Real-Life Experience Regarding Clinical Characteristics and Treatment Outcome in Non-Cutaneous Peripheral T-Cell Lymphomas: A Multicenter Study of the Turkish Hematology Research and Education Group (ThREG)

Objective: Peripheral T-cell lymphomas (PTCLs) are an uncommon and quite heterogeneous group of disorders, representing only 10%-15% of all non-Hodgkin lymphomas. Although both molecular and clinical studies have increased in recent years, we still have little knowledge regarding real-life practice with PTCLs. In this study, we aimed to investigate the clinical characteristics and treatment outcomes of a large population-based cohort of patients presenting with systemic non-cutaneous PTCL. Materials and Methods: We conducted a multicenter retrospective analysis of 190 patients consecutively diagnosed and treated with non-cutaneous PTCLs between 2008 and 2016. Results: Considering all first-line treatment combinations, the overall response rate was 65.9% with 49.4% complete remission (n=81) and 16.5% partial response (n=27). The 5-year overall survival and event-free survival rates were significantly different between the transplant and non-transplant groups (p<0.01, and p=0.033, respectively). Conclusion: The retrospective analysis of a large volume of real-life data on the Turkish experience regarding non-cutaneous PTCL patients showed consistent results compared to other unselected PTCL cohorts with some minor differences in terms of survival and transplantation outcomes. The long-term outcome of patients who receive autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation as part of upfront consolidation or salvage therapy is favorable compared to patients who are unable to receive high-dose therapy.

Effectiveness of defibrotide in the prevention of hepatic venooclusive disease among adult patients receiving allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation: A retrospective single center experience.

Hepatic veno-occlusive disease/sinusoidal obstruction syndrome (VOD/SOS) is one of the most life-threatening early complications following hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). Due to the high mortality rate of severe VOD/SOS accompanied with multiorgan failure, there is a great interest in preventive strategies. The efficacy of defibrotide (DF) on the prevention of VOD/SOS has been clearly shown in high-risk pediatric patients, but evidence-based data on adults is scarce. In this report, we aimed to assess the impact of DF on the incidence of VOD/SOS in our center by posttransplant day 30 among patients who were treated with allogeneic HCT (allo-HCT). The study included a total of 56 patiens (28 males, 28 females). The median age of the study cohort was 43 (20-68). The daily dose of DF was 10 mg/kg and 25 mg/kg in 53 (94.6 %) and 3 (5.3 %) patients, respectively. Patients also recieved oral ursodeoxycolic acid (UDCA) 250 mg three-times daily started with conditioning until D + 90. Twenty-three (41.1 %) patients had at least one major EBMT-defined risk factor for development of VOD/SOS. One patient who belonged to a very high-risk group (with at least two major risk factors) developed very-severe VOD/SOS at posttransplant D + 20 and died as a result of multiorgan failure. The cumulative incidence of VOD/SOS at D + 30 was 1.9 %. Our findings indicate that 10 mg/kg daily intravenous DF combined with UDCA is quite effective in prevention of VOD/SOS in patients who underwent first allo-HSCT.

Defibrotide combined with triple therapy including posttransplant cyclophosphamide, low dose rabbit anti-t-lymphocyte globulin and cyclosporine is effective in prevention of graft versus host disease after allogeneic peripheral blood stem cell transplantation for hematologic malignancies.

Endothelial dysfunction and damage play important roles in the pathophysiology of graft versus host disease (GvHD) and hepatic venoocclusive disease/sinusoidal obstruction syndrome (VOD/SOS). Preliminary evidence suggests that defibrotide (DF) may decrease the risk of GvHD. We speculated that DF prophylaxis may have a synergistic effect with other immunosupressive agents by decreasing the incidence of GvHD and retrospectively evaluated the impact of a DF prophylaxis on the development of GvHD. Thirty-eight adult patients with various hematological neoplasms who underwent peripheral blood allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation from all donor types were included. All patients received DF for prevention of VOD/SOS. GvHD prophylaxis included rabbit anti-T lymphocyte globulin (rATLG), posttransplant cyclophosphamide (PTCy) and cyclosporine (CsA). The median follow-up of the surviving patients was 484 (365-814) days. The cumulative incidence of grade III-IV acute GvHD and moderate/severe chronic GvHD requiring systemic immunosupression at 1 year were 20.6 % and 5.3 %, respectively. Non-relapse mortality, GvHD-relapse-free survival, and overall survival of the study cohort at 1-year were 21.1 %, 44.7 % and 57.9 %, respectively. Our preliminary results suggest that DF may act as a global endothelial protectant and decrease the risk of GvHD in combination with rATLG, PTCy and CsA.

Impact of Guideline-Driven Approach in Follow-Up of Long-Term Complications After Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplant: Single Center Experience.

OBJECTIVES: After allogeneic stem cell transplant, patients may experience psychiatric, endocrinologic, pulmonary, and cardiovascular problems, as well as secondary malignancies and chronic graft-versus-host disease over the long-term follow-up. These long-term complications not only increase mortality and morbidity of transplant survivors but also decrease their quality of life. In this study, we shared our experiences with our guideline-driven approach for follow-up of long-term complications. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Our study included 91 patients who received allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant between July 2009 and March 2016 at our medical center. In accordance with the current guidelines, a screening program was applied to all patients seen between February 2016 and February 2017. RESULTS: Median posttransplant follow-up duration was 36 months (range, 12-84 mo), and the median follow-up duration after initial diagnosis was 51 months (range, 15-109 mo). Evaluations of patients posttransplant showed ocular complications (50.6% of patients), oral complications (15.4%), respiratory complications (8.8%), cardiac complications (5.5%), metabolic syndrome (37.4%), liver complications (2.2%), skeletal complications (66.7%), endocrine complications (12.1%), secondary cancers (2.2%), psychosocial adjustment (27.7%), hypertension (5.5%), and type 2 diabetes mellitus (8.8%). CONCLUSIONS: For long-term follow-up, detailed evaluations of body organs and systems are essential. Early recognition of the aforementioned complications could decrease mortality and morbidity. For patients to be monitored by transplant centers over many years, training and awareness should be provided to ensure adequate follow-up of patients. Based on our results, we believe that the long-term follow-up guidelines used in our clinic are applicable to others.

Impacts of post-transplantation cyclophosphamide treatment after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in acute myeloid leukemia.

Post-transplant cyclophosphamide has become a promising medical option after allogeneic HSCT. In this study we aimed to evaluate the efficacy of cyclophosphamide and cyclosporine combination in acute and chronic graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) prophylaxis in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cases scheduled for allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT). Retrospective analysis of data from 40 cases who underwent allogeneic HSCT under GvHD prophylaxis with cyclophosphamide and cyclosporine combination between April 2016 and August 2017 was made. Cyclophosphamide was given at daily doses of 50 mg/kg on post-transplant 3rd and 4th days, and cyclosporine was applied at daily doses of 3 mg/kg/day starting from the 5th post-transplant day. Cyclosporine dose was tapered beginning from the 45th postoperative day and completely discontinued on the 90th post-transplant day. Mean age was 38.25 ± 15.25 years. Posttransplant median follow-up was six months (6-17 months). Post-transplant, the number of deaths and mortality rates related and unrelated to transplantation were 5 (12.5%), and 2 (5%), respectively. Acute GvHD was diagnosed in 7 cases (17.5%), and relapse was noted in 9 cases (22.5%). Myeloablative or reduced intensity conditioning was performed in 22 (55%) and 18 (45%) patients, respectively. The distribution of the donors was as follows: match-related (n = 26; 65%), match-unrelated (n = 9, 22.5%) and haploidentical donors (n = 5; 12.5%). There was no statistically significant correlation between the transplant-related and unrelated mortality and parameters under investigation.Cyclophosphamide use appears to be a highly effective and promising strategy for acute GvHD prophylaxis in non-haploidentical allogeneic HSCT cases. Identification of the impact of cyclophosphamide use on the development of chronic GvHD needs further investigation.

Divergent Roles for cAMP-PKA Signaling in the Regulation of Filamentous Growth in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Saccharomyces bayanus.

The cyclic AMP - Protein Kinase A (cAMP-PKA) pathway is an evolutionarily conserved eukaryotic signaling network that is essential for growth and development. In the fungi, cAMP-PKA signaling plays a critical role in regulating cellular physiology and morphological switches in response to nutrient availability. We undertook a comparative investigation of the role that cAMP-PKA signaling plays in the regulation of filamentous growth in two closely related budding yeast species, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Saccharomyces bayanus Using chemical and genetic perturbations of this pathway and its downstream targets we discovered divergent roles for cAMP-PKA signaling in the regulation of filamentous growth. While cAMP-PKA signaling is required for the filamentous growth response in both species, increasing or decreasing the activity of this pathway leads to drastically different phenotypic outcomes. In S. cerevisiae, cAMP-PKA inhibition ameliorates the filamentous growth response while hyper-activation of the pathway leads to increased filamentous growth; the same perturbations in S. bayanus result in the obverse. Divergence in the regulation of filamentous growth between S. cerevisiae and S. bayanus extends to downstream targets of PKA, including several kinases, transcription factors, and effector proteins. Our findings highlight the potential for significant evolutionary divergence in gene network function, even when the constituent parts of such networks are well conserved.

Biosimilar filgrastim (leucostim®) have similar efficacy in steady-state hematopoietic progenitor cell mobilization compared to original filgrastim (neupogen®) and lenograstim (granocyte®): A retrospective multicenter study.

Biosimilar filgrastim (Leucostim®) was shown to be similar in terms of efficacy and safety in hematopoietic progenitor cell mobilization (HPCM) compared to originator filgrastim (Neupogen®) and lenograstim (Granocyte®) in healthy donors and chemomobilization settings. Here we report our retrospective experience with Leucostim® (n: 43) compared to Neupogen® (n: 71) and Granocyte® (n: 32) in steady-state mobilization of patients presenting with Hodgkin lymphoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma and multiple myeloma. The median age of patients on Leucostim® (56) arm was significantly higher compared to patients who received Neupogen® (50) and Granocyte® (49) (p: 0.039). Patients who underwent HPCM with Leucostim® received less chemotherapy lines (p: 0.026) and courses (p: 0.046) compared to others. Otherwise the study cohort was homogenous in terms of gender, primary diagnosis and various risk factors for mobilization failure. Mobilization failure was defined as failure to achieve a minimum threshold (10/µL) for peripheral blood CD34+ cell concentration to initiate leukapheresis or 0.5×106/kg, 0.8×106/kg and 2×106/kg CD34+ cells in first, second and fourth days of apheresis, respectively. The study groups were similar in terms of median number of CD34+ progenitor cell yield (×106/kg) (Neupogen®: 6.18, Granocyte®: 6.2 and Leucostim®: 6.2) (p: 0.959) and median number of leukapheresis sessions (p: 0.615). The treatment arms were also similar in terms of mobilization failure (Neupogen® 11.3% - Granocyte® 21.9% - Leucostim® 16.3%; p: 0.366). No patient experienced any severe adverse effect during HPCM. Leucostim® is equally effective and safe in HPCM compared to originator G-CSF (Neupogen®) and lenograstim (Granocyte®) in steady-state HPCM setting.

Does defibrotide prophylaxis decrease the risk of acute graft versus host disease following allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation?

There is some preliminary evidence, that veno-occlusive disease prophylaxis with defibrotide (DF) may also have a role in decreasing risk of acute graft-versus-host disease (aGvHD) by preventing tissue damage. In this study, we aimed to investigate the role of DF prophylaxis on the development of aGvHD at D+180. One hundred ninety-five consecutive adult patients receiving allogeneic HCT were retrospectively evaluated in 3 groups: no DF, DF/post-HCT (DF D+1 to D+14) and DF/pre-HCT (DF for 14 days concurrently with conditioning). The total (p: 0.057) and grades III/IV (p: 0.051) aGvHD rates at D+180 were 46.5%, 40%, 25.5% and 15.5%, 11.2%, 0% in patients on no DF, DF/post-HCT and DF/pre-HCT. DF may have a role in decreasing incidence and severity of aGvHD, especially if used concurrently with conditioning regimen.

Does the preference of peripheral versus central venous access in peripheral blood stem cell collection/yield change stem cell kinetics in autologous stem cell transplantation?

Central venous access is often used during apheresis procedure in stem cell collection. The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether central or peripheral venous access has an effect on stem cell yield and the kinetics of the procedure and the product in patients undergoing ASCT after high dose therapy. A total of 327 patients were retrospectively reviewed. The use of peripheral venous access for stem cell yield was significantly more frequent in males compared to females (p = 0.005). Total volume of the product was significantly lower in central venous access group (p = 0.046). As being a less invasive procedure, peripheral venous access can be used for stem cell yield in eligible selected patients.

First hematopoietic cell transplantation in Uzbekistan: Progress through education and cooperation.

HCT rates are one of the important parameters defining developmental stage of a given country. There is a steady increase in HCT activity on both sides of Atlantic. But in certain parts of the world, HCT activities have yet to begin. Here we report the history of the establishment of the first HCT center and its preliminary activity in Tashkent-Uzbekistan through close cooperation between Turkish Cooperation and Coordination Agency (TIKA) and Uzbekistan Ministry of Health. As of 2014, a total of 10 multiple myeloma patients successfully underwent autologous HCT in Uzbekistan. This encouraging project may be seen as a good example for other developing countries.

Retrospective analysis of adult patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation: A multicenter experience of daily practice.

Compared to pediatric age group, the prognosis of adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is still dismal even in patients receiving allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (AHCT). We retrospectively analyzed 205 adults (male: 122; female: 83) with ALL who underwent AHCT. Median age of patients was 28 (18-59). Fifty-two patients had Ph(+) ALL. The estimated relapse-free and overall survival (OS) of the study cohort at 1, 2 and 3 years were 52.3%/63.9%, 42.9%/49.5% and 39.9%/45.6%, respectively. On multivariate analysis, first complete remission at the time of AHCT, TBI-based conditioning and development of chronic graft-versus-host disease were only factors, which were significantly associated with prolonged OS.

Finding the Optimal Conditioning Regimen for Relapsed/Refractory Lymphoma Patients Undergoing Autologous Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation: A Retrospective Comparison of BEAM and High-Dose ICE.

OBJECTIVE: High-dose chemotherapy followed by autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (AHCT) is a well-defined treatment modality for relapsed/refractory non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) and Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL). Although there are several options in terms of conditioning regimens before AHCT, no one treatment is accepted as a standard of care. This study aimed to compare different conditioning regimens for the treatment of NHL and HL. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Medical records of 62 patients who had undergone AHCT following BEAM (BCNU, etoposide, cytarabine, and melphalan) and high-dose ICE (hICE; ifosfamide, carboplatin, and etoposide) conditioning regimens were analyzed retrospectively and compared in terms of efficacy and adverse effects. RESULTS: The study included a total of 29 and 33 patients diagnosed with relapsed/refractory NHL and HL, respectively. Patients received BEAM (n=37) or hICE (n=25) regimens for conditioning. One-year overall survival was 73±6% in all patients. One-year overall survival was 71±8% and 74±9% in the BEAM and hICE groups, respectively (p=0.86). The incidences of nausea/vomiting (grade ≥2) (84% vs. 44.7%; p=0.04) and mucositis (grade ≥2) (13% vs. 3%; p=0.002) were higher in the hICE group compared to the BEAM group. In addition, we witnessed significantly more hepatotoxicity of grade ≥2 (40% vs. 2.7%; p<0.005) and nephrotoxicity of grade ≥2 (48% vs. 2.7%; p<0.005) among patients who received hICE. Significantly more patients (n=4; 25%) in the hICE group experienced veno-occlusive disease (VOD) compared to the BEAM arm, where no patients developed VOD (p=0.01). CONCLUSION: There was no difference in terms of overall survival between the BEAM and hICE groups. We observed significantly more adverse effects among patients treated with hICE. The BEAM regimen seems to be superior to hICE in terms of toxicity profile with comparable efficacy in patients with relapsed/refractory NHL and HL.

Glucose repression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Glucose is the primary source of energy for the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Although yeast cells can utilize a wide range of carbon sources, presence of glucose suppresses molecular activities involved in the use of alternate carbon sources as well as it represses respiration and gluconeogenesis. This dominant effect of glucose on yeast carbon metabolism is coordinated by several signaling and metabolic interactions that mainly regulate transcriptional activity but are also effective at post-transcriptional and post-translational levels. This review describes effects of glucose repression on yeast carbon metabolism with a focus on roles of the Snf3/Rgt2 glucose-sensing pathway and Snf1 signal transduction in establishment and relief of glucose repression.

Multicenter retrospective analysis regarding the clinical manifestations and treatment results in patients with hairy cell leukemia: twenty-four year Turkish experience in cladribine therapy.

In this multicenter retrospective analysis, we aimed to present clinical, laboratory and treatment results of 94 patients with Hairy cell leukemia diagnosed in 13 centers between 1990 and 2014. Sixty-six of the patients were males and 28 were females, with a median age of 55. Splenomegaly was present in 93.5% of cases at diagnosis. The laboratory findings that came into prominence were pancytopenia with grade 3 bone marrow fibrosis. Most of the patients with an indication for treatment were treated with cladribine as first-line treatment. Total and complete response of cladribine was 97.3% and 80.7%. The relapse rate after cladribine was 16.6%, and treatment related mortality was 2.5%. Most preferred therapy (95%) was again cladribine at second-line, and third line with CR rate of 68.4% and 66.6%, respectively. The 28-month median OS was 91.7% in all patients and 25-month median OS 96% for patients who were given cladribine as first-line therapy. In conclusion, the first multicenter retrospective Turkish study where patients with HCL were followed up for a long period has revealed demographic characteristics of patients with HCL, and confirmed that cladribine treatment might be safe and effective in a relatively large series of the Turkish study population.

Modeling mutant phenotypes and oscillatory dynamics in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae cAMP-PKA pathway.

BACKGROUND: The cyclic AMP-Protein Kinase A (cAMP-PKA) pathway is an evolutionarily conserved signal transduction mechanism that regulates cellular growth and differentiation in animals and fungi. We present a mathematical model that recapitulates the short-term and long-term dynamics of this pathway in the budding yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Our model is aimed at recapitulating the dynamics of cAMP signaling for wild-type cells as well as single (pde1Δ and pde2Δ) and double (pde1Δpde2Δ) phosphodiesterase mutants. RESULTS: Our model focuses on PKA-mediated negative feedback on the activity of phosphodiesterases and the Ras branch of the cAMP-PKA pathway. We show that both of these types of negative feedback are required to reproduce the wild-type signaling behavior that occurs on both short and long time scales, as well as the the observed responses of phosphodiesterase mutants. A novel feature of our model is that, for a wide range of parameters, it predicts that intracellular cAMP concentrations should exhibit decaying oscillatory dynamics in their approach to steady state following glucose stimulation. Experimental measurements of cAMP levels in two genetic backgrounds of S. cerevisiae confirmed the presence of decaying cAMP oscillations as predicted by the model. CONCLUSIONS: Our model of the cAMP-PKA pathway provides new insights into how yeast respond to alterations in their nutrient environment. Because the model has both predictive and explanatory power it will serve as a foundation for future mathematical and experimental studies of this important signaling network.

Microbial contamination of hematopoietic progenitor cell products.

INTRODUCTION: Microbial screening for contamination is a part of hematopoietic progenitor cell (HPC) collection and infusion procedure. We aimed to find out our microbial contamination rates during collection, processing and infusion steps of HPC products. We also evaluated the clinical course of patients who received contaminated HPC products. PATIENTS-METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed microbial contamination records of HPC grafts between 2010 and 2012. HPC products of autologous donors were evaluated for contamination at three steps: at the end of mobilization, following processing with DMSO and just before stem cell infusion. Grafts of allogeneic donors were assessed only before HPC transplantation (HCT). Microbiological analysis of HPC samples were performed with an automated system (BacT/Alert®). RESULT: During the study period a total of 492 mobilization procedures were performed on 329 (214 autologous and 115 allogeneic) donors. Bacterial contamination has been detected in 103 of 1630 samples (6%). Ninety-seven out of 1162 blood samples (8%) from 265 patients who were treated with HCT were contaminated. Forty-six patients (41 autologous and 5 allogeneic) were transplanted with contaminated HPC products. During HCT 42 patients experienced febrile neutropenic attack and 34 of them had positive blood culture results. In none of these 34 patients the isolated pathogens were the same organisms with those found in the final contaminated stem cell product before stem cell infusion. None of the patients who received contaminated products died because of sepsis within the posttransplant 30days. There was no significant difference between patients who received contaminated and non-contaminated products in terms of the first day of fever, duration of fever, engraftment kinetics and duration of hospitalization. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that microbial contamination of HPC products is an issue to be prevented, although it may not have a major impact on the general success of HCT.

Diagnosis of large granular lymphocytic leukemia in a patient previously treated for acute myeloblastic leukemia.

Large granular lymphocytic (LGL) leukemia is a lymphoproliferative disease characterized by the clonal expansion of cytotoxic T or natural killer cells. We report on a patient diagnosed with T-cell LGL leukemia two years after the achievement of hematologic remission for acute myeloblastic leukemia.

A feasible shortcut for the mobilization outcome: Steady state CD34 positive hematopoietic stem cells.

Predicting success of hematopoietic cell mobilization is an important issue for transplant physicians. We examined the steady state peripheral blood CD34+ cell count to predict ability to mobilize adequate hematopoietic progenitor cells in 63 myeloma and lymphoma patients. The median steady state CD34+ cell number was 1.56/µL (0.03-5.76). Although counting steady state CD34+ is definitely cost effective to predict the successful mobilization, we could not find a threshold steady state CD34 count of any value predicting successful mobilization.

Pleiotropic signaling pathways orchestrate yeast development.

Developmental phenotypes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and related yeasts include responses such as filamentous growth, sporulation, and the formation of biofilms and complex colonies. These developmental phenotypes are regulated by evolutionarily conserved, nutrient-responsive signaling networks. The signaling mechanisms that control development in yeast are highly pleiotropic--all the known pathways contribute to the regulation of multiple developmental outcomes. This degree of pleiotropy implies that perturbations of these signaling pathways, whether genetic, biochemical, or environmentally induced, can manifest in multiple (and sometimes unexpected) ways. We summarize the current state of knowledge of developmental pleiotropy in yeast and discuss its implications for understanding functional relationships.

Outcrossing, mitotic recombination, and life-history trade-offs shape genome evolution in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

We carried out a population genomic survey of Saccharomyces cerevisiae diploid isolates and find that many budding yeast strains have high levels of genomic heterozygosity, much of which is likely due to outcrossing. We demonstrate that variation in heterozygosity among strains is correlated with a life-history trade-off that involves how readily yeast switch from asexual to sexual reproduction under nutrient stress. This trade-off is reflected in a negative relationship between sporulation efficiency and pseudohyphal development and correlates with variation in the expression of RME1, a transcription factor with pleiotropic effects on meiosis and filamentous growth. Selection for alternate life-history strategies in natural versus human-associated environments likely contributes to differential maintenance of genomic heterozygosity through its effect on the frequency that yeast lineages experience sexual cycles and hence the opportunity for inbreeding. In addition to elevated levels of heterozygosity, many strains exhibit large genomic regions of loss-of-heterozygosity (LOH), suggesting that mitotic recombination has a significant impact on genetic variation in this species. This study provides new insights into the roles that both outcrossing and mitotic recombination play in shaping the genome architecture of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This study also provides a unique case where stark differences in the genomic distribution of genetic variation among individuals of the same species can be largely explained by a life-history trade-off.