Influence of carrageenan on cytokine production and cellular activity of mouse peritoneal macrophages and its effect on experimental endotoxemia.

The in vivo effect of κ/ß-carrageenan isolated from the red alga Tichocarpus crinitus on cytokine synthesis and cellular activity of murine peritoneal macrophages and also the protective effect of polysaccharides in LPS-induced endotoxemia in mice was studied. It was established that κ/ß-carrageenan given orally at a dose of 100 mg/kg stimulates the induction of anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10) in mouse blood cells by more than 2.5-fold compared with control, with no effect on pro-inflammatory cytokine (TNF-α) production. Pretreating mice with carrageenan once a day before injecting LPS increased the levels of IL-10 by 2.5-fold and reduced TNF-α production by 2-fold compared with control. So, κ/ß-carrageenan alone and in combination with LPS enhanced the cellular activity and mobility of peritoneal macrophages by increasing cell adhesion and migration compared with control. LPS activated cells intensively, sometimes resulting in their destruction by necrosis; carrageenan pretreatment reduced the excessive inflammatory cell activation caused by LPS. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 105A: 1549-1557, 2017.

[Effect of carrageenan on non-specific resistance to LPS-induced endotoxemia in mice].

The study showed that kappa/lamda-carrageenan increase non-specific resistance to impact of Escherichia coli lypopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced endotoxinemia in mice. Carrageenan was administered intragastrically in dose 100 mg/kg/day during 5 days followed by intraperitoneal injection of LPS in dose 1 mg/kg. Carrageenan hampered the involution of thymus, hypertrophy of adrenal glands, the changes on level of thyroid hormones and corticosterone in serum, the activation of glycogenolysis, glycolysis, and peroxidation of lipids in liver.

Effect of zosterin on protein-synthesizing activity of hepatocytes.

The effect of zosterin (pectin polysaccharide) on the protein-synthesizing function of mouse liver cells was studied after its intragastric administration of 1% gel zosterin. The drug modified the morphology and function of the nucleolar apparatus by changing the number and summary area of the nucleoli, content of Ag proteins, nucleolar/nuclear ratio, and increased protein content in hepatocyte cytoplasm.

[Effect of stress on postnatal growth in weight of rat body and adrenal gland]. / Vliianie stressa na postnatal'nyi rost massy tela i nadpochechnikov krys.

Seven-week male Wistar rats weighing 145-155 g were housed 10 (control) or 20 (crowded) per cage (50 x 35 x 15 cm). Groups of control and crowded animals were decapitated within 0.5, 1, 3, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 56, 70, and 98 days of experiment. The keeping of rats in crowding conditions induced chronic stress, which developed, according to phase changes in plasma concentration of corticosterone and adrenal content of cholesterol, through the stages alarm, resistance, and exhaustion. The postnatal growth of body weight in the stressed rats was behind that in the control. Under the crowding conditions, the adrenal weight did not undergo significant increase, since the stress-induced hypertrophy of the zona fasciculata was compensated by the proportional suppression of the postnatal growth of the zona reticularis. After 56 days, the postnatal growth of the hypertrophied fascicular zone was delayed in the experimental rats.

[Effectiveness of dietary non-starch polysaccharides in experimental toxic hepatitis]. / Effektivnost' pishchevykh nekrakhmal'nykh polisakharidov pri éksperimental'nom toksicheskom gepatite.

The efficiency of some polysaccharides was investigated in mice with an experimental toxic hepatitis. Hepatitis was induced by the oral administration of 10% solution CCl4 in olive oil at a dosage of 3 ml/kg body weight every day during 7 days. After that tested substances were administrated every day 30-40 min before a feeding at a dosage of 150 mg/kg body weight during 14-21 days. Results showed that a calcium alginate, two low-methoxyl pectins (one with the degree of esterification about 50% and other with the degree of esterification less 5%), fucoidan, and chitozan, but not lambda-carrageenan and kappa-carrageenan, have beneficial affects on liver total lipid, glycogen, malondialdehyde, and diene conjugates as well as on blood total lipid and alanine aminotransferase activity in animals with experimental toxic hepatitis.

[The effect of the internal intake of carbonate mineral waters on lipid and carbohydrate metabolism in the development of experimental obesity]. / Vliianie vnutrennego priema uglekislykh mineral'nykh vod na obmen lipidov i uglevodov pri razvitii éksperimental'nogo ozhireniia.

Experimental alimentary obesity was treated with hydrocarbonate magnesium-calcium water from Shmakovskoe deposit and hydrocarbonate-chloride sodium arsenous boric iodine-bromine water from springs in Sinegorsk. The study of lipid and carbohydrate metabolism proved the ability of the waters to prevent complex metabolic disorders typical for obesity.

[Glycogen level and activity of carbohydrate metabolism enzymes in the liver of rats during the readaptation period after a 20-day hypokinesia]. / Soderzhanie glikogena i aktivnost' fermentov uglevodnogo obmena pecheni v readaptatsionnom periode posle 20-sutochnoi gipokinezii krys.

Content of glycogen and activity of hexokinase (HK) were similar to control value, while activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) was increased in liver tissue of rats after 20 days long hypokinesia. Acute stress (or readaptation stress) was observed in the animals after discontinuation of the immobilization, which was characterized by a decrease in content of glycogen and in activity of HK and G6PD in liver tissue. These patterns studied exceeded the control values within the first week after immobilization, they became similar to controls within 10 days and decreased repeatedly at the period between 20 and 30 days. Only within 45-65 days of the readaptation period content of glycogen as well as activity of HK and G6PD were completely normalized.

Effect of prolonged restraint on glycogen content and activities of four enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism in the liver of rats.

Triphasic changes in glycogen content and activities of four enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism (glucose-6-phosphatase, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, hexokinase, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase) were studied in the liver of male Wistar rats exposed to 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 45, 60, 70 and 90-day movement restrain in pencil cases. It was assumed that these three phases corresponded to the alarm, resistance and exhaustion stages of Selye's general adaptation syndrome. In hypokinetic rats, however, a transition of the alarm reaction to the resistance stage was registered later, and hepatic glycogen accumulation was reduced in comparison with the standard pattern observed in chronic stress.

[Effect of Eleutherococcys extract on the readaptation processes after 7-hour hypokinesia in rats]. / Vliianie ekstrakta eleuterokokka na protsessy readaptatsii posle 7-sutochnoi gipokinezii u krys.

Rats were housed in small cages for 7 days and then were placed into regular cages. The hypokinetic animals lagged behind the controls in their weight gain and reached their normal weight 45 days after the exposure. The hypokinetic exposure stimulated the pituitary-adrenal system, the effect being most pronounced during the first 12 h after the experiment. The hypokinetic effect decreased the glycogen content and the hexokinase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity and increased lactate dehydrogenase and phosphoenol pyruvate carboxykinase activity. The parameters examined returned to normal 45 days after the experiment. The eleuterococcy preparation, the administration of which began immediately after the exposure, expedited the normalization of the parameters almost twofold (by day 20).