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A case of symptomatic unilateral vertebral artery compression by the greater cornu of the thyroid cartilage is described. Imaging shows ossification of the greater cornu of the thyroid cartilage with compression of an aberrant vertebral artery that enters the transverse foramen at the level of C4. Diagnostic workup and surgical treatment are described. Laryngoplasty with a transverse cervical approach and resection of the greater cornu of the thyroid cartilage resulted in resolution of symptoms.
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Cornus , Arteria Vertebral , Humanos , Cartílago Tiroides , Vértebras Cervicales/cirugíaRESUMEN
Chronic nasal crusting is a commonly encountered entity in an otolaryngology office. Progressive, extensive nasal crusting with erosion is relatively unusual, however. We present the case a 58-year-old renal transplant patient with a history of vasculitis and immunosuppression who presents with subjective headache and facial pain, nasal crusting, and isolated left ethmoid sinusitis. She developed extensive intranasal necrosis and underwent multiple endoscopic sinus surgeries with intraoperative biopsies, which played a critical role in her workup and eventual diagnosis of Acanthamoeba rhinosinusitis. Although she endured a difficult course, proper diagnosis and treatment allowed for her recovery over time. The differential diagnosis for intranasal necrosis is often broad. This case highlights the wide range of etiologies to be considered in a patient with extensive nasal crusting and erosion/necrosis, and the importance of thorough diagnostic evaluation in these patients, especially those in an immunocompromised state.
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Acanthamoeba , Rinitis , Sinusitis , Enfermedad Crónica , Endoscopía/efectos adversos , Femenino , Humanos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Necrosis , Rinitis/complicaciones , Sinusitis/terapiaRESUMEN
Objective: To evaluate whether augmented reality microscopy surgical fluorescence technology, already Food and Drug Administration approved for vascular neurosurgery, can aid in lateral skull base surgery during cerebellopontine (CPA) tumor resection and microvascular decompression. Study Design: Pilot prospective uncontrolled observational cohort study. Setting: An academic tertiary care hospital. Patients: Those who underwent retrosigmoid craniotomy for CPA tumor resection or microvascular decompression for hemifacial spasm, trigeminal neuralgia or pulsatile tinnitus. 11 patients were recruited: 4 underwent CPA tumor resection and 7 underwent microvascular decompression. Interventions: Augmented reality microscopy with fluorescence imaging was utilized to visualize vascular flow intraoperatively. A postoperative surgeon questionnaire was administered to assess the intraoperative efficacy of this technology. Main Outcome Measures: Efficacy of technology in aiding with CPA tumor resection and microvascular decompression. Results: For all 7 microvascular decompression cases, surgeons agreed that the technology aided in identifying areas where disease was affecting tissues with no cases of vascular occlusion identified. In 3 of the 4 CPA tumor resection cases, surgeons agreed that the technology identified areas of vascular flow within the CPA and the tumor. Vascular patency of the sigmoid-transverse sinus was also confirmed. No significant adverse effects were noted except 1 instance of severe-to-profound sensorineural hearing loss. Conclusions: Our study shows that the augmented reality fluorescence technology works during lateral skull base surgery as it can confirm intraoperative vascular integrity. Our data also suggest that this technology may improve visualization of ambiguous vasculature and blood flow to diseased tissue.
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This pilot project was designed to (1) implement a mindfulness-based wellness curriculum for otolaryngology residents, (2) determine the impact of a mindfulness-based curriculum on resident mood, and (3) examine the use of mindfulness among otolaryngology residents. Otolaryngology residents participated in a 6-week course guided by the Headspace mindfulness mobile application. Resident use of mindfulness was measured by the validated Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS). Changes in mood before and after each session were assessed using the validated Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PNAS). Residents reported a statistically significant decrease in postsession negative affect scores (P < .001). A moderate positive correlation was noted between mindfulness scores and presession positive mood (Pearson r = 0.597, P < .001). This pilot study supports the feasibility and impact of including mindfulness training as part of a resident wellness curriculum.
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INTRODUCTION: Otolaryngology and anesthesiology residents may be the first responders to airway emergencies, even in the first weeks of training. These residents may be unfamiliar with the armamentarium of airway maneuvers, the most basic of which may be lifesaving. Boot camp education has been demonstrated to be effective in multiple disciplines. In this study, we examine whether an immersive, multidisciplinary boot camp style simulation course leads to an improvement in novice airway provider confidence. METHODS: Novice otolaryngology and anesthesiology residents participated in an annual (2013-2018) multidisciplinary boot camp simulation course. Residents completed an anonymous pre- and post-test self-assessment tool reporting their confidence for airway skills and concepts from the curriculum. Responses were on a Likert scale from 1 to 5 (1=no familiarity, 5=extremely comfortable). We analyzed pre- and post-course participant self-reported comfort level with the airway management skills and concepts addressed in the course. Frequencies and percentages were reported. Fisher's exact test was used to assess statistical significance at level 0.05. RESULTS: A total of 62 residents, including 50 anesthesiology residents and 12 otolaryngology residents, completed a post-test self-assessment tool. For all topics covered in the course, there was a statistically significant change in the percentage of residents who reported familiarity with the topic (p<0.001). This corresponded to an increase in self-reported comfort level and a decrease in non-familiarity or discomfort with the airway topics covered in the course. The greatest increase in percentage of residents reporting feeling comfortable or extremely comfortable with the task after completion of the simulation boot camp were all moderately advanced airway maneuvers (laryngeal mask airway [LMA] placement, flexible fiberoptic intubation, glidescope intubation, endotracheal intubation, and two-person mask ventilation). The greatest decrease in non-familiarity or discomfort was seen in moderately complex to advanced airway topics (fiberoptic intubation, glidescope intubation, intubating LMA, rigid bronchoscopy, cricothyroidotomy, tracheostomy, and laryngectomy). CONCLUSIONS: Our data support the use of immersive surgical boot camp experiences to enhance resident familiarity and comfort and decrease unfamiliarity and discomfort with a wide variety of airway topics and maneuvers.
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: Microvascular decompression (MVD) is curative treatment for primary Hemifacial Spasm, in cases where a vascular loop impinges on the facial nerve. Surgical techniques for MVD may be extended to MVD of the glossopharyngeal nerve and trigeminal nerve in cases of primary glossopharyngeal neuralgia and trigeminal neuralgia. Stroke is a rare complication of these procedures that may occur during the separation of a vascular loop from nervous tissue, particularly when materials such as Teflon are used to separate the structures. Use of an augmented visualization surgical microscope and in vivo fluorescence provides the opportunity to perform an intraoperative "angiogram" to confirm vascular integrity after decompression and enhanced visualization of complex neurovascular anatomy. We report the first description of this novel approach to microvascular decompression for Hemifacial Spasm.SDC video link: http://links.lww.com/MAO/A998.
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Enfermedades del Nervio Glosofaríngeo , Espasmo Hemifacial , Cirugía para Descompresión Microvascular , Neuralgia del Trigémino , Enfermedades del Nervio Glosofaríngeo/cirugía , Espasmo Hemifacial/cirugía , Humanos , Resultado del Tratamiento , Nervio Trigémino , Neuralgia del Trigémino/diagnóstico por imagen , Neuralgia del Trigémino/cirugíaRESUMEN
Resident wellness is increasingly recognized as critically important in otolaryngology education, and well-being education is now a requirement for all residencies. The objectives of this pilot study are to (1) perform a needs assessment to determine the wellness topics most important to the residents, (2) determine systemic barriers to wellness through a structured focus group, and (3) describe a new method to approach resident well-being. An anonymous survey needs assessment, adapted from a published wellness curriculum, was administered to otolaryngology residents. Residents underwent a structured, anonymous focus group applying Maslow's hierarchy of needs. The focus group highlighted resident priorities and defined an action plan for the program. This method allows for an individual and systems approach to resident wellness. Involving residents may increase engagement, and this approach can identify barriers to wellness and provide the groundwork for a formal resident wellness curriculum.
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Agotamiento Profesional/prevención & control , Internado y Residencia , Salud Laboral , Otolaringología , Curriculum , Humanos , Evaluación de Necesidades , Otolaringología/educación , Proyectos Piloto , AutoinformeRESUMEN
Cancers develop secondary to genetic and epigenetic changes that provide the cell with a survival advantage that promotes cellular immortality. Malignancy arises when tumors use mechanisms to evade detection and destruction by the immune system. Many malignancies seem to elicit an immune response, yet somehow manage to avoid destruction by the cells of the immune system. Cancers may evade this immune response by numerous mechanisms. Several targeted immune therapies are available that block some of these inhibitory signals and enhance the cell-mediated immune response. Many of these agents hold significant promise for future treatment of sinonasal and ventral skull base malignancies.
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Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/terapia , Inmunoterapia/métodos , Melanoma/terapia , Terapia Molecular Dirigida/métodos , Neoplasias de los Senos Paranasales/terapia , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/patología , Terapia Combinada , Humanos , Inmunidad Celular , Melanoma/patología , Base del Cráneo/patologíaRESUMEN
The purpose of this study was to determine the natural temporal trends of serial thyroglobulin (Tg) among low/intermediate-risk PTC patients not receiving radioactive iodine (RAI) using TSH-stimulated Tg (Stim-Tg) and unstimulated highly sensitive Tg (u-hsTg). We prospectively analyzed serial Stim-Tg measurements after total thyroidectomy ± therapeutic central neck dissection among 121 consecutive low/intermediate-risk PTC patients who did not receive RAI, of whom 104 also had serial u-hsTg measurements available. Median follow-up was 6.5 years with Stim-Tg measurements commencing 3 months after surgery and u-hsTg commencing 1.8 years after surgery (when the assay became available). TSH stimulation was performed with 9-day T3 withdrawal, 22-day T4 withdrawal, or using recombinant human TSH (rhTSH). To account for within-patient correlations of repeated Tg measurements, temporal trends in Stim-Tg and u-hsTg were assessed using Generalized Estimating Equations. Stim-Tg models were adjusted for the method of TSH stimulation, whereas the u-hsTg models were adjusted for concurrent TSH level. Linear regression modeling was used to assess the trend in serial Stim-Tg and u-hsTg measurements as a function time from time of surgery throughout the duration of follow-up. The main outcome measured was the change in u-hsTg and Stim-Tg measurements over time. A total of 337 Stim-Tg (2.8/patient) and 602 u-hsTg (5.8/patient) measurements were analyzed. Among the 337 Stim-Tg measurements, Stim-Tg was assessed using rhTSH in 202 (60 %), T4 withdrawal in 41 (12 %), and T3 withdrawal in 94 (28 %) measurements. The overall mean ± 1SD for Stim-Tg and u-hsTg measured was 1.0 ± 1.2 and 0.2 ± 0.1 µg/L, respectively. When adjusted for method of TSH stimulation, serial Stim-Tg measurements did not significantly change over time (all p = NS). The estimated changes in Stim-Tg per year for rhTSH, T4 withdrawal, and T3 withdrawal were 0.01, -0.08, and 0.04 µg/L, respectively. Upon exclusion of 73 patients with an initial undetectable Stim-Tg (n = 48), serial Stim-Tg measurements did not change significantly over time (all p = NS). For these patients, the estimated changes in Stim-Tg per year for rhTSH, T4 withdrawal, and T3 withdrawal were -0.09, -0.10, and 0.01 µg/L, respectively. Serial u-hsTg measurements did not significantly change over time after adjusting for TSH level (p = NS). The estimated change in u-hsTg per year was -0.003 µg/L. No patients had any clinical or imaging evidence of a recurrence during the duration of their follow-up. Among low/intermediate-risk PTC patients not treated with RAI, serial post-surgical Stim-Tg and u-hsTg measurements do not change significantly over a median follow-up of 6.5 years.
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Carcinoma Papilar/sangre , Recurrencia Local de Neoplasia/diagnóstico , Tiroglobulina/sangre , Neoplasias de la Tiroides/sangre , Tiroidectomía , Adulto , Anciano , Carcinoma Papilar/cirugía , Femenino , Estudios de Seguimiento , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Recurrencia Local de Neoplasia/sangre , Periodo Posoperatorio , Pronóstico , Pruebas de Función de la Tiroides , Neoplasias de la Tiroides/cirugía , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
CONTEXT: Immunotherapies against immune checkpoints that inhibit T cell activation [cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) and programmed cell death 1 (PD-1)] are emerging and promising treatments for several metastatic malignancies. However, the precise adverse effects of these therapies on thyroid gland function have not been well described. CASE DESCRIPTION: We report on 10 cases of painless thyroiditis syndrome (PTS) from a novel etiology, following immunotherapy with anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibodies (mAb) during treatment for metastatic malignancies. Six patients presented with transient thyrotoxicosis in which thyrotropin binding inhibitory immunoglobulins (TBII) were absent for all, whereas four patients had evidence of positive antithyroid antibodies. All thyrotoxic patients required temporary beta-blocker therapy and had spontaneous resolution of thyrotoxicosis with subsequent hypothyroidism. Four patients presented with hypothyroidism without a detected preceding thyrotoxic phase, occurring 6-8 weeks after initial drug exposure. All of these patients had positive antithyroid antibodies and required thyroid hormone replacement therapy for a minimum of 6 months. CONCLUSIONS: Patients receiving anti-PD-1 mAb therapy should be monitored for signs and symptoms of PTS which may require supportive treatment with beta-blockers or thyroid hormone replacement. The anti-PD-1 mAb is a novel exogenous cause of PTS and provides new insight into the possible perturbations of the immune network that may modulate the development of endogenous PTS, including cases of sporadic and postpartum thyroiditis.
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Anticuerpos Monoclonales/efectos adversos , Inmunoterapia/efectos adversos , Metástasis de la Neoplasia/tratamiento farmacológico , Receptor de Muerte Celular Programada 1/inmunología , Tiroiditis/inducido químicamente , Tirotoxicosis/inducido químicamente , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Anticuerpos Monoclonales/uso terapéutico , Carcinoma de Pulmón de Células no Pequeñas/tratamiento farmacológico , Femenino , Humanos , Inmunoterapia/métodos , Neoplasias Pulmonares/tratamiento farmacológico , Masculino , Melanoma/tratamiento farmacológico , Persona de Mediana Edad , Neoplasias Cutáneas/tratamiento farmacológico , Tiroiditis/inmunología , Tirotoxicosis/inmunologíaRESUMEN
The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the utility of a personalized risk stratification and radioactive iodine (RAI) selection protocol (PRSP) using post-operative stimulated thyroglobulin (Stim-Tg) and neck ultrasound in low- and intermediate-risk papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) patients. Patients with PTC tumors ≥1 cm were prospectively followed after total thyroidectomy and selective therapeutic central compartment neck dissection. Low/intermediate risk was defined as PTC confined to the thyroid or central (level VI) lymph nodes. Stim-Tg and neck ultrasound were performed approximately 3 months after surgery and used to guide RAI selection. Patients with Stim-Tg < 1 µg/L did not receive RAI, while those with Stim-Tg >5 µg/L routinely did. Those with Stim-Tg 1-5 µg/L received RAI on the basis of several clinical risk factors. Patients were followed for >6 years with serial neck ultrasound and basal/stimulated thyroglobulin. Among the 129 patients, 84 (65 %) had undetectable Stim-Tg after initial surgery, 40 (31 %) had Stim-Tg of 1-5 µg/L, and 5 (4 %) had Stim-Tg >5 µg/L. RAI was administered to 8 (20 %) patients with Stim-Tg 1-5 µg/L and 5 (100 %) with Stim-Tg >5 µg/L. Using this approach, RAI therapy was avoided in 17/20 (85 %) patients with tumors >4 cm, in 72/81 (89 %) patients older than 45 years, and in 6/9 (67 %) patients with central lymph node involvement. To date, 116 (90 %) patients in this cohort have not received RAI therapy with no evidence of residual/recurrent disease, whereas among the 13 patients who received RAI, 1 (8 %) had pathologic residual/recurrence disease. Using the proposed PRSP, RAI can be avoided in the majority of low/intermediate-risk PTC patients. Moreover, traditional risk factors considered to favor RAI treatment were not always concordant with the PRSP and may lead to overtreatment.
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Protocolos Antineoplásicos , Carcinoma/radioterapia , Radioisótopos de Yodo/uso terapéutico , Cuello/diagnóstico por imagen , Medicina de Precisión , Tiroglobulina/sangre , Neoplasias de la Tiroides/radioterapia , Adulto , Carcinoma/sangre , Carcinoma/diagnóstico por imagen , Carcinoma/cirugía , Carcinoma Papilar , Femenino , Estudios de Seguimiento , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Neoplasia Residual/radioterapia , Medición de Riesgo , Cáncer Papilar Tiroideo , Neoplasias de la Tiroides/sangre , Neoplasias de la Tiroides/diagnóstico por imagen , Neoplasias de la Tiroides/cirugía , Resultado del Tratamiento , UltrasonografíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Regulated intramembrane proteolysis of Epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) results in release of its intracellular domain (Ep-ICD) which triggers oncogenic signalling. The clinical significance of Ep-ICD in breast cancer remains to be determined. Herein, we examined the expression of nuclear and cytoplasmic Ep-ICD, and membranous extracellular domain of EpCAM (EpEx) in breast cancer patients, to determine its potential utility in predicting aggressive clinical course of the disease. METHODS: In this retrospective study, 266 breast cancers and 45 normal breast tissues were immunohistochemically analyzed to determine the expression patterns of nuclear and cytoplasmic Ep-ICD and membranous EpEx and correlated with clinicopathological parameters and follow up. Disease-free survival was determined by Kaplan-Meier method and multivariate Cox regression analysis. RESULTS: Nuclear Ep-ICD was more frequently expressed in breast cancers compared to normal tissues. Significant association was observed between increased nuclear Ep-ICD expression and reduced disease-free survival in patients with ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) (p < 0.001). Nuclear Ep-ICD was positive in all the 13 DCIS and 25 IDC patients who had reduced disease-free survival, while none of the nuclear Ep-ICD negative DCIS or IDC patients had recurrence during the follow up period. Notably, majority of IDC patients who had recurrence had early stage tumors. Multivariate Cox regression analysis identified nuclear Ep-ICD as the most significant predictive factor for reduced disease-free survival in IDC patients (p = 0.011, Hazard ratio = 80.18). CONCLUSION: Patients with nuclear Ep-ICD positive breast cancers had poor prognosis. The high recurrence of disease in nuclear Ep-ICD positive patients, especially those with early tumor stage suggests that nuclear Ep-ICD accumulation holds the promise of identifying early stage patients with aggressive disease who are likely to be in need of more rigorous post-operative surveillance and/or treatment.
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Antígenos de Neoplasias/metabolismo , Neoplasias de la Mama/patología , Carcinoma Ductal de Mama/patología , Carcinoma Intraductal no Infiltrante/patología , Moléculas de Adhesión Celular/metabolismo , Núcleo Celular/metabolismo , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Neoplasias de la Mama/metabolismo , Carcinoma Ductal de Mama/metabolismo , Carcinoma Intraductal no Infiltrante/metabolismo , Citoplasma/metabolismo , Supervivencia sin Enfermedad , Molécula de Adhesión Celular Epitelial , Femenino , Humanos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Estudios RetrospectivosRESUMEN
Using proteomics in tandem with bioinformatics, the secretomes of nonaggressive and aggressive thyroid carcinoma (TC) cell lines were analyzed to detect potential biomarkers for tumor aggressiveness. A panel of nine proteins, activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule (ALCAM/CD166), tyrosine-protein kinase receptor (AXL), amyloid beta A4 protein, amyloid-like protein 2, heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein K, phosphoglycerate kinase 1, pyruvate kinase isozyme M2, phosphatase 2A inhibitor (SET), and protein kinase C inhibitor protein 1 (14-3-3 zeta) was chosen to confirm their expression in TC patients' sera and tissues. Increased presurgical circulating levels of ALCAM were associated with aggressive tumors (p = 0.04) and presence of lymph node metastasis (p = 0.018). Increased serum AXL levels were associated with extrathyroidal extension (p = 0.027). Furthermore, differential expression of amyloid beta A4 protein, AXL, heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein K, phosphoglycerate kinase 1, pyruvate kinase muscle isozyme M2, and SET was observed in TC tissues compared to benign nodules. Decreased nuclear expression of AXL can detect malignancy with 90% specificity and 100% sensitivity (AUC = 0.995, p < 0.001). In conclusion, some of these proteins show potential for future development as serum and/or tissue-based biomarkers for TC and warrant further investigation in a large cohort of patients.
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Biomarcadores de Tumor/análisis , Proteínas de Neoplasias/análisis , Proteínas de Neoplasias/metabolismo , Neoplasias de la Tiroides/metabolismo , Adulto , Biomarcadores de Tumor/sangre , Western Blotting , Línea Celular Tumoral , Biología Computacional , Femenino , Humanos , Inmunohistoquímica , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Proteínas de Neoplasias/sangre , Proteínas de Neoplasias/aislamiento & purificación , Proteómica , Espectrometría de Masas en Tándem , Glándula Tiroides/química , Neoplasias de la Tiroides/sangre , Neoplasias de la Tiroides/química , Neoplasias de la Tiroides/patologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Nuclear accumulation of the intracellular domain of epithelial cell adhesion molecule (Ep-ICD) in tumor cells was demonstrated to predict poor prognosis in thyroid carcinoma patients in our earlier study. Here, we investigated the clinical significance of Ep-ICD subcellular localization index (ESLI) in distinguishing aggressive papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) from non-aggressive cases. METHODS: Using domain specific antibodies against the intracellular (Ep-ICD) and extracellular (EpEx) domains of epithelial cell adhesion molecule, 200 archived tissues from a new cohort of patients with benign thyroid disease as well as malignant aggressive and non aggressive PTC were analyzed by immunohistochemistry (IHC). ESLI was defined as sum of the IHC scores for accumulation of nuclear and cytoplasmic Ep-ICD and loss of membranous EpEx; ESLIâ=â[Ep-ICD(nuc) + Ep-ICD(cyt) + loss of membranous EpEx]. RESULTS: For the benign thyroid tissues, non-aggressive PTC and aggressive PTC, the mean ESLI scores were 4.5, 6.7 and 11 respectively. Immunofluorescence double staining confirmed increased nuclear Ep-ICD accumulation and decreased membrane EpEx expression in aggressive PTC. Receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis showed an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.841, 70.2% sensitivity and 83.9% specificity for nuclear Ep-ICD for differentiating aggressive PTC from non-aggressive PTC. ESLI distinguished aggressive PTC from non-aggressive cases with improved AUC of 0.924, 88.4% sensitivity and 85.5% specificity. Our study confirms nuclear accumulation of Ep-ICD and loss of membranous EpEx occurs in aggressive PTC underscoring the potential of Ep-ICD and ESLI to serve as diagnostic markers for aggressive PTC. Kaplan Meier survival analysis revealed significantly reduced disease free survival (DFS) for ESLI positive (cutoff >10) PTC (p<0.05), mean DFS=133 months as compared to 210 months for patients who did not show positive ESLI. CONCLUSION: ESLI scoring improves the identification of aggressive PTC and thereby may serve as a useful index for defining aggressiveness and poor prognosis among PTC patients.
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Antígenos de Neoplasias/genética , Biomarcadores de Tumor/genética , Carcinoma/genética , Carcinoma/patología , Moléculas de Adhesión Celular/genética , Glándula Tiroides/patología , Neoplasias de la Tiroides/diagnóstico , Neoplasias de la Tiroides/genética , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Antígenos de Neoplasias/metabolismo , Área Bajo la Curva , Biomarcadores de Tumor/metabolismo , Carcinoma/diagnóstico , Carcinoma/mortalidad , Carcinoma Papilar , Moléculas de Adhesión Celular/metabolismo , Supervivencia sin Enfermedad , Molécula de Adhesión Celular Epitelial , Femenino , Expresión Génica , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Clasificación del Tumor , Invasividad Neoplásica , Pronóstico , Estructura Terciaria de Proteína , Curva ROC , Proyectos de Investigación , Cáncer Papilar Tiroideo , Glándula Tiroides/metabolismo , Neoplasias de la Tiroides/mortalidad , Neoplasias de la Tiroides/patologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: We previously demonstrated that nuclear and cytoplasmic accumulation of the intracellular domain (Ep-ICD) of epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) accompanied by a reciprocal reduction of its extracellular domain (EpEx), occurs in aggressive thyroid cancers. This study was designed to determine whether similar accumulation of Ep-ICD is a common event in other epithelial cancers. METHODOLOGY AND RESULTS: Ten epithelial cancers were immunohistochemically analyzed using Ep-ICD and EpEx domain-specific antibodies. The subcellular localization of EpEx and Ep-ICD in the human colon adenocarcinoma cell line CX-1 was observed using immunofluorescence. Nuclear and cytoplasmic Ep-ICD expression was increased in cancers of the breast (31 of 38 tissues, 82%), prostate (40 of 49 tissues, 82%), head and neck (37 of 57 tissues, 65%) and esophagus (17 of 46 tissues, 37%) compared to their corresponding normal tissues that showed membrane localization of the protein. Importantly, Ep-ICD was not detected in the nuclei of epithelial cells in most normal tissues. High nuclear and cytoplasmic Ep-ICD accumulation also occurred in the other six epithelial cancer types analyzed - lung, colon, liver, bladder, pancreatic, and ovarian. A concomitant reduction in membrane EpEx expression was observed in a subset of all cancer types. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis revealed nuclear Ep-ICD distinguished breast cancers with 82% sensitivity and 100% specificity and prostate cancers with 82% sensitivity and 78% specificity. Similar findings were observed for cytoplasmic accumulation of Ep-ICD in these cancers. We provide clinical evidence of increased nuclear and cytoplasmic Ep-ICD accumulation and a reduction in membranous EpEx in these cancers. CONCLUSIONS: Increased nuclear and cytoplasmic Ep-ICD was observed in all epithelial cancers analyzed and distinguished them from normal tissues with high-sensitivity, specificity, and AUC. Development of a robust high throughput assay for Ep-ICD will facilitate the determination of its diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic relevance in epithelial cancers.
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Antígenos de Neoplasias/metabolismo , Moléculas de Adhesión Celular/metabolismo , Núcleo Celular/metabolismo , Citoplasma/metabolismo , Neoplasias/metabolismo , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Sitios de Unión , Línea Celular Tumoral , Molécula de Adhesión Celular Epitelial , Células Epiteliales/patología , Femenino , Técnica del Anticuerpo Fluorescente , Humanos , Inmunohistoquímica , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Estadificación de Neoplasias , Neoplasias/diagnóstico , Curva ROCRESUMEN
In search of thyroid cancer biomarkers, proteins secreted by thyroid cancer cell lines, papillary-derived TPC-1 and anaplastic-derived CAL62, were analyzed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Of 46 high-confidence identifications, 6 proteins were considered for verification in thyroid cancer patients' tissue and blood. The localization of two proteins, nucleolin and prothymosin-α (PTMA), was confirmed in TPC-1 and CAL62 cells by confocal microscopy and immunohistochemically in xenografts of TPC-1 cells in NOD/SCID/γ mice and human thyroid cancers (48 tissues). Increased nuclear and cytoplasmic expression of PTMA was observed in anaplastic compared to papillary and poorly differentiated carcinomas. Nuclear expression of nucleolin was observed in all subtypes of thyroid carcinomas, along with faint cytoplasmic expression in anaplastic cancers. Importantly, PTMA, nucleolin, clusterin, cysteine-rich angiogenic inducer 61, enolase 1, and biotinidase were detected in thyroid cancer patients' sera, warranting future analysis to confirm their potential as blood-based thyroid cancer markers. In conclusion, we demonstrated the potential of secretome analysis of thyroid cancer cell lines to identify novel proteins that can be independently verified in cell lines, xenografts, tumor tissues, and blood samples of thyroid cancer patients. These observations support their potential utility as minimally invasive biomarkers for thyroid carcinomas and their application in management of these diseases upon future validation.