The limited role of serum neurofilament light chain in predicting pain severity of patients with diabetic polyneuropathy.

Pain is one of many complaints expressed by patients with diabetic polyneuropathy. However, no objective measure for pain severity has been available. Neurofilament light chains have been widely used for assessing axonal damage in the neuronal system. Hence, we sought to investigate whether neurofilament light chains can serve as a marker reflecting pain severity in diabetic polyneuropathy. We enrolled the patients with diabetic polyneuropathy. Serum concentrations of neurofilament light chain were then measured using a single-molecule array. Pain severity was evaluated using painDETECT and the Brief Pain Inventory. Moreover, laboratory results including, serum creatinine, HbA1c, and glomerular filtration rate. A correlation test was used to analyze each variable. A total of 42 patients were enrolled. Neurofilament light chain levels were unable to reflect current neuropathic pain severity. However, high levels of neurofilament light chain were a significant predictor of poor diabetes control (r = 0.41; p = 0.02) and kidney damage (r = 0.45; p = 0.01). Serum levels of neurofilament light chain could not reflect current pain severity but was strongly associated with kidney dysfunction and poor diabetes control. Other biomarkers that could predict pain severity need to be uncovered.

Comparison of the Efficacy of Anti-Obesity Medications in Real-World Practice.

Purpose: Anti-obesity medications (AOMs), along with lifestyle interventions, are effective means of inducing and maintaining weight loss in patients with obesity. Although the efficacy of AOMs has been reported, there have been no direct comparisons of these drugs. Therefore, in the present study, we aimed to compare the efficacy of all the AOMs available in Korea in a real-world setting. Patients and Methods: The body weight and composition of 205 adults treated with phentermine, phentermine/topiramate, liraglutide, naltrexone/bupropion, lorcaserin, or orlistat for at least 6 months were analyzed at 2 month intervals. The prevalence of the achievement of a ≥5% weight loss and the changes in body composition were compared between participants using each AOM at each visit. Results: A total of 132 (64.4%) participants achieved ≥5% weight loss within 6 months (prevalence of ≥5% weight loss after 6 months: phentermine, 87.2%; phentermine/topiramate, 67.7%; liraglutide, 58.1%; naltrexone/bupropion, 35.3%; lorcaserin, 75%; orlistat, 50%). At each visit, after adjustment for age, sex, and baseline body weight, phentermine use was associated with a significantly higher prevalence of ≥5% weight loss than the use of the other AOMs, except for liraglutide. There were significant differences in the body weight, body mass index and body fat mass among the AOM groups by visit (P for interaction <0.05), but not in their waist circumference, skeletal muscle mass, percentage body fat, or visceral fat area. Conclusion: All the AOMs were effective at inducing and maintaining weight loss, in the absence of significant changes in muscle mass, over a 6 month period, and the short-term use of phentermine and the long-term use of phentermine/topiramate or liraglutide would be practical choices for the treatment of obesity. However, further, large-scale studies are necessary to confirm these findings.

Exploring the Correlation between Systemic Inflammatory Markers and Carotid Atherosclerosis Indices in Middle-Aged Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study.

BACKGROUND: This study investigated the association between atherosclerosis and systemic inflammation markers, specifically the C-reactive protein (CRP), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), in healthy middle-aged adults. METHODS: A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted on a total of 1264 Korean adults aged 40-65. We assessed these inflammatory markers and carotid metrics, such as carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT), plaque number (PN), plaque stenosis score (PSS), and plaque score (PS), using linear regression, logistic regression, and receiver operating characteristic analysis. RESULTS: In males, the ESR and CRP were significantly correlated with the PN (p < 0.001 and p = 0.048, respectively). The ESR was correlated with the PN in females (p = 0.004). The NLR and PLR both correlated with the PS in males (p < 0.001 and p = 0.015, respectively) and females (p = 0.015 and p = 0.023, respectively). The odds ratio for the NLR as a risk factor for increased cIMT was 1.15 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.03-2.15) for males and 1.05 (95% CI, 1.01-1.29) for females. The AUC for the NLR and PLR as a predictor for the PS showed significance in both men and women. CONCLUSIONS: Inflammatory markers, particularly the NLR and PLR, demonstrate a correlation with carotid atherosclerosis. Both the NLR and PLR hold potential as valuable surrogate markers for carotid atherosclerosis. To further substantiate their predictive efficacy, further prospective studies are needed.

Adult asthma with symptomatic eosinophilic inflammation is accompanied by alteration in gut microbiome.

BACKGROUND: Accumulating evidence suggests that the gut microbiome is associated with asthma. However, altered gut microbiome in adult asthma is not yet well established. We aimed to investigate the gut microbiome profiles of adult asthmatic patients with symptomatic eosinophilic inflammation. METHODS: The 16 s rRNA gene metagenomic analysis of feces in the symptomatic eosinophilic asthma group (EA, n = 28) was compared with the healthy control (HC, n = 18) and the chronic cough control (CC, n = 13). A correlation analysis between individual taxa and clinical markers was performed within the EA group. Changes in the gut microbiome were examined in patients with significant symptom improvement in the EA group. RESULTS: The relative abundances of Lachnospiraceae and Oscillospiraceae significantly decreased and Bacteroidetes increased in the EA group. Within EA group, Lachnospiraceae was negatively correlated with indicators of type 2 inflammation and lung function decline. Enterobacteriaceae and Prevotella was positively associated with type 2 inflammation and lung function decline, respectively. The abundance of predicted genes associated with amino acid metabolism and secondary bile acid biosynthesis was diminished in the EA group. These functional gene family alterations could be related to gut permeability, and the serum lipopolysaccharide concentration was actually high in the EA group. EA patients with symptom improvement after 1 month did not show a significant change in the gut microbiome. CONCLUSIONS: Symptomatic eosinophilic adult asthma patients showed altered the gut microbiome composition. Specifically, a decrease in commensal clostridia was observed, and a decrease in Lachnospiraceae was correlated with blood eosinophilia and lung function decline.

Adverse Reactions after BNT162b2 Messenger RNA Vaccination for Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Healthcare Workers Compared with Influenza Vaccination.

This study aimed to compare adverse reactions following BNT162b2 and influenza vaccinations in healthcare workers. This study included healthcare workers who received the BNT162b2 vaccine and/or inactivated influenza vaccine, quadrivalent (IIV4), on 18-29 October 2021 at a tertiary hospital in Korea. IIV4 was administered and BNT162b2 was subsequently administered one week later. The participants responded to a mobile questionnaire regarding adverse events. The overall adverse reaction rates were 90.6% in the BNT162b2 + IIV4 group, 90.4% in the BNT162b2 alone group, and 44.1% in the IIV4 alone group (p < 0.001). Fever occurred in 19.5%, 26.9%, and 3.3% of participants in the BNT162b2 + IIV4, BNT162b2 alone, and IIV4 alone groups, respectively (p < 0.001). The most common local and systemic adverse reactions were injection site pain (65.0%) and fatigue (58.6%), respectively. Injection-site pain was experienced by 88.7%, 88.5%, and 37.5% of the BNT162b2 + IIV4, BNT162b2 alone, and IIV4 alone groups, respectively (p < 0.001). Fatigue was experienced by 74.8%, 78.8%, and 38.6% of the BNT162b2 + IIV4, BNT162b2 alone, and IIV4 alone groups, respectively (p < 0.001). Adverse reactions occurred at a significantly higher frequency after BNT162b2 than after IIV4. The frequency of adverse reactions one week after vaccination with IIV4 and BNT162b2 was not different from that after vaccination with BNT162b2 alone. Therefore, coadministration of influenza vaccine with BNT162b2 can be expected to be safe.

Lipid profile and survival time in patients with terminal cancer: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Lipid profile as a prognostic factor in terminal cancer patients is controversial. This study aimed to provide useful information related to the treatment of patients with terminal cancer by examining lipid profiles and their association with survival time. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 428 inpatients who died while receiving palliative care a university hospital in Daegu during September 2015-September 2020 and then analyzed differences in survival times and the relative risk associated with lipid profiles. RESULTS: The mean survival of subjects with low low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (<130 mg/dL) was 30.10 days, which was significantly shorter than that of subjects without (P<0.001). The mean survival of subjects with high triglyceride (TG) levels (≥150 mg/dL) was 32.95 days, which was shorter than subject without (P=0.006). The difference in survival time according to total cholesterol (TC) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels was not statistically significant (P=0.068 and P=0.425, respectively). Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that the hazard ratios of low LDL-C levels and high TG levels in relation to shorter survival times were 4.201 [95% confidence interval (CI), 2.578-6.259] and 1.492 (95% CI, 1.063-2.195), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Low LDL-C levels and high TG levels are correlated with survival time. However, a follow-up study on the lipid profile as a predictor of the survival time of patients with terminal cancer is necessary.

Evaluation of a Follow-Up Health Consultation Program for Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Korea: Using the Context-Input-Process-Product Model.

Beyond physical pain, patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) experience psychological anxiety during and after quarantine, often facing negative perceptions when returning to their communities. This study evaluated a health consultation program in Korea for post-quarantine patients with COVID-19, designed to help them return to their communities. The program was conducted from 9 March to 5 June 2020, in Daegu, Korea. In total, 20 doctors and 504 recovered patients were surveyed via questionnaire. The survey, comprising open-ended questions rated on a five-point Likert scale, was based on the Context-Input-Process-Product program evaluation model. Reliability was assessed, and descriptive statistics were obtained. A regression analysis was performed on factors affecting product (output) areas. As a main result, both doctors and recovered patients evaluated the program positively. The mean program effectiveness score was 4.00 in the doctors' evaluations and 3.95 in the patients' evaluations. Moreover, the input and process variables affected the product. This first-of-its-kind health consultation program proved to be an effective practical intervention for patients returning to the community after an infectious disease; it also highlights aspects that could increase satisfaction in systemized subsequent programs, with input and process areas for patients and doctors.

Regdanvimab in patients with mild-to-moderate SARS-CoV-2 infection: A propensity score-matched retrospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Regdanvimab (CT-P59) is a neutralizing antibody authorized in Republic of Korea for the treatment of adult patients with moderate or mild-COVID-19 who are not on supplemental oxygen and have high risk of progressing to severe disease (age ≥ 50 years or comorbidities). This study evaluated the clinical efficacy, safety and medical utilization/costs associated with real-world regdanvimab therapy. METHODS: This non-interventional, retrospective cohort study included adult patients with confirmed mild-to-moderate SARS-CoV-2 infection. Patients treated with regdanvimab were compared with controls who had received other therapies. The primary endpoint was the proportion of patients progressing to severe/critical COVID-19 or death due to SARS-CoV-2 infection up to Day 28. Propensity score matching was applied to efficacy analyses. RESULTS: Overall, 552 patients were included in the Safety and Efficacy Sets (regdanvimab, n = 156; control, n = 396) and 274 patients in the propensity score-matched (PSM) Efficacy Set (regdanvimab, n = 113; control, n = 161). In the PSM Set, the risk of severe/critical COVID-19 or death was significantly lower in the regdanvimab group (7.1% vs 16.1%, P = 0.0263); supplemental oxygen was required by 8.0% and 18.6% of patients in the regdanvimab and control groups, respectively (P = 0.0128). There were no unexpected safety findings in the regdanvimab group. Medical utilization analysis showed an overall cost reduction with regdanvimab compared with control treatments. CONCLUSIONS: Regdanvimab significantly reduced the proportion of patients progressing to severe/critical disease or dying of SARS-CoV-2 infection. This study shows the potential benefits of regdanvimab in reducing disease severity and improving medical utility in patients with COVID-19.

Prediction of Cardiovascular Risk Using Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Scoring Systems.

This study aimed to determine whether nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is an independent risk factor for CVD and to identify the most useful NAFLD diagnostic tool for predicting CVD. Data from a total of 23,376 Korean adults without established CVD were analyzed. Cardiovascular risk was calculated using the Framingham Risk Score (FRS) 2008. The presence of NAFLD was defined as moderate-to-severe fatty liver disease diagnosed by ultrasonography. Scores for fatty liver were calculated using four NAFLD scoring systems (Fatty Liver Index, FLI; Hepatic Steatosis Index, HSI; Simple NAFLD Score, SNS; Comprehensive NAFLD Score, CNS), and were compared and analyzed according to cardiovascular risk group. Using the FRS, 67.4% of participants were considered to be at low risk of CVD, 21.5% at intermediate risk, and 11.1% at high risk. As the risk of CVD increased, both the prevalence of NAFLD and the score from each NAFLD scoring system increased significantly (p < 0.001). In the unadjusted analysis, the CNS had the strongest association with high CVD risk; in the adjusted analysis, the FLI score was most strongly associated with high CVD risk. Fatty liver is an important independent risk factor for CVD. Therefore, the available NAFLD scoring systems could be utilized to predict CVD.

A Well-Structured Follow-Up Program is Required after Recovery from Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19); Release from Quarantine is Not the End of Treatment.

During the Coronavirus Infection Disease-19 (COVID-19) pandemic, the number of patients released from quarantine is exceeding the number of newly diagnosed cases. This study is a retrospective cohort study in which consultation data were collected from a COVID-19 follow-up health consultation program. The studied population was selected from patients who recovered after quarantine and treatment for COVID-19 in Daegu City and in Gyeongsangbukdo province, Korea, from March to June 2020. The healthcare providers comprised 20 family-medicine specialists who consulted and educated the patients through phone calls in accordance with structured guidelines. Physical and mental status before and after recovery were compared among patients who received a single consultation and those who received two or more consultations. A total of 1604 subjects were selected for the final analysis. Of these, 1145 (71.4%) had one consultation and 459 (28.6%) had two or more. The group that had two or more consultations reported significantly more physical symptoms, more psychological symptoms (including depression), and more psychological stress. Multivariate forward selection logistic regression analysis showed that re-confirmed cases of COVID-19, physical symptoms after quarantine, feelings of depression, and psychological stress had a significant effect on the number of consultations received. In conclusion, COVID-19 has various physical and mental sequelae after discharge from quarantine. Therefore, a well-structured follow-up program is needed after recovery.

Hyperhomocysteinemia Concurrent with Metabolic Syndrome Is Independently Associated with Chronic Kidney Disease among Community-Dwelling Adults in an Urban Korean Population.

Elevated homocysteine (Hcy) levels and metabolic syndrome (MetS) are associated with chronic kidney disease (CKD). We investigated the combined effects of hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) and MetS on CKD among community-dwelling adults in an urban area of South Korea. We also identified the combination of HHcy and individual MetS components associated with the maximal risk of CKD. A retrospective cross-sectional study involving 19,311 health examinees between 2 January 2011 and 31 December 2015 was conducted. The participants were divided into four groups-namely, the HHcy-/MetS-, HHcy-/MetS+, HHcy+/MetS-, and HHcy+/MetS+ groups. CKD was defined as a low eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 or albuminuria. The HHcy+/MetS+ group had a higher risk of CKD than the HHcy-/MetS+ group (odds ratio (OR): 1.750, p = 0.002 for males; OR: 3.224, p < 0.001 for females). The HHcy+/MetS+ group had a higher CKD risk than the HHcy+/MetS- group; however, the difference was not statistically significant (OR: 1.070, p = 0.712 for males; OR: 1.847, and p < 0.074 for females). HHcy concurrent with MetS increased the CKD risk. Among the combinations of HHcy and MetS components, the coexistence of HHcy and central obesity had the greatest effect on CKD. Therefore, the timely detection and treatment of HHcy and MetS are important for preventing CKD.

Association between Breakfast Skipping and the Metabolic Syndrome: The Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2017.

Background and Objectives: Recently, the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in Korea has increased rapidly. Current knowledge reflects the importance of dietary control in relation to the metabolic syndrome. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of skipping breakfast on the metabolic syndrome. Materials and Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study using data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2017 for the second year. A total of 3864 adults aged 20 to 64 were included in the study. We stratified the study population into three groups, based on breakfast patterns: the regular group, irregular group, and skipping group. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the association between skipping breakfast and the presence of metabolic syndrome. Results: We noted an increase in the proportion of metabolic syndrome cases as follows: skipping group (3.3%), irregular group (5.4%), and regular group (8.5%) (p < 0.001). The multivariate-adjusted odds ratios of metabolic syndrome in the skipping and irregular groups compared with the regular group were 0.68 (95% CI; 0.35 to 1.35) and 0.81 (95% CI; 0.51 to 1.28), respectively. In the 40-65-year-old age group, which had a high prevalence of metabolic syndrome, the multivariate-adjusted odds ratios of metabolic syndrome in the skipping group compared with regular group were 0.78 (95%CI, 0.39 to 1.62). Conclusions: There was no significant correlation between skipping breakfast and risk factors of metabolic syndrome (after adjusting for risk factors), but a tendency of skipping breakfast to lower the risk of metabolic syndrome was observed. A rationale for these results is proposed through the association between skipping breakfast and intermittent fasting.

Does the Use of Proton Pump Inhibitors Increase the Risk of Pancreatic Cancer? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Epidemiologic Studies.

Background: One of the most frequently used medications for treating gastrointestinal disorders is proton pump inhibitor (PPI), which reportedly has potential adverse effects. Although the relationship between the use of PPIs and the risk of pancreatic cancer has been extensively investigated, the results remain inconsistent. Hence, this meta-analysis aimed to evaluate such relationship. Methods: We searched for literature and subsequently included 10 studies (seven case-control and three cohort studies; 948,782 individuals). The pooled odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for pancreatic cancer were estimated using a random-effects model. We also conducted sensitivity analysis and subgroup analysis. Results: The pooled OR of the meta-analysis was 1.698 (95% CI: 1.200-2.402, p = 0.003), with a substantial heterogeneity (I2 = 98.75%, p < 0.001). Even when studies were excluded one by one, the pooled OR remained statistically significant. According to the stratified subgroup analyses, PPI use, and pancreatic cancer incidence were positively associated, regardless of the study design, quality of study, country, and PPI type. Conclusion: PPI use may be associated with the increased risk of pancreatic cancer. Hence, caution is needed when using PPIs among patients with a high risk of pancreatic cancer.

Inflammatory markers for predicting overall survival in gastric cancer patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Systemic inflammatory biomarkers have begun to be used in clinical practice to predict prognosis and survival of cancer patients, but the approach remains controversial. We conducted a meta-analysis to determine the predictive value of the c-reactive protein (CRP), neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), and Glasgow prognostic score (GPS)/modified Glasgow prognostic score (mGPS) in the clinical outcome of gastric cancer (GC) patients. We searched literature databases to identify relevant studies. All articles identified in the search were independently reviewed based on predetermined selection criteria. Meta-analysis was conducted to calculate the hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of overall survival of the included studies. A total of 41 eligible cohort studies, involving a total of 18,348 patients meeting the inclusion criteria, were considered for meta-analysis. Increases in CRP (HR = 1.654, 95% CI: 1.272-2.151), NLR (HR = 1.605, 95% CI: 1.449-1.779), and GPS/mGPS (HR = 1.648, 95% CI: 1.351-2.011) were significantly associated with poorer survival in patients with GC. Substantial heterogeneities were noted in all three markers (I2 = 86.479%, 50.799%, 69.774%, in CRP, NLR, and GPS/mGPS, respectively). Subgroup analysis revealed a significant positive correlation between each marker and poor survival, regardless of country, study quality, cancer stage, study design, or the inclusion of patients undergoing chemotherapy. This meta-analysis demonstrates that CRP, NLR, and GPS/mGPS are associated with poor survival in patients with GC. Further prospective studies using standardized measurements are warranted to conclude the prognostic value of various inflammatory markers.

Association between Bone Mineral Density and Serum Iron Indices in Premenopausal Women in South Korea.

BACKGROUND: Osteoporosis is characterized by a decrease in bone mineral density (BMD) and increased risk of fragility fractures. Serum iron level may interact with bone health status. This study investigated the correlations of BMD with serum iron level, hemoglobin level, and total iron-binding capacity (TIBC). METHODS: We performed a retrospective analysis of data from the medical records of premenopausal women in South Korea. The women's BMDs and the Z scores of the BMDs were verified using dual-energy X-ray absorption. The participants were stratified into quartiles for analyses of the associations of BMD with serum iron level, TIBC, and hemoglobin level. RESULTS: A simple linear regression analysis revealed associations of changes in BMD with iron level (ß=-0.001, standard error [SE]=0.001, P<0.001), hemoglobin level (ß=0.015, SE=0.003, P<0.001), and TIBC (ß=0.001, SE=0.001, P<0.001). This pattern was also observed in a multiple linear regression analysis. A multivariate logistic regression analysis of iron level and TIBC for low BMD revealed odds ratios of 1.005 (P<0.001) and 0.995 (P<0.001), respectively. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated clear relationships of changes in BMD with serum iron level and TIBC, and thus confirms the usefulness of these markers in the clinical evaluation of iron storage and BMD in younger women.

Effect of Prognosis Awareness on the Survival and Quality of Life of Terminally Ill Cancer Patients: A Prospective Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND: Physicians and caregivers are conflicted over whether to inform patients that their disease is terminal. Studies examining the effect of awareness of prognosis on the survival and quality of life of terminally ill cancer patients report conflicting results. This study aimed to assess the effects of prognosis awareness on the survival time and psychological health of terminally ill cancer patients. METHODS: Patients in the hospice wards of two general hospitals were asked to complete a questionnaire. All were mentally alert and could express themselves clearly. Awareness of prognosis was defined as knowing both the diagnosis and exact prognosis. Survival time was defined as the time from hospital admission to death. Multiple psychological examinations were conducted to verify the effect of prognosis awareness on psychological health. RESULTS: Of the 98 subjects who met the inclusion criteria, 65 (66.3%) were aware of their terminal status. The patients' awareness was significantly related to survival time after adjusting for clinical variables with a hazard ratio of 1.70 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.01-2.86). Furthermore, the unaware group had a higher risk of cognitive impairment (Mini-Mental State Examination <24; adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 3.65; 95% CI, 1.26-10.59) and a poorer quality of life (physical component summary of the Short Form 36-item Health Survey <20; aOR, 3.61; 95% CI, 1.12- 11.60) than the aware group. CONCLUSION: Knowledge of the exact prognosis might have a positive effect on the survival and quality of life of terminally ill cancer patients.

Communication and Cooperation Between the Medical Academy, Medical Association, and Local Government: Health Counseling Program After Recovery From Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Daegu.

We are currently experiencing the disaster of the COVID-19 pandemic. Since the first case of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was confirmed in South Korea on January 20, the number of COVID-19 cases in South Korea has been rapidly increasing until early March due to a local spread in Daegu, which is one of the eight metropolitan cities in South Korea with a population of 2.5 million. As the medical academy has social accountability as professionals, Daegu-Gyeongbuk branch of the Korean Academy of Family Medicine (Daegu-Gyeongbuk branch) developed the health counseling program for discharged COVID-19 patients. The Daegu-Gyeongbuk branch communicated with Daegu Medical Association and Daegu city for this program and incorporated available resources and capabilities as a leader of this program. This newly developed counseling program consists of medical consultations, sending healthcare brochures and medical supplies, and the appraisal at the end of the program. Not only COVID-19 related symptoms but also other psychological problems are also dealt with during consultations. This program started on March 18, and over 1,700 recovered patients have been receiving counseling as of April 28. Communication and cooperation between the medical academy, medical association, and government are essential to overcome the COVID-19 pandemic. Besides, we expect to apply this health counseling program and our model of setting this program cooperating with medical association and government to different infectious pandemic crisis.

Effects of Pet Insects on Cognitive Function among the Elderly: An fMRI Study.

Animal-assisted therapy has positive effects on cognitive function, depression, performance ability, and social functioning in elderly patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of rearing pet insects on the cognitive function of healthy elderly participants, with fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging) being used for this purpose. Community-dwelling right-handed elderly women (≥60 years) with normal cognitive function were enrolled and randomized at a 1:1 ratio into two groups: insect-rearing and control (n = 16) groups, with the insect-rearing group being further classified into two groups for analysis according to the subjects' scores in the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, WCST) at the baseline fMRI: Insect-rearing group I with a relatively high score (n = 13), and insect-rearing group II with a relatively low score (n = 6). The insect-rearing groups received and reared crickets as pet insects for 8 weeks. The WCST consisted of two variations, a high level baseline (HLB) and semi-WCST version. There was a significant difference accuracy of the HLB-semi-WCST (p < 0.05) in insect-rearing group II after 8 weeks from the baseline test. In the fMRI analysis involving the WCST reaction test, increased activation was observed in the right dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex and parietal cortex in insect-rearing group II when the semi-WCST, rather than the HLB, was performed. Rearing pet insects showed positive effects on executive functions and performance improvement in elderly women. Further larger studies on the effects of pet insects on cognitive function are warranted.

The Association between Mineral and Trace Element Concentrations in Hair and the 10-Year Risk of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease in Healthy Community-Dwelling Elderly Individuals.

This cross-sectional analysis included 137 Korean subjects aged 60⁻79 years. All subjects underwent anthropometric measurements and laboratory tests. Scalp hair samples were obtained from each individual, the concentrations of 36 minerals and trace elements were analyzed, and 16 ratios of elements were calculated. ASCVD risk was estimated using pooled cohort ASCVD risk assessment equations for 10-year risk profiles. The 137 subjects were divided into three risk groups: low (<5%, n = 28), intermediate (5% to <7.5%, n = 21), and high (≥7.5%, n = 88) risk groups. After adjusting for obesity (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m²) and sex, Na concentration (mg%) in hair was significantly lower in the low-risk (13.91 ± 7.02) than in the intermediate-risk (47.18 ± 8.08) and high-risk (36.76 ± 3.95) groups (p for trend = 0.024). The concentration of K (mg%) in hair was also positively associated with the severity of ASCVD risk (10.50 ± 8.37, 23.62 ± 9.63, 33.31 ± 4.71, respectively; p for trend = 0.017), but their differences were not statistically significant (p = 0.059). By contrast, the levels of Co, U, and Hg, and the Ca/P and Ca/Mg ratios, were negatively correlated with the severity of ASCVD risk (p for trend < 0.05). Mean Na concentration in hair was significantly lower in the low-risk than in the other risk groups. By contrast, Co, U, and Hg concentrations showed significant negative associations with risk severity. Further studies are needed to assess whether dietary modification for trace elements could lower the risk of ASCVD.

Atrophic Gastritis as a Risk Factor for Bone Loss in Premenopausal Women in Their 40s: A Retrospective Cohort Study.

This study assessed the effects of atrophic gastritis on bone mineral density (BMD) in premenopausal women in their 40s. We performed a retrospective analysis of medical records of premenopausal women in their 40s who underwent a health checkup, esophagogastroduodenoscopy, and bone densitometry at least thrice, 24 months apart, between January 2006 and December 2016. Based on first-visit esophagogastroduodenoscopy results, patients were divided into atrophic and non-atrophic gastritis groups; BMD changes over time were analyzed. Patients were further divided into subgroups depending on atrophic gastritis persistence; differences and absolute changes in BMD were assessed. BMD in both groups exhibited group-by-time interaction (p < 0.001). After adjusting for confounding factors, the mean BMD was significantly different at the 24-month and the 48-month follow-up (p = 0.049, p < 0.001, respectively). Subgroup analysis after adjusting for confounding factors showed a mean BMD of 1.128 and 1.104 at baseline, 1.110 and 1.100 at the 24-month follow-up, and 1.106 and 1.065 at the 48-month follow-up for persistent atrophic and non-atrophic gastritis groups, respectively. The difference between mean BMD was not significant at baseline (p = 0.171), but was significant at the 24-month and 48-month follow-ups (p = 0.044 and p < 0.001, respectively). Absolute changes in BMD over 48 months were - 0.010 and - 0.051 for the two subgroups, which was significantly different (p < 0.001). Atrophic gastritis reduces BMD in premenopausal women in their 40s. Patients with atrophic gastritis exhibited lower BMD than patients without, and patients with persistent atrophic gastritis exhibited a greater decrease in BMD.