ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Imaging of Invasive Breast Cancer.

As the proportion of women diagnosed with invasive breast cancer increases, the role of imaging for staging and surveillance purposes should be determined based on evidence-based guidelines. It is important to understand the indications for extent of disease evaluation and staging, as unnecessary imaging can delay care and even result in adverse outcomes. In asymptomatic patients that received treatment for curative intent, there is no role for imaging to screen for distant recurrence. Routine surveillance with an annual 2-D mammogram and/or tomosynthesis is recommended to detect an in-breast recurrence or a new primary breast cancer in women with a history of breast cancer, and MRI is increasingly used as an additional screening tool in this population, especially in women with dense breasts. The American College of Radiology Appropriateness Criteria are evidence-based guidelines for specific clinical conditions that are reviewed annually by a multidisciplinary expert panel. The guideline development and revision process support the systematic analysis of the medical literature from peer reviewed journals. Established methodology principles such as Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation or GRADE are adapted to evaluate the evidence. The RAND/UCLA Appropriateness Method User Manual provides the methodology to determine the appropriateness of imaging and treatment procedures for specific clinical scenarios. In those instances where peer reviewed literature is lacking or equivocal, experts may be the primary evidentiary source available to formulate a recommendation.

Meta-analysis: Radial Scar and Breast MRI.

BACKGROUND: The implementation of digital breast tomosynthesis has increased the detection of radial scar (RS). Managing this finding may be experienced as a clinical dilemma in daily practice. Breast Contrast-Enhanced MRI (CE-BMR) is a known modality in case of problem-solving tool for mammographic abnormalities. However, the data about AD and CE-BMR are scant. OBJECTIVE: The purpose was to estimate the benefit of CE-BMR in the setting of RS detected mammographically through a systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature. METHODS: A search of MEDLINE and EMBASE databases were conducted in 2022. Based on the PRISMA guidelines, an analysis was performed. The primary endpoint was the correlation between CE-BMR findings and definite outcome for RS (pure RS versus RS associated with atypia or malignancy). RESULTS: Three studies were available. The negative predictive value (NPV) was 100% for each. CONCLUSION: The high NPV could allow for deferral of a biopsy in favor of a short-interval imaging follow-up in the setting of a negative CE-BMR.

Trends in breast, colon, pancreatic, and uterine cancers in women during the COVID-19 pandemic in North Carolina.

IMPORTANCE: The COVID-19 pandemic led to reductions in primary care and cancer screening visits, which may delay detection of some cancers. The impact on incidence has not been fully quantified. We examined change in cancer incidence to determine how the COVID-19 pandemic may have altered the characteristics of cancers diagnosed among women. METHODS: This study included female patients aged ≥18 years and diagnosed with breast (n = 9489), colon (n = 958), pancreatic (n = 669), or uterine (n = 1991) cancer at three hospitals in North Carolina. Using interrupted time series, we compared incidence of cancers diagnosed between March 2020 and November 2020 (during pandemic) with cancers diagnosed between January 2016 and February 2020 (pre-pandemic). RESULTS: During the pandemic, incidence of breast and uterine cancers was significantly lower than expected compared to pre-pandemic (breast-18%, p = 0.03; uterine -20%, p = 0.05). Proportions of advanced pathologic stage and hormone receptor-negative breast cancers, and advanced clinical stage and large size uterine cancers were more prevalent during the pandemic. No significant changes in incidence were detected for pancreatic (-20%, p = 0.08) or colon (+14%, p = 0.30) cancers. CONCLUSION AND RELEVANCE: In women, the COVID-19 pandemic resulted in a significant reduction in the incidence of breast and uterine cancers, but not colon or pancreatic cancers. A change in the proportion of poor prognosis breast and uterine cancers suggests that some cancers that otherwise would have been diagnosed at an earlier stage will be detected in later years. Continued analysis of long-term trends is needed to understand the full impact of the pandemic on cancer incidence and outcomes.

Analysis of Specimen Mammography with Artificial Intelligence to Predict Margin Status.

BACKGROUND: Intraoperative specimen mammography is a valuable tool in breast cancer surgery, providing immediate assessment of margins for a resected tumor. However, the accuracy of specimen mammography in detecting microscopic margin positivity is low. We sought to develop an artificial intelligence model to predict the pathologic margin status of resected breast tumors using specimen mammography. METHODS: A dataset of specimen mammography images matched with pathologic margin status was collected from our institution from 2017 to 2020. The dataset was randomly split into training, validation, and test sets. Specimen mammography models pretrained on radiologic images were developed and compared with models pretrained on nonmedical images. Model performance was assessed using sensitivity, specificity, and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC). RESULTS: The dataset included 821 images, and 53% had positive margins. For three out of four model architectures tested, models pretrained on radiologic images outperformed nonmedical models. The highest performing model, InceptionV3, showed sensitivity of 84%, specificity of 42%, and AUROC of 0.71. Model performance was better among patients with invasive cancers, less dense breasts, and non-white race. CONCLUSIONS: This study developed and internally validated artificial intelligence models that predict pathologic margins status for partial mastectomy from specimen mammograms. The models' accuracy compares favorably with published literature on surgeon and radiologist interpretation of specimen mammography. With further development, these models could more precisely guide the extent of resection, potentially improving cosmesis and reducing reoperations.

ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Monitoring Response to Neoadjuvant Systemic Therapy for Breast Cancer: 2022 Update.

Imaging plays a vital role in managing patients undergoing neoadjuvant chemotherapy, as treatment decisions rely heavily on accurate assessment of response to therapy. This document provides evidence-based guidelines for imaging breast cancer before, during, and after initiation of neoadjuvant chemotherapy. The American College of Radiology Appropriateness Criteria are evidence-based guidelines for specific clinical conditions that are reviewed annually by a multidisciplinary expert panel. The guideline development and revision process support the systematic analysis of the medical literature from peer reviewed journals. Established methodology principles such as Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation or GRADE are adapted to evaluate the evidence. The RAND/UCLA Appropriateness Method User Manual provides the methodology to determine the appropriateness of imaging and treatment procedures for specific clinical scenarios. In those instances where peer reviewed literature is lacking or equivocal, experts may be the primary evidentiary source available to formulate a recommendation.

Pure Mucinous Carcinoma of the Breast: Radiologic-Pathologic Correlation.

Mucinous carcinoma (MC) of the breast is a rare, specialized subtype of invasive breast carcinoma (IBC) accounting for approximately 1% to 4% of all primary breast malignancies. Mucinous carcinoma occurs predominantly in patients who are postmenopausal or elderly. It is usually detected on screening mammography, but occasionally the patient may present with a palpable mass. The most common mammographic appearance is an equal to high density, oval or round mass with circumscribed or indistinct margins; MC can mimic a benign lesion. Histologically, MC is a well-differentiated cancer characterized by pools of mucin around neoplastic cells. Depending on mucin content, the tumor is classified as pure (≥90% mucin) or mixed (>10% and <90% mucin). Pure MCs (PMCs) are of low or intermediate nuclear grade, and the vast majority are hormone receptor-positive and human epidermal growth factor-2 receptor-negative (luminal A subtype). Pure MCs may be classified as hypocellular (type A) or hypercellular (type B) and have a lower rate of axillary lymph node involvement and more favorable prognosis than IBCs, no special type. The purpose of this article is to review the clinical features, imaging appearances, associated histopathology, and management of PMC.

A rare case of myofibroblastoma in an older male.

Myofibroblastoma is a rare benign breast stromal tumor comprised of fibroblasts and myofibroblasts, most commonly presenting in postmenopausal women and older men. This report discusses the case of a 69-year-old male diagnosed with myofibroblastoma after mammography, targeted ultrasound, and core needle biopsy of a retroareolar mass. The features of myofibroblastoma are presented.

A rare presentation of pregnancy associated primary angiosarcoma of the breasts.

Primary angiosarcoma of the breast is a rare malignancy that is important for radiologists to recognize in young patients because its imaging appearance may mimic benign lesions resulting in advanced stages of disease and overall decreased patient survival. We present a unique case of a bilateral primary angiosarcoma in a pregnant patient in her twenties. She presented with a self-detected, rapidly enlarging, non-tender right breast mass while in her third trimester.

Upgrade rate of percutaneously diagnosed pure flat epithelial atypia: systematic review and meta-analysis of 1,924 lesions.

CONTEXT: Management remains controversial due to the risk of upgrade for malignancy from flat epithelial atypia (FEA). Data about the frequency and malignancy upgrade rates are scant. Namely, observational follow-up is advised by many studies in cases of pure FEA on core biopsy and in the absence of an additional surgical excision. For cases of pure FEA, the American College of Surgeons no longer recommends surgical excision but rather recommends observation with clinical and imaging follow-up. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study is to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis to calculate the pooled upgrade of pure FEA following core needle biopsies. METHODS: A search of MEDLINE and Embase databases were conducted in December 2020. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were followed. A fixed- or random-effects model was utilized. Heterogeneity among studies was estimated by utilizing the I2 statistic and considered high if the I2 was greater than 50%. The random-effects model with the DerSimonian and Laird method was utilized to calculate the pooled upgrade rate and its 95% confidence interval. RESULTS: A total of 1924 pure FEA were analyzed among 59 included studies. The overall pooled upgrade rate to malignancy was 8.8%. The pooled upgrade rate for mammography only was 8.9%. The pooled upgrade rate for ultrasound was 14%. The pooled upgrade rate for mammography and ultrasound combined was 8.8%. The pooled upgrade rate for MRI-only cases was 27.3%. CONCLUSIONS: Although the guidelines for the management of pure FEA are variable, our data support that pure FEA diagnosed at core needle biopsy should undergo surgical excision since the upgrade rate >2%.

Meta-analysis: Architectural distortion and breast MRI.

BACKGROUND: The implementation of digital breast tomosynthesis has increased the detection of architectural distortion (AD). Managing this finding may be experienced as a clinical dilemma in daily practice. Breast Contrast-Enhanced MRI (CE-BMR) is a known modality in case of problem-solving tool for mammographic abnormalities. However, the data about AR and CE-BMR are scant. OBJECTIVE: The purpose was to estimate the benefit of CE-BMR in the setting of architectural distortion detected mammographically through a systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature. METHODS: A search of MEDLINE and EMBASE databases were conducted in 2020. Based on the PRISMA guidelines, an analysis was performed using the chi-square test of independence to determine if there was a significant association between the result of the test (positive or negative) and the participant condition (malignant or non-malignant). RESULTS: Four studies were available. The negative predictive value (NPV) was 98.3% to 100%. The result of the chi-square indicated that there was significant association between the participant test result and the participant condition for the included publications (X(1,175)2= 84.051, p = 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: The high NPV could allow for deferral of a biopsy in favor of a short-interval imaging follow-up in the setting of a negative CE-BMR.

The Launch of A Girl's First Period Study: Demystifying Reproductive Hormone Profiles in Adolescent Girls.

Limited data exist on the reproductive hormone dynamics that govern the transition from menarche to the establishment of the mature ovulatory cycles of a fertile young woman. It is also unclear how environmental and lifestyle factors could modulate this transition in contemporary girls. Here, we introduce A Girl's First Period Study, an ambitious longitudinal study aimed at charting the early post-menarchal course of a cohort of healthy girls in the Triangle region of North Carolina.

Structured Reporting: An Intervention to Improve Procedure Documentation in Breast Imaging.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate intervention of structured reporting after wrong-site surgery that occurred after localization of an incorrect breast biopsy marker. METHODS: An IRB-exempt retrospective database review identified patients who underwent core-needle biopsy of a breast lesion from July 1, 2014 to July 1, 2020. They were divided into three cohorts: 2014 pre-intervention/pre-sentinel, 2017 pre-intervention/post-sentinel, and 2019 post-intervention of structured reports. One hundred reports per cohort were reviewed for documentation of marker and shape. Statistical analysis was performed with mixed-effects logistic regression model and chi-squared test with P < 0.05 considered significant. RESULTS: The 2014 cohort consisted of 100 patients with 122 biopsies. Twenty-seven (22.1%) were excluded: 5/122 (4.1%) lesion resolution, 22/122 (18.0%) no documentation whether marker was/was not placed. Of the 95 biopsies remaining, 4/95 (4.2%) had no marker placed, 62/95 (65.3%) reported marker only, and 29/95 (30.5%) reported marker and shape. In the 2017 cohort, 100 patients underwent 108 biopsies. Four/108 (3.7%) were excluded: lesion resolution. Of the 104, 10/104 (9.6%) had no marker placed, 22/104 (21.2%) reported marker only, and 72/104 (69.2%) reported marker and shape. In the 2019 cohort, 100 patients underwent 114 biopsies. Two/114 (1.8%) were excluded: lesion resolution. Of the 112, 3/112 (2.7%) had no marker placed, 3/112 (2.7%) reported marker only, and 106/112 (94.6%) reported marker and shape. The predicted probability of both marker placement and shape described were statistically greater for 2019 compared to the other cohorts (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Using structured reports facilitates and improves documentation of breast biopsy markers and may potentially reduce the risk of medical errors.

Breast cancer in young women: Imaging and clinical course.

The purpose of this study was to characterize presenting imaging findings in women younger than 40 diagnosed with invasive breast cancer in the context of pathology and clinical course. Retrospective chart and imaging reviews were performed in patients under 40 diagnosed with breast cancer between July 1, 2004, and December 31, 2013. Patient demographic, imaging, pathology, and clinical data were collected. Overall and recurrence-free survival were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Univariate Cox proportional hazards models were performed to identify factors associated with recurrence-free survival. Our study cohort consisted of 110 patients with invasive mammary carcinoma. One hundred one (91.8%) presented with a palpable mass. The mean size of all lesions on imaging was 3.5 cm ± 2.9 cm. Malignant calcifications were present in 54 (49.1%) cases. Imaging demonstrated multifocal or multicentric disease in 45 (40.9%) cases. Seventy four (67.3%) cancers were high grade. Luminal genomic subtypes were the most common (n = 61, 55.5%). At presentation, 4 (3.6%) patients had bilateral malignancy and 8 (7.3%) patients had distant metastatic disease. Ninety seven (88.2%) underwent neoadjuvant chemotherapy and 67 (60.9%) underwent radiation therapy. Seventy five (68.2%) of the patients underwent mastectomy. The restricted mean time to recurrence was 9.01 years (standard error 3.162 months). ER positivity was associated with compromised recurrence-free survival. The overall survival rate was 0.962 at 10 years. Young patients diagnosed with breast cancer typically present with advanced breast imaging findings and undergo aggressive treatment. Recurrence often occurs >5 years from diagnosis, and ER positive subtypes are at increased risk for recurrence.

Population-level impact of coronavirus disease 2019 on breast cancer screening and diagnostic procedures.

BACKGROUND: To understand how health care delays may affect breast cancer detection, the authors quantified changes in breast-related preventive and diagnostic care during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. METHODS: Eligible women (N = 39,444) were aged ≥18 years and received a screening mammogram, diagnostic mammogram, or breast biopsy between January 1, 2019 and September 30, 2020, at 7 academic and community breast imaging facilities in North Carolina. Changes in the number of mammography or breast biopsy examinations after March 3, 2020 (the first COVID-19 diagnosis in North Carolina) were evaluated and compared with the expected numbers based on trends between January 1, 2019 and March 2, 2020. Changes in the predicted mean monthly number of examinations were estimated using interrupted time series models. Differences in patient characteristics were tested using least squares means regression. RESULTS: Fewer examinations than expected were received after the pandemic's onset. Maximum reductions occurred in March 2020 for screening mammography (-85.1%; 95% CI, -100.0%, -70.0%) and diagnostic mammography (-48.9%; 95% CI, -71.7%, -26.2%) and in May 2020 for biopsies (-40.9%; 95% CI, -57.6%, -24.3%). The deficit decreased gradually, with no significant difference between observed and expected numbers by July 2020 (diagnostic mammography) and August 2020 (screening mammography and biopsy). Several months after the pandemic's onset, women who were receiving care had higher predicted breast cancer risk (screening mammography, P < .001) and more commonly lacked insurance (diagnostic mammography, P < .001; biopsy, P < .001) compared with the prepandemic population. CONCLUSIONS: Pandemic-associated deficits in the number of breast examinations decreased over time. Utilization differed by breast cancer risk and insurance status, but not by age or race/ethnicity. Long-term studies are needed to clarify the contribution of these trends to breast cancer disparities.

Flat epithelial atypia: What the radiologist needs to know in 2021.

The World Health Organization defines flat epithelial atypia (FEA), as a "presumably neoplastic intraductal alteration characterized by the replacement of native epithelial cells by a single layer or three to five layers of mildly atypical cells.". In this article, we will review FEA and compare its characteristics and differences with other atypical high-risk breast lesions. In addition, the imaging appearance of FEA will be described. Finally, we will discuss current outcomes and provide an update on its management based on the last recommendations.

MRI-guided core needle biopsy of the breast: Radiology-pathology correlation and impact on clinical management.

OBJECTIVE: Breast MRI is used to screen high-risk patients and determine extent of disease in breast cancer (BC) patients. The goal of this study was to determine the pathologic correlates of breast MRI abnormalities biopsied under MRI guidance. METHODS: We retrospectively identified 101 MRI-guided core needle biopsies (CNB) of the breast from 79 women over a 4-year period. MRI-detected lesions biopsied with ultrasound or stereotactic guidance were excluded. MRI studies and pathology were reviewed by breast radiologists and pathologists. RESULTS: Of the 79 patients, 72 (91%) had a history of prior (n = 13) or concurrent (n = 59) BC. There were 101 MRI abnormalities: 60 (59%) with non-mass enhancement (NME) and 41 (41%) with mass enhancement. Pathology was benign in 83/101 (82%), including in the majority of NME lesions (43/60, 72%). The most common benign findings were: fibrocystic changes (FCC) (49%), sclerosing lesions (13%), and fibroadenoma (FA) (9%). There were 18 (18%) malignant diagnoses: 8 (44%) invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC), 7 (39%) ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), and 3 (17%) invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC). Of the 18 malignant diagnoses, 16 (89%) occurred in 14 unique patients with concurrent BC. Based on the malignant MRI-guided CNB, 6 (46%) of these patients had additional (sentinel lymph node biopsy or contralateral breast surgery) or more extensive (wider lumpectomy) surgery. CONCLUSION: In this series, most MRI-guided CNB of the breast were benign. The vast majority of malignant diagnoses occurred in patients with concurrent BC and frequently resulted in changes in clinical management.

Reflector Localization of Breast Lesions and Parameters Associated with Positive Surgical Margins in Women Undergoing Breast Conservation Surgery.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate our experience with reflector localization of breast lesions and parameters influencing surgical margins in patients with a malignant diagnosis. METHODS: A retrospective institution review board-approved review of our institutional database was performed for breast lesions preoperatively localized from September 1, 2016, through December 31, 2017. Wire localizations were excluded. From electronic medical records and imaging, the following data was recorded: breast density, lesion type and size, reflector placement modality and number placed, reflector distance from lesion and skin, excision of lesion and reflector, tissue volume, margin status, and final pathology. Statistical analysis was performed with a Fisher's exact test, Mann-Whitney test, and logistic regression. P < 0.05 was significant. RESULTS: A total of 111 reflectors were deployed in the breasts of 103 women with 109 breast lesions. Ninety (81.1%) reflectors were placed under mammographic guidance and 21 (18.9%) under US. The lesions consisted of 68 (62.4%) masses, 17 (15.6%) calcifications, 2 (1.8%) architectural distortions, and 22 (20.2%) biopsy markers. Fourteen (21.2%) of 66 cases with a preoperative malignant diagnosis had a positive surgical margin. Final pathology, including 6 lesions upgraded to malignancy on excision, demonstrated 72 (66.0%) malignant, 22 (20.2%) high-risk, and 15 (13.8%) benign lesions. Univariate and multivariate analysis revealed no statistically significant parameters (lesion type or size, placement modality, reflector distance to skin or lesion, specimen radiography or pathology) were associated with a positive surgical margin. CONCLUSION: Reflector localization is an alternative to wire localization of breast lesions. There were no lesion-specific or technical parameters affecting positive surgical margins.