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PURPOSE: Sclerotic chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD) represents a highly morbid and refractory form of cGVHD, and novel therapies for sclerotic cGVHD are critically needed. This study aimed to determine the efficacy of ruxolitinib in patients with corticosteroid refractory sclerotic cGVHD. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In a single-arm multicenter phase II trial (N = 47), adults with sclerotic cGVHD refractory to corticosteroids and ≥one additional line of systemic therapy for cGVHD received ruxolitinib for ≥six months (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT03616184). The primary end point was complete or partial response (PR) in skin and/or joint defined according to the 2014 National Institute of Health cGVHD Consensus Criteria. RESULTS: Following the use of ruxolitinib for a median of 11 months, PR in skin and/or joints was noted in 49% (95% CI, 34 to 64) at 6 months, with 45% having joint and fascia response and 19% having skin response. The duration of skin/joint response was 77% (95% CI, 48 to 91) at 12 months. Overall cGVHD PR was noted in 47% (95% CI, 32 to 61). Improvement in Lee Symptom Scale summary and skin subscale scores was noted in 38% of patients. With a cumulative incidence of treatment failure of 20.8% (95% CI, 10.0 to 34.1), nonrelapse mortality (NRM) of 2.2% (95% CI, 0.17 to 10.3), and no recurrent malignancy, failure-free survival (FFS) was 77.1% (95% CI, 61.3 to 87.0) at 12 months. Ruxolitinib was overall well tolerated with no new safety signals. CONCLUSION: The use of ruxolitinib was associated with relatively high rates of skin/joint responses and overall cGVHD responses, improvement in patient-reported outcomes, low NRM, and high FFS in patients with refractory sclerotic cGVHD. Ruxolitinib offers an effective treatment option for refractory sclerotic cGVHD.
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Antioxidants play a pivotal role in maintaining skin health and integrity, combating the deleterious effects of oxidative stress induced by environmental aggressors such as UV ra-diation, pollution, and lifestyle factors. This paper reviews the contributions of key antioxidants, including Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Vitamin A, green tea extract, Coenzyme Q10, Resveratrol, Selenium, and Polyphenols, in skin health care. Vitamin C, known for its collagen synthesis promotion and photoprotection properties, alongside Vitamin E, a lipid-soluble antioxidant, syn-ergistically works to neutralize free radicals and repair damaged skin cells. Vitamin A, in the form of retinol, plays a critical role in skin cell regeneration and the maintenance of skin integ-rity. Green tea extract, rich in Polyphenols, offers anti-inflammatory and anticarcinogenic prop-erties, making it a potent ingredient for skin protection. Coenzyme Q10, a naturally occurring antioxidant in the body, aids in energy production for cell repair and regeneration, while Resveratrol, found in grapes and berries, provides anti-ageing benefits by enhancing skin's re-sistance to oxidative stress. Selenium, an essential mineral, contributes to the protection of skin cells from oxidative damage. The incorporation of these antioxidants in skincare products and dietary sources is discussed, highlighting the importance of a holistic approach in skincare re-gimes. The paper emphasizes the synergy between topical applications and dietary intake of antioxidants, advocating for a comprehensive strategy for promoting skin health and preventing age-related skin alterations. Method: For the review article, a variety of search engines and databases were used to identify relevant articles. Furthermore, for biomedical literature focusing on antioxidants and their ef-fects on skin health, PubMed was used. Moreover, to access a wide range of scholarly articles, including those related to dermatology and skincare, Google Scholar was used. Scopus provides comprehensive coverage of peer-reviewed literature across various scientific disciplines. Web of Science identifies high-impact articles and research on antioxidants in skincare. In addition, for accessing full-text articles on antioxidants and their applications in dermatology, Science Direct was used. The inclusion criteria for the review paper were as follows: only studies pub-lished in peer-reviewed journals were included to ensure the credibility and reliability of the information. Articles published in English were considered, to avoid language-related biases and ensure comprehension. Studies published within the last 10 years were included to provide the most current insights into antioxidant research in skincare. Articles must specifically focus on the role of antioxidants (Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Vitamin A, green tea extract, Coenzyme Q10, Resveratrol, Selenium, Polyphenols) in skin health care. Both experimental studies (in vivo and in vitro) and clinical trials were included to provide a comprehensive overview of the antioxidant effects. Full-text articles were included to allow for thorough data extraction and analysis. The exclusion criteria for the review paper were as follows: Publications that were not peer-re-viewed, such as editorials, opinion pieces, and non-scholarly articles, were excluded. Articles published in languages other than English were excluded due to potential translation challenges and to maintain consistency. Studies that did not focus on the specified antioxidants or their impact on skin health were excluded. Duplicate publications were excluded to avoid redundancy in the review. Articles with insufficient or incomplete data were excluded to ensure the quality and reliability of the review findings.
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Poly(ethylene 2,5-furanoate) (PEF) is considered to be the next-generation green polyester and is hailed as a rising star among novel plastics. It is biobased, is nontoxic, and has comparable or improved properties compared to polyethylene terephthalate (PET). Biobased PEF offers lower life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions than PET. However, with its industrial production starting soon, relatively little is known about its actual recyclability. This work reports on the near complete depolymerization of PEF using two efficient PET hydrolases, FastPETase and leaf compost-cutinase (LCC), at loadings 4.5-17 times lower than previously reported. FastPETase and LCC exhibited maximum depolymerization of PEF, measured by weight loss and 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA) production, using potassium phosphate-NaOH buffer at 50 and 65 °C, respectively. The 98% depolymerization of 13 g L-1 PEF film was achieved by three additions of the LCC in 72 h, while 78% weight loss was obtained using FastPETase in controlled conditions. Nonetheless, 92% weight loss was obtained with FastPETase when using only 6 g L-1 PEF. The main reaction products were identified as FDCA, ethylene glycol, and mono(2-hydroxyethyl)-furanoate. LCC performed better than FastPETase, in terms of both FDCA release and weight loss. The effect of crystallinity was evident on the enzymes' performance, as only 4% to 7% weight loss of crystalline PEF (32%) was recorded. Microscopy studies of the treated PEF films provided information on the surface erosion processes and revealed higher resistance of the crystalline phase, explaining the low level of depolymerization. The study presents important insights into the enzymatic hydrolysis of biobased PEF material and paves the path toward more viable applications within biopolymer waste recycling.
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BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Chronic liver disease leads to ~2 million deaths annually. Cyclic AMP (cAMP) signaling has long been studied in liver injury, particularly in the regulation of fatty acid (FA) ß-oxidation and pro-inflammatory polarization of tissue-resident lymphocytes. Phosphodiesterase 4B inhibition has been explored as a therapeutic modality, but these drugs have had limited success and are known to cause significant adverse effects. The PDE4 inhibitor 2-(4-([2-(5-Chlorothiophen-2-yl)-5-ethyl-6-methylpyrimidin-4-yl]amino)phenyl)acetic acid) (known as A-33) has yet to be explored for the treatment of metabolic diseases. APPROACH AND RESULTS: Herein, we evaluated the efficacy of A-33 in the treatment of animal models of alcohol-associated liver disease and steatotic liver disease. We demonstrated that A-33 effectively ameliorated the signs and symptoms of chronic liver disease, resulting in significant decreases in serum alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase levels, decreased overall fat and collagen deposition in the liver, decreased intrahepatic triglyceride concentrations, and normalized expression of genes related to ß-oxidation of fatty acids, inflammation, and extracellular matrix deposition. We also designed and synthesized a novel analog of A-33, termed MDL3, which inhibited both phosphodiesterase 4B and PDE5A and was more effective in ameliorating pathophysiological signs and symptoms of liver injury and inflammation. In addition, MDL3 re-sensitized obese mice to glucose and significantly inhibited the pathological remodeling of adipose tissue, which was not observed with A-33 administration. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, we synthesized and demonstrated that MDL3, a novel phosphodiesterase 4B and PDE5A inhibitor, presents a promising avenue of exploration for treating chronic liver disease.
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Malaria has developed as a serious worldwide health issue as a result of the introduction of resistant Plasmodium species strains. Because of the common chemo resistance to most of the existing drugs on the market, it poses a severe health problem and significant obstacles in drug research. Malaria treatment has evolved during the last two decades in response to Plasmodium falciparum drug sensitivity and a return of the disease in tropical areas. Plasmodium falciparum is now highly resistant to the majority of antimalarial drugs. The parasite resistance drew focus to developing novel antimalarials to combat parasite resistance. The requirement for many novel antimalarial drugs in the future year necessitates adopting various drug development methodologies. Different innovative strategies for discovering antimalarial drugs are now being examined here. This review is primarily concerned with the description of newly synthesized antimalarial compounds, i.e. Tafenoquine, Cipargamin, Ferroquine, Artefenomel, DSM265, MMV390048 designed to improve the activity of pure antimalarial enantiomers. In this review, we selected the representative malarial drugs in clinical trials, classified them with detailed targets according to their action, discussed the relationship within the human trials, and generated a summative discussion with prospective expectations.
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Although the liver is the largest metabolic organ in the body, it is not alone in functionality and is assisted by "an organ inside an organ," the gut microbiota. This review attempts to shed light on the partnership between the liver and the gut microbiota in the metabolism of macronutrients (i.e., proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids). All nutrients absorbed by the small intestines are delivered to the liver for further metabolism. Undigested food that enters the colon is metabolized further by the gut microbiota that produces secondary metabolites, which are absorbed into portal circulation and reach the liver. These microbiota-derived metabolites and co-metabolites include ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, short-chain fatty acids, secondary bile acids, and trimethylamine N-oxide. Further, the liver produces several compounds, such as bile acids that can alter the gut microbial composition, which can in turn influence liver health. This review focuses on the metabolism of these microbiota metabolites and their influence on host physiology. Furthermore, the review briefly delineates the effect of the portosystemic shunt on the gut microbiota-liver axis, and current understanding of the treatments to target the gut microbiota-liver axis.
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Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Hígado , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/fisiología , Humanos , Hígado/metabolismo , Animales , Nutrientes/metabolismo , Ácidos y Sales Biliares/metabolismoRESUMEN
Objectives: The purpose of this comparative study in vitro was to evaluate the effect of organic and inorganic nanoparticles on colour stability, tear strength and hardness of maxillofacial silicone elastomer at baseline and when subjected to outdoor weathering for 6 months. Material and Methods: A total of 240 specimens were fabricated using M511 platinum silicone which were divided into total 4 groups (n = 60) based on the type of nanoparticles (control, polytetrafuoroethylene [PTFE], titanium dioxide [TiO2], zinc oxide [ZnO]) added and each group was further divided into 3 subgroups (n = 20) for colour, tear strength (TS) and hardness (H) testing. The tests were conducted and data was obtained both before and after outdoor weathering of 6 months. Results: Minimum colour change after weathering was observed in PTFE group (∆E = 2.23). TiO2 group showed maximum TS (12.01 N/mm) followed by PTFE group (10.85 N/mm) before weathering. After weathering, maximum TS was shown by TiO2 group (12.9 N/mm) and PTFE group (12.54 N/mm). TiO2 group showed maximum hardness (24.15 shore A) before weathering and PTFE group showed maximum hardness (33.43 shore A) after weathering. Conclusions: Within the limitations of this study, it can be concluded that the addition of polytetrafuoroethylene nanoparticles to the polymer enhances both the optical as well as mechanical properties and can be considered favourable for the extended life of the prosthesis.
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The presence of drug-resistant variants of Plasmodium parasites within the population has presented a substantial obstacle to the eradication of Malaria. As a result, numerous research groups have directed their efforts towards creating new medication candidates that specifically target parasites. In this study, our main objective was to identify tri-peptide inhibitors for Plasmodium falciparum Dihydrofolate Reductase (PfDHFR) with the aim of finding a new peptide that exhibits superior binding properties compared to the current inhibitor, WR99210. In order to achieve this objective, a virtual library consisting of 8000 tripeptides was generated and subjected to computational screening against wild-type PfDHFR. The purpose of this screening was to discover the most effective binders at the active site. The four most optimal tripeptides identified (Trp-Trp-Glu, Trp-Phe-Tyr, Phe-Trp-Trp, Tyr-Trp-Trp) exhibited significant non-covalent interactions inside the active site of PfDHFR and had binding energies ranging from -9.5 to -9.0 kcal/mol and WR99210 had a binding energy of -6.2 kcal/mol. A 250 ns Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulation was performed to investigate the kinetic and thermodynamic characteristics of the protein-ligand complexes. The Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) values for the optimal tripeptides fell within the allowed range, indicating the stability of the ligands inside the protein complex. The Ki value for the most effective tripeptide was 0.3482 µM, whereas WR99210 had a Ki value of 1.02 µM. This article presents the initial discovery of peptide inhibitors targeting PfDHFR. In this text, we provide a comprehensive explanation of the interactions that occur between peptides and the enzyme.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Approximately 90% of pancreatic cancer (PC) contain KRAS mutations. Mutated KRAS activates the downstream oncogenic PI3K/AKT and MEK signaling pathways and induces drug resistance. However, targeting both pathways with different drugs can also lead to excessive toxicity. ONC201 is a dual PI3K/AKT and MEK pathway inhibitor with an excellent safety profile that targets death receptor 5 (DR5) to induce apoptosis. Gemcitabine (GEM) is a first-line chemotherapy in PC, but it is metabolically unstable and can be stabilized by a prodrug approach. In this study, phospho-Akt, phospho-mTOR, and phospho-ERK protein expressions were evaluated in patient PDAC-tissues (n = 10). We used lipid-gemcitabine (L_GEM) conjugate, which is more stable and enters the cells by passive diffusion. Further, we evaluated the efficacy of L_GEM and ONC201 in PC cells and "KrasLSL-G12D; p53LoxP; Pdx1-CreER (KPC) triple mutant xenograft tumor-bearing mice. PDAC patient tissues showed significantly higher levels of p-AKT (Ser473), p-ERK (T202/T204), and p-mTOR compared to surrounding non-cancerous tissues. ONC201 in combination with L_GEM, showed a superior inhibitory effect on the growth of MIA PaCa-2 cells. In our in-vivo study, we found that ONC201 and L_GEM combination prevented neoplastic proliferation via AKT/ERK blockade to overcome chemoresistance and increased T-cell tumor surveillance. Simultaneous inhibition of the PI3K/AKT and MEK pathways with ONC201 is an attractive approach to potentiate the effect of GEM. Our findings provide insight into rational-directed precision chemo and immunotherapy therapy in PDAC.
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Alopecia areata (AA) is a kind of alopecia that affects hair follicles and nails. It typically comes with round patches and is a type of nonscarring hair loss. Various therapies are accessible for the management and treatment of AA, including topical, systemic and injectable modalities. It is a very complex type of autoimmune disease and is identified as round patches of hair loss and may occur at any age. This review paper highlights the epidemiology, clinical features, pathogenesis and new treatment options for AA, with a specific emphasis on nanoparticulate drug-delivery systems. By exploring these innovative treatment approaches, researchers aim to enhance the effectiveness and targeted delivery of therapeutic agents, ultimately improving outcomes for individuals living with AA.
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Alopecia Areata , Enfermedades Autoinmunes , Humanos , Alopecia Areata/tratamiento farmacológico , Alopecia Areata/epidemiología , Folículo Piloso , Uñas/patologíaRESUMEN
This review meticulously examines the synthesis techniques for 1,3,4-thiadiazole derivatives, focusing on cyclization, condensation reactions and functional group transformations. It enhances the understanding of these chemical methods that re crucial for tailoring derivative properties and functionalities. This study is considered to be vital for researchers, detailing established effects such as antioxidant, antimicrobial and anticancer activities, and revealing emerging pharmacological potentials such as neuroprotective, antiviral and antidiabetic properties. It also discusses the molecular mechanisms underlying these effects. In addition, this article covers structure-activity relationship studies and computational modelling that are essential for designing potent, selective 1,3,4-thiadiazole compounds. This work lays a foundation for future research and targeted therapeutic development.
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Antiinfecciosos , Tiadiazoles , Relación Estructura-Actividad , Antiinfecciosos/farmacología , Tiadiazoles/farmacología , Tiadiazoles/química , CiclizaciónRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: A nanoemulsion is a colloidal system of small droplets dispersed in another liquid. It has attracted considerable attention due to its unique properties and various applications. Throughout this review, we provide an overview of nanoemulsions and how they can be applied to various applications such as drug delivery, food applications, and pesticide formulations. OBJECTIVE: This updated review aims to comprehensively overview nanoemulsions and their applications as a versatile platform for drug delivery, food applications, and pesticide formulations. METHODS: Research relevant scientific literature across various databases, including PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. Suitable keywords for this purpose include "nanoemulsion," "drug delivery," and "food applications." Ensure the search criteria include recent publications to ensure current knowledge is included. RESULTS: Several benefits have been demonstrated in the delivery of drugs using nanoemulsions, including improved solubility, increased bioavailability, and controlled delivery. Nanoemulsions have improved some bioactive compounds in food applications, including vitamins and antioxidants. At the same time, pesticide formulations based on nanoemulsions have also improved solubility, shelf life, and effectiveness. CONCLUSION: The versatility of nanoemulsions makes them ideal for drug delivery, food, and pesticide formulation applications. These products are highly soluble, bioavailable, and targeted, providing significant advantages. More research and development are required to implement nanoemulsion-based products on a commercial scale.
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Lung cancer is the second deadliest disease in the world. A major portion of deaths related to cancer are due to lung cancer in both males and females. Interestingly, unbelievable advances have occurred in recent years through the use of nanotechnology and development in both the diagnosis and treatment of lung cancer. Due to their in vivo stability, the nanotechnology-based pharmacological system gained huge attractiveness, solubility, absorption from the intestine, pharmacological effectiveness, etc. of various anticancer agents. However, this field needs to be utilized more to get maximum results in the treatment of lung cancer, along with wider context medicines. In the present review, authors have tried to concentrate their attention on lung cancer`s difficulties along with the current pharmacological and diagnostic situation, and current advancements in approaches based on nanotechnology for the treatment and diagnosis of lung cancer. While nanotechnology offers these promising avenues for lung cancer diagnosis and treatment, it is important to acknowledge the need for careful evaluation of safety, efficacy, and regulatory approval. With continued research and development, nanotechnology holds tremendous potential to revolutionize the management of lung cancer and improve patient outcomes. The review also highlights the involvement of endocrine systems, especially estrogen in lung cancer proliferation. Some of the recent clinical trials and patents on nanoparticle-based formulations that have applications in the treatment and diagnosis of lung cancer are also discussed.
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Crop residue burning is a common practice in many parts of the world that causes air pollution and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Regenerative practices that return residues to the soil offer a 'no burn' pathway for addressing air pollution while building soil organic carbon (SOC). Nevertheless, GHG emissions in rice-based agricultural systems are complex and difficult to anticipate, particularly in production contexts with highly variable hydrologic conditions. Here we predict long-term net GHG fluxes for four rice residue management strategies in the context of rice-wheat cropping systems in Eastern India: burning, soil incorporation, livestock fodder, and biochar. Estimations were based on a combination of Tier 1, 2, and 3 modelling approaches, including 100-year DNDC simulations across three representative soil hydrologic categories (i.e., dry, median, and wet). Overall, residue burning resulted in total direct GHG fluxes of 2.5, 6.1, and 8.7 Mg CO2-e in the dry, median, and wet hydrologic categories, respectively. Relative to emissions from burning (positive values indicate an increase) for the same dry to wet hydrologic categories, soil incorporation resulted in a -0.2, 1.8, or 3.1 Mg CO2-e change in emissions whereas use of residues for livestock fodder increased emissions by 2.0, 2.1, or 2.3 Mg CO2-e. Biochar reduced emissions relative to burning by 2.9 Mg CO2-e in all hydrologic categories. This study showed that the production environment has a controlling effect on methane and, therefore, net GHG balance. For example, wetter sites had 2.8-4.0 times greater CH4 emissions, on average, than dry sites when rice residues were returned to the soil. To effectively mitigate burning without undermining climate change mitigation goals, our results suggest that geographically-target approaches should be used in the rice-based systems of Eastern India to incentivize the adoption of regenerative 'no burn' residue management practices.
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Advanced pancreatic cancer patients have a dismal prognosis despite advances in integrative therapy. The field of tumor immunology has witnessed significant advancements for cancer treatment. However, immunotherapy for pancreatic cancer is not very effective due to its highly complex tumor microenvironment (TME). Natural killer (NK) cells are lymphocytes that play an important role in the innate immune system. NK cells do not require antigen pre-sensitization, nor are they confined by the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). NK cells have the potential to eliminate cancer cells through CAR-dependent and CAR-independent pathways, demonstrating reduced levels of systemic toxicity in the process. The availability of several potential sources of NK cells is an additional benefit that contributes to meeting the therapeutic criteria. Adding nanotechnology to enhance the functions of effector NK cells is also an appealing strategy. This article primarily discusses various approaches recently been utilized to enhance the NK functions for the treatment of pancreatic cancer. In addition, new advances in boosting NK cell therapeutic efficacy by nanoparticle mediation are presented, with a focus on pancreatic cancer.
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Nanopartículas , Neoplasias , Neoplasias Pancreáticas , Humanos , Neoplasias/patología , Células Asesinas Naturales , Inmunoterapia , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/terapia , Inmunoterapia Adoptiva , Microambiente TumoralRESUMEN
Context or problem: In the Indian state of Odisha, rice-based system productivity is poor due to: (i) low rice yield in the monsoon (wet) season (2-4 t ha-1 compared to 6-8 t ha-1 in Punjab or Haryana); and (ii) limited cropping during the post-monsoon (dry) season (59% of the wet season rice area is left fallow in the dry season). Objective: Our study identifies strategies for increasing rice-based system productivity through: (i) alternative crop establishment methods in the wet season (Dry-Direct Seeded Rice or DSR, and mechanical puddled transplanted rice or PTR-M) to traditional methods such as broadcasting followed by post-emergence tillage (locally known as beushening) and manual random puddled transplanted rice (PTR-R); (ii) to identify rice-fallow areas suitable for pulse and oilseed cultivation in the dry season; and (iii) to evaluate the performance of short-duration pulses (green gram, Vigna radiata; black gram, Vigna mungo), and oilseeds (Brassica rapa var. toria, Helianthus annuus) in rice-fallow areas in the dry season. Methods: On-farm experiments were conducted between 2017 and 2019 in three districts of Odisha (Bhadrak, Cuttack and Mayurbhanj) to evaluate DSR compared to beushening and PTR-R; and PTR-M compared to PTR-R and manual line puddled transplanted rice (PTR-L) in the wet season. The data from Landsat-8 Operational Land Imager (OLI) and Sentinel-1satellite sensors was used to identify rice-fallow areas, and the daily SMAP (Soil Moisture Active Passive) L-band soil moisture was used for mapping suitable rice-fallow areas for growing pulses and oilseeds. Short duration crops were evaluated in suitable rice-fallow areas. Results: In the wet season, DSR (range -4 to + 53%) had a significant effect on rice yield over beushening. Similarly, PTR-M consistently increased rice yield by 16-26% over PTR-R, and by 5-23% over PTR-L. In the dry season, pulse crops (green gram and black gram) performed well compared to Indian mustard under rainfed cultivation. However, under irrigated conditions, dry-season rice yield was more productive than the rice equivalent yield of green gram, black gram and sunflower. We found that 1.03 M ha (i.e., â¼50%) of total rice-fallow areas of 2.1 M ha were suitable for growing short duration green gram and black gram in the dry season. Conclusions: We conclude that system productivity and cropping intensity can be increased by adoption of DSR and PTR-M in the wet season, and growing of green gram and black gram in the dry season. Implications: Odisha state can potentially produce an additional 0.67 million tonnes pulses if suitable rice-fallow areas are brought under green gram and black gram cultivation in the dry the season.
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Background - Breast cancer is the most prevalent cancer among women. About 685K deaths were globally listed in 2020 by the World Health Organization. Nowadays, scientists prefer to use herbal medicines due to their low toxicity. Herbal medicines are used to overcome the toxicity effects of surgical removal, radio-chemo therapy and medication, which have a lot of risk of damaging the healthy tissues. To overcome this, enhance bioavailability and target specify, nano-formulation chemotherapy was introduced using herbal moiety for anticancer activity. The use of metallic nanoparticles (MNPs), particularly those made of silver, cobalt, zinc, and gold as contrast, antibacterial, anticancer, and drug delivery agents has revolutionised the medicinal field. Although MNPs can be made via exacting physical and chemical processes, a biological method utilising natural materials has been established recently. Objective - This review article will offer a succinct explanation of the use of MNPs and its potential impact on herbal medicines in the future. Methods - Using PRISMA principles, this review systematically examines studies that concentrate on metal nanoparticles loaded with herbal compounds for the treatment of breast cancer. Various Databases were studied: PubMed, Elsevier, ScienceDirect, SpringerLink, Taylor & Francis Online, ACS Publications, Publishing Royal Society of Chemistry, and Future Medicines. Studies were selected if they were peer-reviewed primary studies published in the past 10 years. Results - We found that many herbal nano-formulations are more effective in breast cancer treatment than other types of formulations. Efficacy, safety and drug stability are also enhanced using nano-formulations. Conclusion - Nano-formulation is found to be more effective in the treatment of breast cancer.
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The utilization of plant-derived supplements for disease prevention and treatment has long been recognized because of their remarkable potential. Ananas comosus, commonly known as pineapple, produces a group of enzymes called bromelain, which contains sulfhydryl moieties. Recent studies have shown that bromelain exhibits a wide range of activities, including anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, anti-cancer, and anti-rheumatic properties. These properties make bromelain a promising drug candidate for the treatment of various diseases. The anti-inflammatory activity of bromelain has been shown to be useful in treating inflammatory conditions such as osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and asthma, whereas the anti-cancer activity of bromelain is via induction of apoptosis, inhibition of angiogenesis, and enhancement of the body's immune response. The anti-diabetic property of bromelain is owing to the improvement in glucose metabolism and reduction in insulin resistance. The therapeutic potential of bromelain has been investigated in numerous preclinical and clinical studies and a number of patents have been granted to date. Various formulations and delivery systems are being developed in order to improve the efficacy and safety of this molecule, including the microencapsulated form to treat oral inflammatory conditions and liposomal formulations to treat cancer. The development of novel drug delivery systems and formulations has further ameliorated the therapeutic potential of bromelain by improving its bioavailability and stability, while reducing the side effects. This review intends to discuss various properties and therapeutic applications of bromelain, along with its possible mechanism of action in treating various diseases. Recent patents and clinical trials concerning bromelain have also been covered.
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Artritis Reumatoide , Asma , Humanos , Bromelaínas/farmacología , Bromelaínas/uso terapéutico , Apoptosis , Disponibilidad BiológicaRESUMEN
Introduction: Conservation agriculture (CA) is gaining attention in the South Asia as an environmentally benign and sustainable food production system. The knowledge of the soil bacterial community composition along with other soil properties is essential for evaluating the CA-based management practices for achieving the soil environment sustainability and climate resilience in the rice-wheat-greengram system. The long-term effects of CA-based tillage-cum-crop establishment (TCE) methods on earthworm population, soil parameters as well as microbial diversity have not been well studied. Methods: Seven treatments (or scenarios) were laid down with the various tillage (wet, dry, or zero-tillage), establishment method (direct-or drill-seeding or transplantation) and residue management practices (mixed with the soil or kept on the soil surface). The soil samples were collected after 7 years of experimentation and analyzed for the soil quality and bacterial diversity to examine the effect of tillage-cum-crop establishment methods. Results and Discussion: Earthworm population (3.6 times), soil organic carbon (11.94%), macro (NPK) (14.50-23.57%) and micronutrients (Mn, and Cu) (13.25 and 29.57%) contents were appreciably higher under CA-based TCE methods than tillage-intensive farming practices. Significantly higher number of OTUs (1,192 ± 50) and Chao1 (1415.65 ± 14.34) values were observed in partial CA-based production system (p ≤ 0.05). Forty-two (42) bacterial phyla were identified across the scenarios, and Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Firmicutes were the most dominant in all the scenarios. The CA-based scenarios harbor a high abundance of Proteobacteria (2-13%), whereas the conventional tillage-based scenarios were dominated by the bacterial phyla Acidobacteria and Chloroflexi and found statistically differed among the scenarios (p ≤ 0.05). Composition of the major phyla, i.e., Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Firmicutes were associated differently with either CA or farmers-based tillage management practices. Overall, the present study indicates the importance of CA-based tillage-cum-crop establishment methods in shaping the bacterial diversity, earthworms population, soil organic carbon, and plant nutrient availability, which are crucial for sustainable agricultural production and resilience in agro-ecosystem.