RESUMEN
This paper aimed to assess the success of cleaning and disinfection on microbiological contamination of anesthetic masks, which were used for automated isoflurane anesthesia for surgical castration of male piglets. Data collection took place on 11 farms in Southern Germany between September 2020 and June 2022. Each farm was visited three times (one farm having two different anesthesia devices was visited six times), and microbiological assessments took place at four sample points (SP): after unpacking the masks (SP0), after disinfection before anesthesia (SP1), after anesthesia of all piglets to be castrated in this run (SP2), and after disinfection after anesthesia (SP3). The microbiological assessment included the determination of total bacteria count, total count of hemolytic and non-hemolytic mesophilic aerotolerant bacteria and a qualitative detection of indicator bacteria Escherichia (E.) coli, extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing E. coli (ESBL) and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). For analysis, a generalized linear mixed model was applied using farms and farm visits as random effects and sampling points nested in farm visits as fixed effect. The fixed effect was highly significant for all three variables (total bacteria count, total count of hemolytic and non-hemolytic mesophilic aerotolerant bacteria) (p < 0.001). The bacterial counts at SP0 were about the same as at SP3. Concerning indicator bacteria, their presence was highest at SP2 and lowest at SP3. No indicator bacteria were present at SP1. It can be concluded that disinfection of anesthetic masks, especially before performing anesthesia, may effectively protect piglets of the following batch against unwanted transmission of pathogens. These findings will help farmers plan cleaning and disinfection activities.
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Sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia) is a perennial forage legume with great potential for use in sustainable agriculture due to its low input requirements, good drought tolerance, and production of forage rich in polyphenolic compounds, which are beneficial for animal health. However, its distribution and cultivation are limited due to its moderate agronomic performance and a general lack of well adapted, highly yielding cultivars. Faster progress in breeding is imperative, but is often hampered by the complex inheritance of traits and limited knowledge on the genetic composition of this tetraploid, outbreeding species. Molecular genetic tools might aid phenotypic selection; however, to date no information on marker-trait associations is available for sainfoin. Hence, the goal of the present study was to detect marker-trait associations in a biparental F1 population. Single plants were screened for recently developed genetic markers and phenotyped for important agronomic traits and concentrations of different polyphenolic compounds. Significant trait-associated markers (TAM) were detected for plant height (11), plant vigor (1), and seed yield (7). These three traits were positively correlated with each other and shared some TAMs. Correlations among markers suggested that two independent loci control these three vigor-related traits. One additional, independent TAM was detected for the share of prodelphinidins in total condensed tannins. Our results provide insight into the genetic control of important traits of sainfoin, and the TAMs reported here could assist selection in combination with phenotypic assessment.
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Fabaceae/genética , Marcadores Genéticos , Sitios de Carácter Cuantitativo , Agricultura , Estudios de Asociación Genética , FenotipoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) may cause an economic burden to companies, but CVD risk estimations specific to working populations are lacking. AIMS: To estimate the 10-year CVD risk in the Boehringer Ingelheim (BI) employee cohort and analyse the potential effect of hypothetical risk reduction interventions. METHODS: We estimated CVD risk using the Framingham (FRS), PROCAM (PRS) and Reynolds (RRS) risk scores, using cross-sectional baseline data on BI Pharma employees collected from 2005 to 2011. Results were compared using Fisher's exact and Wilcoxon tests. The predictive ability of the score estimates was assessed using receiver-operating characteristics analyses. RESULTS: Among the 4005 study subjects, we estimated 10-year CVD risks of 35% (FRS), 9% (PRS) and 6% (RRS) for men and 10% (FRS), 4% (PRS) and 1% (RRS) for women. One hundred and thirty-four (6%) men and 111 (6%) women employees had current CVD. The best predictors of prevalent CVD were the FRS and the RRS for men [area-under-the-curve 0.62 (0.57-0.67) for both]. A hypothetical intervention that would improve systolic blood pressure, HbA1c (for diabetes), C-reactive protein, triglycerides and total and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol by 10% each would potentially reduce expected CVD cases by 36-41% in men and 30-45% in women, and if smoking cessation is incorporated, by 39-45% and 30-55%, respectively, depending on the pre-intervention risk score. CONCLUSIONS: There was a substantial risk of developing CVD in this working cohort. Occupational health programmes with lifestyle interventions for high-risk individuals may be an effective risk reduction measure.
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Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/epidemiología , Prevalencia , Medición de Riesgo/métodos , Factores de Tiempo , Adulto , Presión Sanguínea , Índice de Masa Corporal , Estudios de Cohortes , Estudios Transversales , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/complicaciones , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/epidemiología , Femenino , Alemania , Educación en Salud/métodos , Educación en Salud/estadística & datos numéricos , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Factores de RiesgoRESUMEN
HISTORY AND ADMISSION FINDINGS: Case 1: 59-year-old man with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus. Case 2: 69-year-old woman with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus. INVESTIGATIONS: Case 1: BMI 36,8â kg/m2. Biochemical evaluation were normal except elevated transaminases. Case 2: BMI 37,0â kg/m2. Abdominal ultrasound showed a fatty liver. THERAPY AND FOLLOW UP: Both patients underwent a 12-week interven tion with a formula diet. In the first week the three principle meals were replaced by the formular diet. The three following weeks the patients received 2 meals of formular diet and a low-carb lunch. In the last 8 weeks only the dinner was replaced by the formular diet. In both patients HbA1c and body weight improved after 3, 6 and 12 months. CONCLUSION: Using formula diets a fast weight loss and improvement of metabolic control can be achieved. Formula diets can be used as baseline therapy for newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes as well as to regain treatability in case of poorly controlled type 2 diabetes.
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Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/dietoterapia , Dieta para Diabéticos , Alimentos Formulados , Anciano , Glucemia/metabolismo , Índice de Masa Corporal , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/sangre , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/diagnóstico , Femenino , Estudios de Seguimiento , Hemoglobina Glucada/metabolismo , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Obesidad Mórbida/complicaciones , Obesidad Mórbida/dietoterapiaAsunto(s)
Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/etnología , Obesidad/etnología , Aumento de Peso , Población Blanca , Femenino , Humanos , MasculinoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Despite high insulin doses, good glycaemic control is often lacking in type 2 diabetes patients and new therapeutic options are needed. METHODS: In a proof of principle study, an energy-restricted, protein-rich meal replacement (PRMR) was examined as a means of reducing insulin requirement, HbA1C and body weight. Obese type 2 diabetes patients (n = 22) with >100 U insulin per day replaced, in week 1, the three main meals with 50 g of PRMR (Almased-Vitalkost) each (= 4903 kJ day(-1) ). In weeks 2-4, breakfast and dinner were replaced, and, in weeks 5-12, only dinner was replaced. Clinical parameters were determined at baseline, and after 4, 8 and 12 weeks, as well as after 1.5 years of follow-up. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used for the intention-to-treat analysis and the Mann-Whitney U-test for subgroup analyses. RESULTS: The 12-week-programme was completed by 15 participants (68%). After 1 week, the mean insulin dose was reduced from 147 (75) U to 91 (55) U day(-1) (P = 0.0001), and to 65 (32) U (P < 0.0001) after 12 weeks of study. Over a period of 12 weeks, HbA1c decreased from 8.8% (1.4%) to 8.1% (1.6%) (P = 0.048) and weight decreased from 118.0 (19.7) kg to 107.4 (19.2) kg (P < 0.0001). Moreover, body mass index, waist and hip circumference, fasting blood glucose, triglycerides and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol improved significantly. After 1.5 years, insulin requirement and weight remained significantly lower than baseline. Participants who continued PRMR further reduced their HbA1c, weight and insulin dose. Two patients were able to stop insulin therapy altogether. CONCLUSIONS: Energy-restricted PRMR was effective in reducing insulin requirement of type 2 diabetes patients with intensified insulin therapy accompanied by a reduction of HbA1c, weight and other cardiometabolic risk factors. With the continuous use of PRMR, glycaemic control might be improved in the long term.
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Peso Corporal , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/dietoterapia , Alimentos Formulados , Hemoglobina Glucada/metabolismo , Insulina/administración & dosificación , Adulto , Anciano , Glucemia/metabolismo , Índice de Masa Corporal , HDL-Colesterol/sangre , LDL-Colesterol/sangre , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/sangre , Dieta , Proteínas en la Dieta/administración & dosificación , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Ayuno , Femenino , Estudios de Seguimiento , Humanos , Insulina/sangre , Masculino , Comidas , Persona de Mediana Edad , Obesidad/sangre , Obesidad/dietoterapia , Proyectos Piloto , Triglicéridos/sangreRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Increasing prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus is not only a problem for the health care system but also impairs working environment. In order to reduce costs by illness and early retirement and the development of diabetic complications occupational medicine is important for early diabetes detection. However, the diagnostic gold standard, oral glucose tolerance test (oGTT), is rarely accepted. Aim of our investigation was to evaluate diagnostic accuracy of a standardizable and cost-effective test-breakfast in comparison to oGTT which might be accepted in workplace. METHODS: During a workplace health promotion program diagnostic accuracy (sensitivity and specificity) of a test-breakfast (index test) was analyzed in a random-cross-over-design with healthy volunteers in comparison to an oGTT (reference test). RESULTS: 278 subjects participated and rated the health promotion program to be useful (99%). 74% stated that they preferred the test-breakfast in contrast to the oGTT. Both screening methods showed comparable plasma glucose and insulin curves. The plasma glucose levels measured capillary and venously during test-breakfast and oGTT were very consistent. Differences were only seen for the 2 h plasma glucose values in the fully adjusted model. The test-breakfast demonstrated high sensitivity and specificity for diabetes diagnosis compared to the reference test with highly comparable results, i. e. 8 persons (2,9%) newly diagnosed with diabetes by the test-breakfast vs. 7 (2,5%) by oGTT. CONCLUSION: A test-breakfast seems to be a useful first screening instrument to increase the compliance of occupational health promotions and might improve early diabetes diagnosis.
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Desayuno , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/diagnóstico , Carbohidratos de la Dieta/metabolismo , Prueba de Tolerancia a la Glucosa , Promoción de la Salud/métodos , Tamizaje Masivo , Servicios de Salud del Trabajador , Adulto , Análisis Costo-Beneficio , Estudios Cruzados , Complicaciones de la Diabetes/economía , Complicaciones de la Diabetes/prevención & control , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/sangre , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/economía , Diagnóstico Precoz , Femenino , Alemania , Prueba de Tolerancia a la Glucosa/economía , Hemoglobina Glucada/metabolismo , Promoción de la Salud/economía , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Servicios de Salud del Trabajador/economía , Aceptación de la Atención de Salud , Valor Predictivo de las Pruebas , Valores de ReferenciaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Healthy diet and physical activity can improve metabolic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, lifestyle change without external help is difficult: an alteration of mental attitude is necessary to achieve long-term success. A computer-based motivational program ("Da Vinci") has been developed to help patients to change their mental attitudes and beliefs. METHODS: Patients with type 2 diabetes were supervised by psychological trainers in four sessions at ten study centers. The interactive computer program allowed for identification of motivation restraints and overcoming them. Parameters of carbohydrate metabolism were measured at the beginning and end of the three-months program as well as three and six months after end of program. RESULTS: All participants (nâ=â61) developed a positive attitude towards the range of their action and by themselves changed their lifestyle. After three months their weight (-4.6 kg; pâ<â0.0001), body mass index (-1.1âkg/m2; pâ<â0.0001), waist circumference (-3.5 cm; pâ<â0.0001), HbA1c (-0.6â%; pâ<â0.0001), triglycerides (-31.1âmg/dl; pâ=â0.033), systolic (-4.0 mmHg; pâ=â0.005) and diastolic blood pressure (-3.0 mmHg; pâ=â0.006) had been reduced. Short duration of diabetes and high baseline HbA1c values were predictive for successful HbA1c reduction. Three and six months after end of the program participants were able to maintain or even augment achieved improvements. CONCLUSION: During the motivational program, which is intended to alter mental attitude and beliefs, but not to teach knowledge about diabetes, participants were able to significantly improve their metabolic control. As these improvements were maintained long-term, this points to sustainable lifestyle change.
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Terapia Cognitivo-Conductual/estadística & datos numéricos , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/epidemiología , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/prevención & control , Cooperación del Paciente/estadística & datos numéricos , Educación del Paciente como Asunto/métodos , Educación del Paciente como Asunto/estadística & datos numéricos , Conducta de Reducción del Riesgo , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Terapia Cognitivo-Conductual/métodos , Femenino , Alemania/epidemiología , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Motivación , Prevalencia , Resultado del Tratamiento , Estados Unidos/epidemiología , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
During acute psychological stress, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the sympathetic nervous system are activated. The released stress hormones influence glucose metabolism, can activate immune cells, and modulate subclinical inflammation. The aim of our study was to analyze the effect of acute psychological stress on glucose metabolism and the inflammatory status in patients with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). We included 15 overweight male Bosnian war refugees with PTSD into the study (mean age 44+/-11 years, BMI 29.3+/-4.3 kg/m (2)). All subjects underwent an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) with either acute stress (trauma script exposure) or a resting period in a cross-over design. Blood was drawn over 2.5 h and metabolic markers were measured. Systemic levels of immune markers were determined using high-sensitive ELISA or bead-based multiplex assay. Immune gene expression was quantified by RT-PCR. After being exposed to acute stress, cortisol levels and heart frequency tended to be increased. Higher blood glucose and insulin levels after stress exposure were observed (p<0.05). Systemic levels of the chemokines interferon-gamma-inducible protein-10 and macrophage chemoattractant protein-1 were decreased compared to the control day (both p<0.05) and the expression of the proinflammatory regulator IKK beta was significantly reduced after stress exposure (p<0.001). In conclusion, acute stress induces postprandial blood glucose peaks and elevated insulin levels and a selective decrease of systemic immune markers and the proinflammatory regulator of the NF kappaB cascade, which are associated with type 2 diabetes. This points towards an independent effect of acute psychological stress on glucose metabolism and inflammation.
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Glucemia/metabolismo , Inflamación/patología , Trastornos por Estrés Postraumático/complicaciones , Trastornos por Estrés Postraumático/psicología , Estrés Psicológico/complicaciones , Estrés Psicológico/metabolismo , Enfermedad Aguda , Adulto , Biomarcadores/metabolismo , Regulación de la Expresión Génica , Humanos , Inflamación/sangre , Inflamación/complicaciones , Inflamación/genética , Insulina/sangre , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Trastornos por Estrés Postraumático/sangre , Trastornos por Estrés Postraumático/genética , Estrés Psicológico/sangre , Estrés Psicológico/genéticaRESUMEN
Vaspin has recently been identified as novel adipokine with high expression in adipose tissue of obese and type 2 diabetic subjects and with potentially insulin-sensitising properties. However, the impact of vaspin gene variants on the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has not been determined yet. Therefore, the aim of our study was to investigate the association of vaspin single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with T2DM and obesity. We analysed the association between 25 vaspin SNPs and T2DM in initially healthy 35-84 year-old individuals of the population-based, cross-sectional German KORA F3 study and assessed the association with measures of obesity. Genotyping was carried out with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation-time of flight mass spectrometry of allele-dependent primer extension products and associations with T2DM and obesity were analysed by logistic regression analysis. Our results demonstrate a significant association of vaspin SNP rs2236242 with T2DM in the KORA F3 study with the AA genotype bearing an increased risk (adjusted OR 2.35 [1.59; 3.46] versus AT/TT). This association appears to be independent of obesity. Our finding corroborates previous studies that suggested a link between the novel adipokine vaspin and glucose metabolism.
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Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/genética , Predisposición Genética a la Enfermedad , Serpinas/genética , Tejido Adiposo/metabolismo , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Estudios Transversales , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/epidemiología , Femenino , Estudios de Asociación Genética , Alemania/epidemiología , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Obesidad/genética , Polimorfismo de Nucleótido Simple , Factores de RiesgoAsunto(s)
Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/terapia , Flavonoides/uso terapéutico , Péptido Hidrolasas/uso terapéutico , Administración Oral , Adolescente , Adulto , Bromelaínas/uso terapéutico , Niño , Preescolar , Citocinas/sangre , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/sangre , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/epidemiología , Método Doble Ciego , Quimioterapia Combinada , Humanos , Incidencia , Placebos , Estudios Prospectivos , Riesgo , Rutina/uso terapéutico , Tripsina/uso terapéutico , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Somatostatin plays an important role in the communication between the nervous, endocrine, and immune systems. Although somatostatin or its analogues have been shown to modulate a number of immune functions, their immunomodulatory effects are not uniform and are strongly dependent on the underlying cell system. AIM: The aim of our study was to analyze the immunomodulatory effects of somatostatin and its analogue octreotide on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) in vitro. MATERIALS/SUBJECTS:We used lipopolysaccharide-activated cells from normal glucose tolerant (NGT) subjects and from Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients as T2DM is associated with chronic, low-grade inflammation, and measured immune mediator release with multiplex bead-based assays. RESULTS: Our data showed no statistically significant effects on the secretion of the cytokines interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, interferon-gamma and tumor necrosis factor-alpha as well as the chemokines IL-8 and monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1, either on PBMC from T2DM patients or on those from NGT controls. However, a trend towards a dose-dependent biphasic effect was observed for IL- 6, IL-10 and MCP-1 with reduced immune mediator levels at low and increased/unaltered levels at higher somatostatin or octreotide concentrations. These observations could not be explained by interference with cell viability or proliferation. CONCLUSIONS: We could not confirm immunomodulatory properties of somatostatin and octreotide on PBMC. Further analyses are necessary to explain the interaction between neuropeptides and the immune system.
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Quimiocinas/biosíntesis , Citocinas/biosíntesis , Leucocitos Mononucleares/metabolismo , Octreótido/farmacología , Somatostatina/farmacología , Adulto , Anciano , Quimiocina CCL2/biosíntesis , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/inmunología , Humanos , Interleucina-10/biosíntesis , Interleucina-12/biosíntesis , Interleucina-1beta/biosíntesis , Interleucina-6/biosíntesis , Interleucina-8/biosíntesis , Leucocitos Mononucleares/efectos de los fármacos , Leucocitos Mononucleares/inmunología , Lipopolisacáridos/farmacología , Persona de Mediana EdadRESUMEN
Obesity and related disorders represent states of systemic low-grade inflammation. Chemokine secretion by adipocytes may initiate leukocyte infiltration in obese adipose tissue and thus mediate an important step in the establishment of chronic immune activation. The chemokine RANTES (regulated upon activation normal T cell expressed and secreted)/CCL5 is a chemoattractant for various leukocyte subsets. This study was designed to examine whether RANTES is expressed and released by human adipocytes and how its expression is regulated. RANTES expression under basal conditions was studied in mature adipocytes. Cells were therefore challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), interferon (IFN)-gamma, interleukin (IL)-4, monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 or exposed to low oxygen pressure. RANTES was expressed and secreted constitutively in most samples of mature adipocytes from the omental and the subcutaneous depot. RANTES release was dependent on adipocyte size and also seemed to be higher from cells of obese donors. Hypoxia (4% O (2)) caused an approximately 36% increase of RANTES release. Human adipocytes express the chemokine RANTES and are thus identified as a novel cellular source of this immune mediator. LPS and IFNgamma do not seem to play a significant role for the expression of RANTES in contrast to moderate hypoxia, which points to a distinct role in the innate immune system.
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Adipocitos/fisiología , Quimiocina CCL5/genética , Hipoxia/fisiopatología , Obesidad/fisiopatología , Adipocitos/citología , Adipocitos/efectos de los fármacos , Adipocitos/inmunología , Tejido Adiposo/citología , Tejido Adiposo/fisiología , Técnicas de Cultivo de Célula , Diferenciación Celular , Hipoxia de la Célula/fisiología , Tamaño de la Célula , Quimiocina CCL5/metabolismo , Cartilla de ADN , Regulación de la Expresión Génica , Humanos , Interferón gamma/farmacología , Interleucina-4/farmacología , Lipopolisacáridos/farmacología , Epiplón/citología , Epiplón/fisiología , ARN Mensajero/genética , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa de Transcriptasa InversaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Increased circulating levels of cytokines and chemokines and decreased adiponectin levels are associated with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). As obesity is the major risk factor for T2DM it is not clear why many patients with morbid obesity remain normoglycaemic and if this protection can be attributed to a lower grade of inflammation or higher adiponectin levels. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Glucose tolerance of morbidly obese patients (n=2 754, body mass index > or =40 kg/m2) was assessed by oral glucose tolerance tests. In a case-control design we compared levels of eight immune mediators and adiponectin from patients with IGT/T2DM (n=52) and normal glucose tolerance (NGT; n=59). Gene expression in peripheral blood was determined by quantitative RT-PCR, and serum concentrations of immune mediators and adiponectin were measured by ELISA and bead-based multiplex technology. RESULTS: About 54% of the patients in our morbidly obese cohort were normoglycaemic, while 14% were diagnosed with IGT and 32% with T2DM. There was no statistically significant difference in mRNA expression or serum levels of proinflammatory markers. Interestingly, we could demonstrate an association of NGT with higher adiponectin levels (p=0.039). Adiponectin levels were negatively correlated with interleukin (IL)-6 and macrophage chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1, but independent the other immune mediators. CONCLUSIONS: We found an association of lower adiponectin levels with IGT/T2DM, but no further increase in inflammatory markers in morbid obesity. This suggests that in addition to chronic, low-grade inflammation, adiponectin is an important factor in the development of, or protection against, T2DM in obesity.
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Adiponectina/sangre , Intolerancia a la Glucosa/complicaciones , Obesidad Mórbida/complicaciones , Adiponectina/genética , Adiponectina/metabolismo , Adulto , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Quimiocina CCL2/genética , Quimiocina CCL2/metabolismo , Estudios de Cohortes , Citocinas/genética , Citocinas/metabolismo , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/sangre , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/complicaciones , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/genética , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/metabolismo , Femenino , Glucosa/metabolismo , Intolerancia a la Glucosa/sangre , Intolerancia a la Glucosa/genética , Intolerancia a la Glucosa/inmunología , Humanos , Interleucina-6/genética , Interleucina-6/metabolismo , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Obesidad Mórbida/sangre , Obesidad Mórbida/genética , Obesidad Mórbida/inmunología , ARN Mensajero/metabolismoRESUMEN
Physical activity improves insulin sensitivity and metabolic control in patients with type 2 diabetes. Moreover, regular exercise can reduce systemic levels of immune markers associated with diabetes development. As patients with physical impairments are not able to exercise sufficiently, the aim of this study was to investigate whether high-frequency external muscle stimulation (hfEMS) improves metabolic and immunologic parameters in patients with type 2 diabetes and might therefore serve as complementary lifestyle therapy. Sixteen patients (12 men/4 women, age 57+/-11 years (mean+/-SD); BMI 34.5+/-5.2 kg/m (2); HbA1c 7.4+/-1.1%) on oral antihyperglycaemic therapy were enrolled in this study. After a run-in phase of 2 weeks, every patient received an hfEMS device (HITOP 191, gbo-Medizintechnik AG, Rimbach/Germany) for daily treatment of femoral musculature for 6 weeks. Thereafter, patients were followed up for additional 4 weeks without hfEMS treatment. At each visit, clinical parameters were assessed and blood samples were drawn for metabolic and immunologic parameters. Immune markers (cytokines, chemokines, adipokines and acute-phase proteins) representative for the different arms of the immune system were analysed. hfEMS treatment resulted in significant reductions of body weight (-1.2 kg [-2.7 kg; -0.5 kg]; p<0.05; median [25th percentile; 75th percentile]), BMI (-0.4 kg/m (2) [-0.8 kg/m (2); -0.1 kg/m (2)]; p<0.05) and HbA1c (-0.4% [-0.9%; -0.1%]; p<0.05) which were sustained during the follow-up period. Systemic levels of IL-18 tended to be increased after hfEMS treatment (171 vs. 149 pg/ml; p=0.06), while all other immune markers remained virtually unchanged. Treatment with hfEMS in this first proof-of-principle study has beneficial effects on body weight and improves glycaemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes, which may be associated with changes in subclinical inflammation. Taken together, hfEMS might represent an additional treatment option for patients with type 2 diabetes not being able to exercise.
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Glucemia/metabolismo , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/fisiopatología , Músculo Esquelético/fisiopatología , Desempeño Psicomotor/fisiología , Administración Oral , Adulto , Índice de Masa Corporal , Péptido C/sangre , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/sangre , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/tratamiento farmacológico , Ejercicio Físico , Femenino , Hemoglobina Glucada/análisis , Humanos , Hipoglucemiantes/administración & dosificación , Hipoglucemiantes/uso terapéutico , Interleucina-18/sangre , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Actividad Motora , Estimulación Física , Pérdida de PesoRESUMEN
Human obesity has been associated with a dysregulation of the peripheral and adipose tissue (AT) endocannabinoid system (ES). The aim of this study was to elucidate the acute in vivo effects of insulin on gene expression of the cannabinoid type 1 (CB-1) and type 2 (CB-2) receptors, as well as of the fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) in the sc abdominal adipose tissue (SCAAT). Nine lean (L) and 9 obese (OB), but otherwise healthy males were studied in the fasting state and during a euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp (40 mU/m2 * min(-1)). SCAAT biopsies were obtained at baseline and after 270 min of i.v. maintained hyperinsulinemia. The basal SCAAT gene expression pattern revealed an upregulation of the FAAH in the OB (p=0.03 vs L), whereas similar CB-1 and CB-2 mRNA levels were seen. Following hyperinsulinemia, the FAAH mRNA levels significantly increased approximately 2-fold in the L (p=0.01 vs baseline) but not in the OB. In contrast, insulin failed to significantly change both the adipose CB-1 and CB-2 gene expression. Finally, the FAAH gene expression positively correlated with the fasting serum insulin concentration (r 0.66; p=0.01), whereas an inverse association with the whole-body glucose disposal (r -0.58; p<0.05) was seen. Taken together, these first time observations demonstrate that the ES-related genes in the SCAAT differentially respond to hyperinsulinemia in lean/insulin-sensitive and in obese/insulin-resistant individuals. We suggest that insulin may play a key role in the obesity-linked dysregulation of the adipose ES at the gene level.
Asunto(s)
Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/metabolismo , Hipoglucemiantes/sangre , Insulina/sangre , Obesidad/metabolismo , Receptor Cannabinoide CB1/genética , Receptor Cannabinoide CB2/genética , Grasa Subcutánea Abdominal/fisiología , Adulto , Biopsia , Peso Corporal , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/tratamiento farmacológico , Ayuno/fisiología , Expresión Génica/efectos de los fármacos , Expresión Génica/fisiología , Humanos , Hiperinsulinismo/metabolismo , Hipoglucemiantes/administración & dosificación , Insulina/administración & dosificación , Masculino , Grasa Subcutánea Abdominal/citología , Grasa Subcutánea Abdominal/efectos de los fármacos , Regulación hacia Arriba/efectos de los fármacos , Regulación hacia Arriba/fisiologíaRESUMEN
The aim of the study was to investigate if the endocannabinoid system (ECS) is activated in visceral adipose tissue and if adipose tissue inflammation affects the ECS activation state. Therefore, expression of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), cannabinoid receptor 1 (Cb1), adiponectin, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha was compared in visceral adipose tissue from 10 normal-weight (BMI 24.4+/-1.1 kg/m2) and 11 obese subjects (BMI 37.6+/-13.6 kg/m2) using quantitative RT-PCR, and gene expression changes were analyzed after in vitro stimulation of visceral adipose tissue with TNF-alpha. The data demonstrate that the ECS is activated in obese visceral adipose tissue as shown by decreased FAAH, Cb1, and adiponectin expression. Obesity-related ECS activation is accompanied by elevated expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-alpha, which in turn stimulates ECS activation in vitro. Our data show a strong association between adipose tissue inflammation and ECS activation in obesity, and indicate that a pro-inflammatory state may directly activate the ECS.
Asunto(s)
Moduladores de Receptores de Cannabinoides/metabolismo , Citocinas/farmacología , Endocannabinoides , Grasa Intraabdominal/efectos de los fármacos , Grasa Intraabdominal/metabolismo , Obesidad/metabolismo , Receptores de Cannabinoides/metabolismo , Adiponectina/genética , Adiponectina/metabolismo , Anciano , Amidohidrolasas/genética , Amidohidrolasas/metabolismo , Femenino , Regulación de la Expresión Génica/efectos de los fármacos , Humanos , Técnicas In Vitro , Inflamación/metabolismo , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Receptor Cannabinoide CB1/genética , Receptor Cannabinoide CB1/metabolismo , Receptores de Cannabinoides/genética , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfa/genética , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfa/metabolismo , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfa/farmacologíaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: Chemokine secretion by adipocytes has been postulated to initiate leukocyte infiltration in adipose tissue and might mediate an important step in the establishment of obesity-related chronic immune activation. The chemokine interferon (IFN)gamma-inducible protein-10 (IP-10/CXCL10) is a chemoattractant for various leukocyte subsets and has been implicated in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. This study investigates whether IP-10 is expressed in human adipocytes and whether its release is regulated by body mass index (BMI) or immunological stimuli. METHODS: In cultures of human mature adipocytes and in vitro differentiated adipocytes, IP-10 expression under basal conditions and in the presence of IFNgamma, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or interleukin (IL)-4 was characterized by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, Luminex technology and immunofluorescence. RESULTS: IP-10 was expressed and secreted constitutively in most cultures of mature adipocytes from omental and subcutaneous (s.c.) depots. The association between IP-10 release and donor BMI was not significant. In in vitro differentiated adipocytes from s.c. and mammary depots and in mature s.c. adipocytes, IP-10 secretion was strongly upregulated by IFNgamma, whereas LPS or IL-4 did not affect IP-10 expression in s.c. mature adipocytes. Immunofluorescence confirmed IP-10 expression in adipocytes with abundant lipid droplets. CONCLUSION: Mature human adipocytes express and secrete the chemokine IP-10 and are thus identified as a novel cellular source of this disease-related immune mediator. IP-10 expression could be significantly induced by IFNgamma, but not by LPS, which points to both similar reactivities and functional differences between adipocytes and innate immune cells.