígea/virología , Piel/virología , Adolescente , Infecciones por Virus de Epstein-Barr/diagnóstico , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Seno Pilonidal/diagnóstico , Estudios Retrospectivos , Piel/patologíaRESUMEN
In this study, clinical characteristics, treatment modalities and outcome of patients diagnosed with bladder/prostate rhabdomyosarcoma (BP RMS) were evaluated retrospectively. Files of 8 children diagnosed with BP RMS and treated between 2004-2014 were reviewed for clinical characteristics, treatment modalities and outcome. Seven males and one female were diagnosed with BP RMS between 2004-2014. Median age was 33.5 months (range, 2 to 176 months). At presentation the main clinical symptoms were hematuria in 5 patients, and constipation, oliguria and prolonged jaundice in 1 patient each. All patients were non-metastatic and only one had an embryonal histology. Primary resection before chemotherapy was performed on only one patient. Six patients were treated initially with VAC chemotherapy for 12 weeks, two patients were treated PIAV (ifosfamide, cisplatin, doxorubicin, vincristine). Local relapse or progressive disease occurred in 5 of 8 patients, and two of these patients underwent primary or secondary tumor resection without radiotherapy. Three patients developed a local relapse after combination of radiochemotherapy and tumor resection. Radical surgical treatment was performed in 3 patients with local relapse. Only one patient underwent partial cystectomy. Six of 8 patients were alive and under follow-up without disease at a median survival of 53 months (range, 13 to 78 months). BP RMS requires a multidisciplinary treatment approach. There is a general consensus that chemotherapy is the mainstay of treatment in BP RMS, but the method to be used for local control is controversial, and may vary from case to case in this heterogeneous disease.
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Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/uso terapéutico , Neoplasias de la Próstata/patología , Rabdomiosarcoma/terapia , Neoplasias de la Vejiga Urinaria/patología , Adolescente , Quimioradioterapia/métodos , Niño , Preescolar , Cistectomía/métodos , Femenino , Humanos , Lactante , Masculino , Recurrencia Local de Neoplasia , Neoplasias de la Próstata/terapia , Estudios Retrospectivos , Resultado del Tratamiento , Neoplasias de la Vejiga Urinaria/terapiaRESUMEN
Hereditary spherocytosis (HS) is the most frequent cause of congenital hemolytic anemia. It is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder characterized by cell membrane abnormalities, specifically in red blood cells. Although the association between benign, borderline and malignant tumors and HS is not clear, various tumors such as splenoma, adrenal myolipoma, pancreatic schwannoma, ganglioneuroma, extramedullary hematopoiesis, myeloproliferative disorders, multiple myeloma, B-cell lymphoma and acute lymphoblastic leukemia have been presented in case reports concerning HS patients. Here we describe a 6-year-old boy with HS who presented with a mass in the left kidney. Tru-cut biopsy revealed Wilms' tumor (WT). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case of WT associated with HS to be reported in the literature.
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Neoplasias Renales/etiología , Esferocitosis Hereditaria/complicaciones , Tumor de Wilms/etiología , Biopsia , Niño , Humanos , Neoplasias Renales/diagnóstico , Neoplasias Renales/terapia , Masculino , Esferocitosis Hereditaria/terapia , Tumor de Wilms/diagnóstico , Tumor de Wilms/terapiaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND/AIM: The aim of this study was to compare the distribution of interstitial Cajal cells, eosinophils, and mast cells in normal and inflamed appendices, and to evaluate the correlation of presence of these cells with severity of inflammation in appendicitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The appendicitis group (n = 30) was divided further into three groups according to the macroscopic description and the histological findings. Ten normal appendices served as controls. Tissue samples were processed for routine histological examination. Additionally, all sections were immunohistochemically stained with CD117 and mast cell tryptase antibodies. RESULTS: When specimens were compared in terms of Cajal cells, the observed mean number for the appendicitis group was 4.9 and for the control group it was 8.3. In contrast, eosinophils and mast cells were significantly increased in the appendicitis group when compared with the control group. CONCLUSION: We detected that eosinophils and mast cells are increased in appendicitis, and correlate with the degree of inflammation of the appendix. The density of interstitial Cajal cells was significantly lower in patients with severe appendix inflammation compared to controls. The histopathological differences observed in this study may help elucidate the pathophysiology of appendicitis.
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Apendicitis , Apéndice/patología , Eosinófilos , Inflamación , Células Intersticiales de Cajal , Mastocitos , Apendicitis/inmunología , Apendicitis/patología , Apendicitis/fisiopatología , Niño , Eosinófilos/inmunología , Eosinófilos/patología , Femenino , Humanos , Inmunohistoquímica , Inflamación/inmunología , Inflamación/patología , Inflamación/fisiopatología , Células Intersticiales de Cajal/inmunología , Células Intersticiales de Cajal/patología , Masculino , Mastocitos/inmunología , Mastocitos/patología , Índice de Severidad de la Enfermedad , Estadística como Asunto , Triptasas/análisisRESUMEN
Hepatocellular adenomas are a benign, focal, hepatic neoplasm that have been divided into four subtypes according to the genetic and pathological features. The ß-catenin activated subtype accounts for 10-15% of all hepatocellular adenomas and specific magnetic resonance imaging features have been defined for different hepatocellular adenomas subtypes. The current study aimed to report the magnetic resonance imaging features of a well differentiated hepatocellular carcinoma that developed on the basis of ß-catenin activated hepatocellular adenomas in a child. In this case, atypical diffuse steatosis was determined in the lesion. In the literature, diffuse steatosis, which is defined as a feature of the hepatocyte nuclear factor-1α-inactivated hepatocellular adenomas subtype, has not been previously reported in any ß-catenin activated hepatocellular adenomas case. Interlacing magnetic resonance imaging findings between subtypes show that there are still many mysteries about this topic and larger studies are warranted.
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The focus of this study was to investigate anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) expression by immunohistochemistry using a highly specific antibody. Distribution and frequency of ALK expression may provide a clue for ALK inhibitor use in small round cell tumors of childhood. The study group involved 76 small round cell tumors of childhood, which composed of 11 rhabdomyosarcomas, 13 Wilms tumors, 7 Ewing sarcoma/primitive neuroectodermal tumors, 34 peripheral neuroblastic tumors, and 11 acute lymphoblastic lymphoma. Anaplastic lymphoma kinase protein expression in small round cell tumors of childhood is poorly described in the literature. The findings of our study highlight a potential and possible role of targeting ALK in pediatric solid tumors by using ALK immunohistochemistry. Anaplastic lymphoma kinase may also have an oncogenic role in rhabdomyosarcomas and peripheral neuroblastic tumors, and they may possibly be treated with ALK inhibitors. Anaplastic lymphoma kinase expression in Wilms tumors is not reported in the literature, previously. Our study evaluated ALK expression in Wilms tumor samples.
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Tumor Desmoplásico de Células Pequeñas Redondas/enzimología , Proteínas Tirosina Quinasas Receptoras/biosíntesis , Quinasa de Linfoma Anaplásico , Biomarcadores de Tumor/biosíntesis , Biomarcadores de Tumor/genética , Carcinoma de Células Pequeñas/enzimología , Carcinoma de Células Pequeñas/genética , Carcinoma de Células Pequeñas/patología , Niño , Preescolar , Tumor Desmoplásico de Células Pequeñas Redondas/genética , Tumor Desmoplásico de Células Pequeñas Redondas/patología , Femenino , Expresión Génica , Humanos , Inmunohistoquímica , Masculino , Neuroblastoma/enzimología , Neuroblastoma/genética , Neuroblastoma/patología , Tumores Neuroectodérmicos Primitivos/enzimología , Tumores Neuroectodérmicos Primitivos/genética , Tumores Neuroectodérmicos Primitivos/patología , Leucemia-Linfoma Linfoblástico de Células Precursoras/enzimología , Leucemia-Linfoma Linfoblástico de Células Precursoras/genética , Leucemia-Linfoma Linfoblástico de Células Precursoras/patología , Proteínas Tirosina Quinasas Receptoras/genética , Rabdomiosarcoma/enzimología , Rabdomiosarcoma/genética , Rabdomiosarcoma/patología , Sarcoma de Ewing/enzimología , Sarcoma de Ewing/genética , Sarcoma de Ewing/patología , Tumor de Wilms/enzimología , Tumor de Wilms/genética , Tumor de Wilms/patologíaRESUMEN
Collagenous sprue is a clinicopathological entity with an unknown etiology. Its clinical features include progressive malabsorption, diarrhea, weight loss, unresponsiveness to treatment, and high mortality rates. The age interval of collagenous sprue is quite broad and ranges between 2 and 85 years. As far as to our knowledge, the presented case is the first reported case in infancy.
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Enfermedad Celíaca/patología , Esprue Colágeno/patología , Intestino Delgado/patología , Enteropatías Perdedoras de Proteínas/patología , Enfermedad Celíaca/diagnóstico , Colágeno/metabolismo , Esprue Colágeno/diagnóstico , Humanos , Lactante , Masculino , Enteropatías Perdedoras de Proteínas/diagnósticoRESUMEN
Teratoid Wilms' tumor is a rare renal tumor. Herein, we report an unusual variant of such tumor which simulated renal teratoma because of abundant keratinized squamous epithelium within the tumor.
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Neoplasias Renales/diagnóstico , Teratoma/diagnóstico , Tumor de Wilms/diagnóstico , Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/uso terapéutico , Carboplatino/administración & dosificación , Diferenciación Celular , Niño , Etopósido/administración & dosificación , Hematuria/diagnóstico , Humanos , Masculino , Inducción de Remisión , Tomografía Computarizada por Rayos XRESUMEN
Actinomycosis is a rare chronic bacterial infectious disease in childhood. A 14-year-old boy admitted with cramping abdominal pain and vomiting. Physical examination revealed right lower quadrant tenderness. Appendectomy was performed. On the histological section, typical actinomycotic (sulfur) granules in the appendiceal lumen were observed.
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BACKGROUND: The Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology (BSRTC) provides uniform diagnostic terminology for communication between pathologists and clinicians. Each diagnostic category is associated with a specific risk of malignancy and a recommendation for its management. The indeterminate diagnostic categories of atypia of undetermined significance/follicular lesion of undetermined significance (AUS/FLUS) present a major challenge for both pathologists and clinicians. We report our institution's 3 years' experience with the AUS/FLUS category and follow-up of these patients. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was conducted for all thyroid fine-needle aspirations (FNAs) between July 2010 and July 2013. During this period, 9242 nodules from 4916 patients were reported according to the BSRTC guidelines. We adopted the AUS terminology in our practice to refer to both AUS, and FLUS. RESULTS: Of the 4916 patients, 347 (7%) were diagnosed as AUS. The malignancy risk for patients who underwent surgical resection after initial diagnosis of AUS was 22.8%, whereas that for patients who underwent a second FNA and surgical resection was 36%. When we included patients with second FNA and without surgery, the malignancy risk was 15.7%. CONCLUSIONS: The malignancy risk for AUS reported in the present study is consistent with those reported previously and is higher than those anticipated according to the Bethesda System. This supports that a multimodal approach (clinical, radiologic, and cytopathologic) is necessary for the management of thyroid nodules diagnosed as AUS. Therefore, we suggest that the recommendation for repeat FNA following an initial diagnosis of AUS should be based on a multimodal approach for each particular patient.