Applicability of ChOLE staging to preoperative HRCT temporal bone in chronic otitis media with cholesteatoma.

PURPOSE: Chronic otitis media with cholesteatoma is a frequent disease entity in otology, requiring surgery in overwhelming majority of cases. Despite the huge burden there is no established grading system available to assess the severity and extent of disease preoperatively until date. Aim of our study is to assess the applicability of ChOLE staging to preoperative HRCT temporal bone in Chronic otitis media with cholesteatoma. METHODOLOGY: Patients clinically diagnosed as COM with cholesteatoma, who underwent preoperative HRCT temporal bone imaging and mastoid exploration at our tertiary care centre were included. Preoperative radiology was assessed and a radiological ChOLE (r-ChOLE) was given by radiologist. This was then compared with the postop ChOLE. RESULTS: 21 patients were included in the study. Data was linear and normally distributed (Shapiro wilk test). Pearson's product-moment correlation used to see relationship between radiological and postop Total score showed strong statistically significant positive correlation with correlation coefficient (r) of 0.977. Paired t test showed p value was 0.329 (p > 0.05) suggesting no significant difference between radiological and postop Total scores. Cohen kappa test of agreement was applied. It revealed an overall strong agreement (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: ChOLE staging may be extended to preoperative HRCT of temporal bone in COM with cholesteatoma (rCHOLE). A preoperative radiological staging will help in better prioritizing, planning and execution of tympanomastoid surgeries.

Effect of the time interval of functional loading on the periapical healing of endodontically treated mandibular molar tooth with pulp necrosis and asymptomatic apical periodontitis: A split-mouth randomized clinical study.

INTRODUCTION: This prospective study evaluated the effect of immediate functional loading (IFL) of full coverage prosthesis on the clinical and radiographic outcome of nonsurgical endodontic therapy (NSET) performed on mandibular molar tooth with pulp necrosis and asymptomatic apical periodontitis. METHODS: In twenty subjects, standardized two visit NSET was performed in bilateral mandibular first molar teeth (split-mouth model) with a diagnosis of pulp necrosis and asymptomatic apical periodontitis exhibiting a radiographic periapical index (PAI) score ≥3. In each subject, the non-vital bilateral mandibular first molar teeth were randomized to either of two groups that is IFL group (immediate functional loading) or NFL group (functional loading after a time interval of six months). Provisional full coverage prostheses were provided within seven days after completion of endodontic therapy. The cases were followed up clinically and radiographically at six and twelve months. Radiographs were assessed for periapical healing based on PAI scores which were dichotomized as healed (PAI score ≤2) or non-healed (PAI score ≥3). The data was compared using Chi-square and Fischer's exact tests. RESULTS: A recall rate of 100% was achieved at the end of twelve months. All teeth in IFL group and NFL group were clinically asymptomatic. On an inter-group comparison between the proportion of teeth healed and non-healed (radiographic), there was significant difference (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Immediate functional loading of full coverage prosthesis in endodontically treated mandibular molar tooth with pulp necrosis and asymptomatic apical periodontitis delayed periapical healing.

Comparing Length and Telomere Expression at Oral Precancerous and Cancerous Stages.

Background & Objective: Telomeres consist of repetitive G-rich nucleotides located at the end of each chromosome, acting as protein binding sites. The aim of this study was to examine the differences in telomere length in blood, saliva, and tissue samples at various stages of oral precancerous and cancerous lesions. Methods: Samples of blood, tissue, and saliva were collected from patients with oral precancerous and cancerous lesions. DNA extraction was performed. Then, a TRAP assay was conducted to assess and compare the telomere length and telomerase expression. Results: The levels of telomerase activity (TA) in the DNA samples ranged from 0.19 to 6.91 (2.05+1.37) among oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) patients and from 0.17 to 4.5 (0.28+4.25) among precancerous patients. A significant difference was observed in TA levels between OSCC and precancerous samples (t=3.9691, P= 0.0000). Conclusion: Assessing the telomerase activity is crucial for studying the behavior of carcinoma in the clinical setting. The augmented telomerase expression and the length of telomere contribute to OSCC progression. Hence, this study adds a diagnostic tool that can serve as a biomarker for the early detection and prognosis of OSCC.

The Dimensionality of Hydrogen Bond Networks Induces Diverse Physical Properties of Peptide Crystals.

Short peptides are attractive building blocks for the fabrication of self-assembled materials with significant biological, chemical, and physical properties. The microscopic and macroscopic properties of assemblies are usually closely related to the dimensionality of formed hydrogen bond networks. Here, two completely different supramolecular architectures connected by distinct hydrogen bond networks were obtained by simply adding a hydroxyl group to switch from cyclo-tryptophan-alanine (cyclo-WA) to cyclo-tryptophan-serine (cyclo-WS). While hydroxyl-bearing cyclo-WS molecules provided an additional hydrogen bond donor that links to adjacent molecules, forming a rigid three-dimensional network, cyclo-WA arranged into a water-mediated zipper-like structure with a softer two-dimensional layer template. This subtle alteration resulted in a 14-fold enhancement of Young's modulus values in cyclo-WS compared to cyclo-WA. Both cyclo-dipeptides exhibit biocompatibility, high fluorescence, and piezoelectricity. The demonstrated role of dimensionality of hydrogen bond networks opens new avenues for rational design of materials with precise morphologies and customizable properties for bioelectronic applications.

Biogenic nanoparticles: pioneering a new era in breast cancer therapeutics-a comprehensive review.

Breast cancer, a widespread malignancy affecting women globally, often arises from mutations in estrogen/progesterone receptors. Conventional treatments like surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy face limitations such as low efficacy and adverse effects. However, nanotechnology offers promise with its unique attributes like targeted delivery and controlled drug release. Yet, challenges like poor size distribution and environmental concerns exist. Biogenic nanotechnology, using natural materials or living cells, is gaining traction for its safety and efficacy in cancer treatment. Biogenic nanoparticles synthesized from plant extracts offer a sustainable and eco-friendly approach, demonstrating significant toxicity against breast cancer cells while sparing healthy ones. They surpass traditional drugs, providing benefits like biocompatibility and targeted delivery. Thus, this current review summarizes the available knowledge on breast cancer (its types, stages, histopathology, symptoms, etiology and epidemiology) with the importance of using biogenic nanomaterials as a new and improved therapy. The novelty of this work lies in its comprehensive examination of the challenges and strategies for advancing the industrial utilization of biogenic metal and metal oxide NPs. Additionally; it underscores the potential of plant-mediated synthesis of biogenic NPs as effective therapies for breast cancer, detailing their mechanisms of action, advantages, and areas for further research.

Knockdown resistance mutations in Phlebotomus argentipes sand flies in Bihar, India.

BACKGROUND: Vector control based on indoor residual spraying (IRS) is one of the main components of the visceral leishmaniasis (VL) elimination programme in India. Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) was used for IRS until 2015 and was later replaced by the synthetic pyrethroid alpha-cypermethrin. Both classes of insecticides share the same target site, the voltage-gated sodium channel (Vgsc). As high levels of resistance to DDT have been documented in the local sand fly vector, Phlebotomus argentipes, it is possible that mutations in the Vgsc gene could provide resistance to alpha-cypermethrin, affecting current IRS pyrethroid-based vector control. METHODS: This study aimed to compare frequencies of knockdown resistance (kdr) mutations in Vgsc between two sprayed and two unsprayed villages in Bihar state, India, which had the highest VL burden of the four endemic states. Across four villages, 350 female P. argentipes were collected as part of a 2019 molecular xenomonitoring study. DNA was extracted and used for sequence analysis of the IIS6 fragment of the Vgsc gene to assess the presence of kdr mutations. RESULTS: Mutations were identified at various positions, most frequently at codon 1014, a common site known to be associated with insecticide resistance in mosquitoes and sand flies. Significant inter-village variation was observed, with sand flies from Dharampur, an unsprayed village, showing a significantly higher proportion of wild-type alleles (55.8%) compared with the three other villages (8.5-14.3%). The allele differences observed across the four villages may result from selection pressure caused by previous exposure to DDT. CONCLUSIONS: While DDT resistance has been reported in Bihar, P. argentipes is still susceptible to pyrethroids. However, the presence of kdr mutations in sand flies could present a threat to IRS used for VL control in endemic villages in India. Continuous surveillance of vector bionomics and insecticide resistance, using bioassays and target genotyping, is required to inform India's vector control strategies and to ensure the VL elimination target is reached and sustained.

The complete mitochondrial genome of the basidiomycetous fungus, Tinctoporellus epimiltinus strain RS1.

Tinctoporellus epimiltinus is widely known as a wood-decaying fungus. In the present study, we identified the complete mitochondrial genome of this species using next-generation sequencing technology. Our findings revealed that the genomic structure is a circular molecule with a size of 51,878 bp. Consistent with most Basidiomycota species, it consists of 14 core protein-coding genes, one ribosomal protein gene (rps3), 26 transfer RNA genes, and small and large ribosomal RNA (rns and rnl) genes. Seven additional open reading frames were identified. These included two sequences similar to DNA polymerases, an endonuclease-like sequence, and four hypothetical proteins. The mitochondrial genome exhibited a nucleotide composition of A (36.24%), C (12.04%), G (13.18%), and T (38.55%), resulting in a 25.21% GC content. A phylogenetic tree constructed using the combined mitochondrial gene dataset provided insight into the phylogenetic relationships of this species within the context of Basidiomycota and its members.

Fanconi Anaemia associated with café au lait spots: A rare case report.

Fanconi Anaemia is an autosomal recessive disorder, which is characterised by progressive pancytopenia, café au lait spots (>50%), bruising, petechie, recurrent infections, short height (50%), and thumb and radial bone anomalies (40%). Herein, is presented a case of a lean emaciated female child, who presented with the chief complaints of fever, loose stools and decreased appetite for one month reported at Sindh Government General Hospital, Karachi, on February, 1, 2023. She had cutaneous findings of hyperpigmentation and café au lait spots and a tri-phalangeal thumb. On investigation, pancytopenia and a low reticulocyte count of 0.7% was also observed. Karyotype and chromosomal breakage test induced by Diepoxybutane confirmed her as a case of Fanconi Anaemia.

Phenylstyrylpyrimidine derivatives as potential multipotent therapeutics for Alzheimer's disease.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a multifactorial neurological disorder that affects millions of people worldwide. Despite extensive research efforts, there are currently no effective disease-modifying therapeutics available for the complete cure of AD. In the current study, we have designed and synthesized a series of phenyl-styryl-pyrimidine derivatives as potential multifunctional agents against different targets of AD. The compounds were evaluated for their ability to inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE), monoamine oxidase (MAO) and ß amyloid aggregation which are associated with the initiation and progression of the disease. Several compounds in the series exhibited potent inhibitory activity against AChE and MAO-B, with IC50 values in the low micromolar range. In particular, two compounds, BV-12 and BV-14, were found to exhibit a multipotent profile and showed non-competitive inhibition against MAO-B with IC50 values of 4.93 ± 0.38 & 7.265 ± 0.82 µM, respectively and AChE inhibition with IC50 values of 7.265 and 9.291 µM, respectively. BV-12 and BV-14 also displayed ß amyloid self-aggregation inhibition of 32.98% and 23.25%, respectively. Furthermore, molecular modelling studies revealed that BV-14 displayed a docking score of -11.20 kcal mol-1 with MAO-B & -6.767 kcal mol-1 with AChE, forming a stable complex with both proteins. It was concluded that phenyl-styryl-pyrimidine derivatives have the potential to be developed as multitarget directed ligands for the treatment of AD.

Ring Structures of Metal Atom Doped C9, C11, and C13 Clusters from Ab Initio Calculations-The Finding of a Gd@C13 Magnetic Superatom Ring.

Pure C9 clusters have a linear chain structure. However, here, we report using ab initio calculations the transformation of a chain into a cyclic ring structure with the capping of Ca, Sr, and Ba atoms. Further calculations on neutral and charged clusters doped with Sc, Y, and La atoms show stabilization of a cation C9 isoelectronic cyclic ring capped with the metal (M) atom, but anion clusters doped with these trivalent atoms form a C10 like MC9 ring, which deforms to a necklace structure. Both the ring structures correspond to electronic shell closing with 20 delocalized valence electrons in a disk jellium model and have a large highest occupied molecular orbital-lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (HOMO-LUMO) gap. Calculations of IR and Raman spectra show no imaginary frequency, suggesting that the structures are stable. Addition of two C atoms to the ring structure of LaC9 leads to a capped ring structure of the cation LaC11 and an open ring structure of the LaC11 anion. Further addition of two C atoms leads to a La@C13 cation as well as Ca@C13 and Sr@C13 neutral wheel-shaped rings with endohedral doping of the M atom. These novel ring structures have a large HOMO-LUMO gap of more than 4 eV and are magic with electronic shell closing corresponding to 28 delocalized valence electrons in a disk jellium model. There is π aromaticity in this ring satisfying 4n+2 (n = 3) Hückel's rule with 14 valence electrons. Interestingly, when the dopant is a Gd atom, there is a formation of a magnetic superatom ring Gd@C13 + with 7 µB magnetic moments due to seven 4f up-spin states of Gd being fully occupied. Bonding in these novel ring structures is discussed.

Harnessing probiotic foods: managing cancer through gut health.

One of the greatest threats to global health is cancer. Probiotic foods have been shown to have therapeutic promise in the management of cancer, even though traditional treatments such as radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and surgery are still essential. The generation of anticarcinogenic compounds, immune system stimulation, and gut microbiota regulation are a few ways that probiotics when taken in sufficient quantities, might help health. The purpose of this review is to examine the therapeutic potential of probiotic foods in the management of cancer. Research suggests that certain strains of probiotics have anticancer effects by preventing the growth of cancer cells, triggering apoptosis, and reducing angiogenesis in new tumors. Probiotics have shown promise in mitigating treatment-related adverse effects, such as diarrhea, mucositis, and immunosuppression caused by chemotherapy, improving the general quality of life for cancer patients. However, there are several factors, such as patient-specific features, cancer subtype, and probiotic strain type and dosage, which affect how effective probiotic therapies are in managing cancer. More research is necessary to find the long-term safety and efficacy characteristics of probiotics as well as to clarify the best ways to incorporate them into current cancer treatment methods. Graphical abstract: Graphical representation showing the role of probiotic foods in cancer management.

Sine π -power odd-G family of distributions with applications.

This paper investigates a novel category of probability distributions and a specific member within this category. We have formulated a new family of trigonometric distributions by utilizing the odds ratio derived from the distribution function of a base distribution. This newly devised distribution family termed the "Sine pie-power odd-G family" of distributions, is constructed through a transformation involving the sine function. The paper presents an overview of the fundamental characteristics inherent to this proposed distribution family. Using the Weibull distribution as a base reference, we have introduced a member belonging to the proposed distribution family. This member demonstrates various hazard functions such as j, reverse-j, increasing, decreasing, or bathtub shapes. The paper examines essential statistical attributes of this newly introduced distribution. The estimation of the distribution's parameters is carried out via the maximum likelihood estimation method. The accuracy of the parameter estimation procedure is validated through Monte Carlo simulations. The outcomes of these simulations reveal a reduction in biases and mean square errors as sample sizes increase, even for small samples. Two sets of real-engineering data are considered to demonstrate the proposed distribution's applicability. The performance of the suggested distribution is evaluated using some model selection criteria and goodness-of-fit test statistics. Empirical evidence from these evaluations substantiates that the proposed model outperforms six existing models.

A Quantitative Assessment of Apoptotic Index with Varying Histological Degree of Dysplasia and Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Oral Cavity - A Light Microscopic Study.

AIM AND OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to quantitatively assess the apoptotic index at a light microscopic level in hyperkeratosis with varying histological degrees of dysplasia and different grades of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and its correlation with prognostic significance. STUDY DESIGN: The study included the histo-pathologically diagnosed cases of hyperkeratosis with varying degrees of dysplasia and different grades of OSCC, which were retrieved from the archives of the department, and clinical details were retrieved from the case records of the patients. The sample size consisted of 80 biopsied cases, divided into seven groups of 10 experimental cases and one group of 10 cases of normal mucosa as a control group. RESULTS: The age range of 50-59 shows maximum patients of hyperkeratosis with varying degrees of dysplasia and OSCC. Maximum apoptotic bodies were seen in cases of severe dysplasia and well-differentiated cases of OSCC. There was an observational difference noticed in apoptotic bodies between the patients who had less than 1-year disease-free survival rate. CONCLUSIONS: The apoptotic cells are being seen using routine light microscopy techniques with hematoxylin and eosin staining. In different grades of squamous cell carcinoma, a decrease in the apoptotic count was noticed from well-differentiated squamous cell carcinoma toward poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma cases. Increased mean apoptotic bodies were observed in patients showing less than 1 year of survival.

Efficient Oil Spill Cleanup from water: Investigating the Effectiveness of a Sustainable Anti-Swelling Hydrogel for Rapid Water Repellency and Oil Absorption.

Considering the significant harm caused to aquatic ecosystems and marine life by oil spills and the discharge of oily wastewater, there is a pressing need to address this issue to protect our environment and prevent the wastage of valuable resources. We introduced a one-step approach to create an anti-swelling, water-repellent sorbent using a green polysaccharide called gum gellan, functionalized with Octadecyl trichlorosilane (OTS) through dip coating method. Natural gums like gellan have high absorption capability due to their large surface area. However, they are hydrophilic, which means they can only absorb water. This property makes them unsuitable for oil spill applications. To make gum gellan suitable for oil spill applications, we have modified it in this study. We have introduced a material called octadecyltrichlorosilane, which has low surface energy and hierarchical roughness. This modification changes the wettability of gellan from hydrophilic to hydrophobic/oleophilic, allowing it to absorb oil and repel water. The sorbent is analyzed using several techniques, such as FTIR, XRD, TGA, FE-SEM, BET, Raman, EDX, and H1-NMR. The hydrophobic sorbent obtained demonstrates low density, high surface area, and high porosity. These characteristics give it excellent floatability and immediate and exceptional selectivity for absorbing oil from water. Additionally, it does not absorb any detectable amount of water. The sorbent exhibited a water contact angle (WCA) of 140 3 and an oil contact angle (OCA) of 0˚ for various oils and organic solvents. It has rapid oil absorption capacity of 3.0 g/g for petrol, and can be easily recovered after use. The BET analysis revealed that after the modification with OTS, the sorbent's total surface area increased from 0.579 m2/g to 4.713 m2/g. This indicates that the OTS modification greatly enhances the surface area and pore volume of the, thus improving its ability to absorb oil. This sorbent efficiently separates oil-in-water emulsions, both surfactant-stabilized and surfactant-free, achieving over 90% separation through gravity alone. Moreover, the sorbent can sustain its wettability even under harsh environmental conditions, including exposure to acids, alkalis, and salts. The absorption data predominantly aligned with the pseudo-2nd-order model. Thus, this sorbent provides a cost-effective alternative for efficiently absorbing and separating oil-water emulsions in households and industries.

Phytofabricated gold nanoparticles as modulators of salt stress responses in spinach: implications for redox homeostasis, biochemical and physiological adaptation.

Introduction: The utilization of plant material for synthesizing nanoparticles effectively triggers physiological and biochemical responses in plants to combat abiotic stresses. Salt stress, particularly caused by NaCl, significantly affects plant morphology and physiology, leading to reduced crop yields. Understanding the mechanisms of salt tolerance is crucial for maintaining crop productivity. Methods: In this study, we examined the effects of 150 µM spinach-assisted gold nanoparticles (S-AuNPs) on various parameters related to seed germination, growth attributes, photosynthetic pigments, stomatal traits, ion concentrations, stress markers, antioxidants, metabolites, and nutritional contents of spinach plants irrigated with 50 mM NaCl. Results: Results showed that S-AuNPs enhanced chlorophyll levels, leading to improved light absorption, increased photosynthates production, higher sugar content, and stimulated plant growth under NaCl stress. Stomatal traits were improved, and partially closed stomata were reopened with S-AuNPs treatment, possibly due to K+/Na+ modulation, resulting in enhanced relative water content and stomatal conductance. ABA content decreased under S-AuNPs application, possibly due to K+ ion accumulation. S-AuNPs supplementation increased proline and flavonoid contents while reducing ROS accumulation and lipid peroxidation via activation of both non-enzymatic and enzymatic antioxidants. S-AuNPs also regulated the ionic ratio of K+/Na+, leading to decreased Na+ accumulation and increased levels of essential ions in spinach plants under NaCl irrigation. Discussion: Overall, these findings suggest that S-AuNPs significantly contribute to salt stress endurance in spinach plants by modulating various physiological attributes.

Cone-beam computed tomography-based descriptive classification for transverse root fracture.

Transverse root fracture (TRF) is classified as a cervical, middle or apical third root fracture on a periapical radiograph. The International Association of Dental Traumatology (IADT) suggests that cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) should be considered, when conventional radiographs provide 'insufficient' information for diagnosis and treatment planning. Considering that CBCT can divulge additional information, it would be beneficial to have a clinically pertinent three-dimensional classification for TRF. The proposed alphanumeric classification includes the traumatised tooth number, describes the number of TRF, the facial and lingual location of each fracture line on the anatomic root, and its position relative to the crest of the alveolar bone. Further, diastasis, displacement of the coronal fragment and status of the alveolar bone at the site of TRF are also documented. This comprehensive classification system would provide a standard format for reporting, aid in referral communication and can be applied for future outcome studies on TRF.

Harnessing the potential of microbial keratinases for bioconversion of keratin waste.

The increasing global consumption of poultry meat has led to the generation of a vast quantity of feather keratin waste daily, posing significant environmental challenges due to improper disposal methods. A growing focus is on utilizing keratinous polymeric waste, amounting to millions of tons annually. Keratins are biochemically rigid, fibrous, recalcitrant, physiologically insoluble, and resistant to most common proteolytic enzymes. Microbial biodegradation of feather keratin provides a viable solution for augmenting feather waste's nutritional value while mitigating environmental contamination. This approach offers an alternative to traditional physical and chemical treatments. This review focuses on the recent findings and work trends in the field of keratin degradation by microorganisms (bacteria, actinomycetes, and fungi) via keratinolytic and proteolytic enzymes, as well as the limitations and challenges encountered due to the low thermal stability of keratinase, and degradation in the complex environmental conditions. Therefore, recent biotechnological interventions such as designing novel keratinase with high keratinolytic activity, thermostability, and binding affinity have been elaborated here. Enhancing protein structural rigidity through critical engineering approaches, such as rational design, has shown promise in improving the thermal stability of proteins. Concurrently, metagenomic annotation offers insights into the genetic foundations of keratin breakdown, primarily predicting metabolic potential and identifying probable keratinases. This may extend the understanding of microbial keratinolytic mechanisms in a complex community, recognizing the significance of synergistic interactions, which could be further utilized in optimizing industrial keratin degradation processes.

Molecular Docking and Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Synthesized Thiazole-Isatin-1,2,3-triazole Hybrids as Promising Inhibitors for DNA Gyrase and 14α-Sterol Demethylase.

In the present work, a new class of thiazole-isatin-1,2,3-triazole hybrids (5a-5p) and precursor alkyne hybrids (6a-6d) has been reported with their in-silico studies. After structural identifications using different spectroscopic technique such as FTIR, 1H and 13C NMR and HRMS, the synthesized hybrids were explored for their biological potential using molecular docking and molecular dynamics calculations. Molecular docking results revealed that compound 5j showed maximum binding energy i.e. -10.3 and -12.6 kcal/mol against antibacterial and antifungal enzymes; 1KZN (E. coli) and 5TZ1 (C. albicans), respectively.Top of FormBottom of Form Molecular dynamics simulations for the best molecule (100 ns) followed by PBSA calculations  suggested a stable complex of 5j with 5TZ1 with binding energy of -118.760 kJ/mol as compared to 1KZN (-94.593 kJ/mol). The mean RMSD values for the 1KZN with 5j complex remained approximately 0.175 nm throughout all the time span of 100 ns in the production stages and is in the acceptable range.  Whereas, 5TZ1 with 5j complex, RMSD values exhibited variability within the range of 0.15 to 0.25 nm.

Graphene and its hybrid nanocomposite: A Metamorphoses elevation in the field of tissue engineering.

In this discourse, we delve into the manifold applications of graphene-based nanomaterials (GBNs) in the realm of biomedicine. Graphene, characterized by its two-dimensional planar structure, superconductivity, mechanical robustness, chemical inertness, extensive surface area, and propitious biocompatibility, stands as an exemplary candidate for diverse biomedical utility. Graphene include various distinctive characteristics of its two-dimensional planar structure, enormous surface area, mechanical and chemical stability, high conductivity, and exceptional biocompatibility. We investigate graphene and its diverse derivatives, which include reduced graphene oxides (rGOs), graphene oxides (GOs), and graphene composites, with a focus on elucidating the unique attributes relevant to their biomedical utility. In this review article it highlighted the unique properties of graphene, synthesis methods of graphene and functionalization methods of graphene. In the quest for novel materials to advance regenerative medicine, researchers have increasingly turned their attention to graphene-based materials, which have emerged as a prominent innovation in recent years. Notably, it highlights their applications in the regeneration of various tissues, including nerves, skeletal muscle, bones, skin, cardiac tissue, cartilage, and adipose tissue, as well as their influence on induced pluripotent stem cells, marking significant breakthroughs in the field of regenerative medicine. Additionally, this review article explores future prospects in this evolving area of study.

Long-term clinical outcomes of male breast cancer patients treated with curative intent by trimodality therapy at an academic university hospital in India.

INTRODUCTION: Male breast cancer is rare and accounts for less than 1% of all breast cancer cases worldwide. METHODS: This retrospective cohort study included all patients of invasive male breast cancer treated with curative intent by a trimodality approach via a multidisciplinary team at an academic university hospital in India between 2009 and 2023. Records were identified from a prospectively maintained database. Clinicopathological parameters, treatment details and survival were recorded and analysed. RESULTS: Thirty-four patients were included. The median (IQR) age was 55(44-63) years. Most patients were overall stage III (74%) and node positive (79%) with Scarff-Bloom-Richardson grade II (50%). Twenty-five patients (73%) were oestrogen receptor (ER) positive. Lymphovascular space invasion (LVSI) and perineural invasion (PNI) were present in 62% and 21% of patients, respectively. The most common chemotherapy timing was adjuvant (53%) followed by neoadjuvant (41%), and the most commonly used regimen consisted of a combination of doxorubicin-cyclophosphamide followed by a taxane (53%). Most (85%) patients underwent a mastectomy, five patients underwent breast conservation. All patients received radiotherapy to a dose of 42.6 Gy in 16 fractions, followed by a tumour bed boost for those undergoing breast conservation. At a median follow-up of 70 months (range 10-159 months), the five and ten-year overall survival was 91% and 58%, and the five-year disease-free survival (DFS) was 67%. The median DFS was 72 months. On univariate analysis, the tumour sub-type (Luminal versus TNBC) significantly predicted DFS (P = 0.03 log-rank). CONCLUSION: Breast cancer in males has a high incidence of node positivity, ER positivity and LVSI. Even with advanced stages at presentation, trimodality therapy in a multidisciplinary setting offers good long-term outcomes.