Prevalence of Diet Atherogenicity and Coexistence of Lipid Disorders and Arterial Hypertension among 50-year-old Inhabitants of Wroclaw, Poland.

OBJECTIVE: The incorrect composition of a diet, its atherogenicity, is conducive to the occurrence of lipid disorders, arterial hypertension (HTN), diabetes, and metabolic syndrome (MetS). The aim of the study was to evaluate the prevalence of incorrect anthropometric and biochemical parameters as well as diet atherogenicity. METHODS: The study group included 1,520 adults (880 women, 640 men). The nutritional status evaluation was based on respondents' BMI and waist circumference. The diet atherogenicity was estimated using Keys Index (KI) and P/S ratio. Total cholesterol (TCh), LDL cholesterol as well as triglycerides (TG) concentration in blood serum were also evaluated. RESULTS: In 56.8% of women and 60.8% of men waist circumference exceeded referential values. The diets of 71.4% of women and 87.3% of men were atherogenic. HTN was observed in 64.1% of the study population. Hypercholesterolaemia was found in approximately 72% of the respondents. The increased LDL cholesterol concentration were found in 57.5% of women and 64.5% of men. Abnormal concentration of HDL cholesterol occurred among approximately 20% of respondents. Hypertriglyceridaemia was recognised in 26% of women and 44% of men. In the group of women and men with HTN, mean values, i.e. BMI, waist circumference and TG (with TCh concentration additionally noted in men) were found as significant. Normal lipid profile and arterial pressure values were observed in 6.6% of the population. CONCLUSIONS: In the diets of men with HTN were observed higher values of KI compared to group without HTN. No significant differences were found in the frequency of occurrence of the analysed parameters either among the group of women with HTN or without it. In the group of men with HTN, the abnormal BMI, waist circumference and TG occurred more frequently.

Assessment of dietary flavonoid intake among 50-year-old inhabitants of Wroclaw in 2008.

BACKGROUND: In much epidemiological research, a positive impact of flavonoid intake on human health has been observed. The role of flavonoids in heart diseases and cancer prevention was described. OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to assess dietary flavonoid intake among 50-year-old inhabitants of Wroclaw in 2008. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study group included 1520 inhabitants of Wroclaw (879 women, 641 men) who participated in the Cardiovascular Disease Prevention Program in 2008, which was organized by the Health Division of the Municipal Office in Wroclaw. The mean age of the women was 49.9 +/- 0.3 year old and of the men 50.0 +/- 0.2. To assess dietary flavonoid intake, the consumption of fruits, vegetables, tea, wine and chocolate was evaluated. To assess daily food intake, a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) was used. The dietary flavonoid intake was evaluated using the database from 2007 "U.S. Department of Agriculture Database for the Flavonoid Content of Selected Foods, Release 2.1". RESULTS: The flavonoid intake from fruits and vegetables in women amounted respectively to 13.64 mg/day and 8.59 mg/day. The flavonoid intake from these products in men was respectively 9.56 mg/day and 6.54 mg/day. Fruits and vegetables provided respectively 2.2%, 1.4% of daily flavonoid intake in women and respectively 1.6%, 1.1% in men. The flavonoid intake provided by fruit juices amounted to 4.57 mg/day in women and 4.97 mg/day in men. Chocolate, in both women and men, was a source of 0.80 mg/day of total flavonoids. Fruit juices and chocolate provided respectively 0.7% and 0.1% of daily flavonoid intake in women and respectively 0.8% and 0.1% in men. Tea provided, in both women and men, 595 mg/day of total flavonoids (respectively 95.6% and 96.5% of daily total flavonoid intake). Total daily flavonoid intake in the investigated group amounted to 622.60 mg in women and 616.87 mg in men. CONCLUSIONS: This study assessed a higher dietary flavonoid intake in the investigated group in comparison with other studies results. The major source of these compounds, especially flavan-3-ols, was tea consumption. The authors concluded that increased fruit and vegetable consumption in the investigated group would increase anthocyanidin, flavanone and flavonol intake.

Prevalence of metabolic syndrome among 40- and 50-year-old inhabitants of Wroclaw, Poland.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: The metabolic syndrome (MetS) has been discussed for many years, but there is no doubt that those who have confirmed the presence of risk factors comprising the MetS had a higher risk of cardiovascular disease. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of MetS among 40- and 50-year-old (y.o.) inhabitants of Wroclaw, Poland. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study group included Wroclaw inhabitants who were recruited between 2001-2004 into the Cardiovascular Disease Prevention Programme. The study group consisted of 18,583 participants (females: 40 y.o.--5,248 and 50 y.o.--5,329; males: 40 y.o.--4,229 and 50 y.o.--3,777). The MetS was defined by IDF/NHLBI/AHA (2009) criteria. RESULTS: MetS was found in 12.7% of 40 y.o. and in 33.1% of 50 y.o. females, while in males, respectively, in 30.4% and 42.1%. Overall, MetS occurred in 28.5% of the study group. MetS occurred significantly more frequent among the older than the younger groups, both in females and males. MetS was found significantly more frequent among males than females from Wroclaw, in both 40- and in 50 y.o. participants. Among those females with MetS, the most frequently (more than 90% in both age groups) occurred excessive waist circumference (WC), followed by elevated blood pressure-BP (72.1% of 40 y.o., 86.8% of 50 y.o.). Excessive WC, elevated BP and triglycerides-TG was found in more than 80% of males aged 40 and with diagnosed MetS. Among the older group of males with MetS, the most frequently occurred elevated BP (90.4%), followed by excessive WC (87%) and elevated TG (78.5%). CONCLUSION: MetS was diagnosed more frequent in males than females of Wroclaw. Prevalence of MetS increased with age. The most significant impact on reducing the prevalence of MetS in the study group would be the lowering of BP and WC to recommended values.

[Assessment of fruit and vegetable intake among the 50-year-old population of Wroclaw]. / Ocena spozycia warzyw i owoców w grupie 50-letnich mieszkanców Wroclawia.

Intake of fruit and vegetable among 50-year-old population of Wroclaw and the impact of education level on the consumption of fruits and vegetables was assessed. The study group was 50-year-old, 1520 inhabitants of Wroclaw (879 women and 641 men), who participated in 2008 in the Cardiovascular Diseases Prevention Program organized by the Health Division of the Municipal Office in Wroclaw. To assess fruit and vegetable intake Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) was used. The mean daily intake of vegetables and fruit was 289,4 g for women and 209,1 g for men. Women consumed significantly more vegetables, fruits, and the amounts of fruits and vegetables compared with men. The impact of educational level on fruit and vegetable consumption in the study group was found.

Relationship between early puberty and the risk of hypertension/overweight at age 50: evidence for a modified Barker hypothesis among Polish youth.

The objective of this paper is to evaluate: (a) the association between BMI in childhood and adolescence and BMI at age 50, and (b) the association between timing of maturation at puberty and BMI at age 50 and the occurrence of high blood pressure. We explore whether differences in somatic and physiological factors observed among children with early or late onset of puberty indicates that this period of life could be critical for appearance of some CVD risk factors later in the life cycle. Our data include 135 males and 148 females, born in 1953, participants in the Wroclaw Longitudinal Study. Data pertaining to their growth and several indices of sexual and skeletal maturation were collected yearly between age 8 and 18. Subsequently, their anthropometric traits were measured and cardiovascular health status was assessed at age 50. We find that BMI at distinct stages in the life cycle were positively correlated. Also BMI at 50 were positively associated with blood pressure at 50. Moreover, earlier maturation at puberty is associated with higher values of BMI at age 50. We also find that earlier pubertal maturation is an independent factor that influences the appearance of high blood pressure in adulthood.

Socioeconomic status during childhood and health status in adulthood: the Wroclaw growth study.

It has been widely observed that socioeconomic status (SES) is associated with frequency of cardiovascular disease. Both men and women of low socioeconomic position have increased risk of cardiovascular disease morbidity and premature death. In this study the relationship between SES in childhood, and health status at the age of 50 years was examined. Socioeconomic status in childhood was measured using objective (father's educational level and number of children in the family) and subjective (self-assessed SES in childhood declared in early adulthood) indicators. Data from the Wroclaw Growth Study were completed when subjects were 50 years old, and information concerning health status was added. The results indicated that the objective, universally used measures of SES in childhood such as father's educational level and size of family did not show any essential relationships with health outcomes in adulthood, both for men and women. By contrast, retrospective, self-assessed SES (as better, average or worse as compared with peers) in childhood was significantly associated with the appearance of cardiovascular disease among women aged 50 years. Women who at the beginning of their adult life declared better socioeconomic condition in childhood were significantly healthier at the age of 50 years (OR=3.43; p=0.02). Moreover, this appeared to be independent of BMI, SES and life-style in adulthood. For men, retrospective self-assessed SES showed no relation to health status at the age of 50 years. The gender differences in the relationships between self-assessed SES in childhood and health status in adulthood are explained by possible selective premature mortality among men from lower childhood SES and/or sex differences in cognitive abilities.