Revision of Corynosoma australe Johnston, 1937 (Acanthocephala: Polymorphidae) from a North American population using novel SEM images, Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis, and molecular analysis.

We describe a population of the acanthocephalan Corynosoma australe Johnston, 1937 (Polymorphidae) from a California sea lion Zalophus californianus (Lesson, 1828) in California using novel scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images, Energy Dispersive x-ray analysis (EDXA), and molecular analysis for the first time. The taxonomic history of C. australe is replete with accounts using only line drawings some of which proved erroneous. The distribution of ventral spines on the female trunk has been the primary distinction between C. australe and Corynosoma obtuscens Lincicome, 1943, its junior synonym; being continuous in the latter but discontinuous posteriorly in the former species. The distribution of ventral spines is invariably discontinuous in males. Our redescription and SEM images help to resolve this issue further validating the synonymy. Morphological variability has been documented between our California population and others from various host species in California, South Australia, South Shetlands, and the Argentinian coast. Our SEM images document features not previously detectable in line drawings, erroneously reported or missed in previous accounts. The EDXA spectra show high levels of calcium and phosphorous and low levels of sulfur characteristic of C. australe. EDXA for other species of Corynosoma Lühe, 1904 provide support for the diagnostic distinction of C. australe. EDXA spectra were shown to be species specific and have diagnostic value in the taxonomy of the Acanthocephala. Our molecular analysis used amplification of 18S of ribosomal DNA and cytochrome c oxidase 1 (Cox1) gene. Phylogenetic analyses for Cox1 gene revealed a close relationship between Corynosoma hannae Zdzitowiecki, 1984 and C. australe. The phylogenetic trees confirmed that the isolates belonged to C. australe. The haplotype network inferred by Cox1 with C. australe sequences revealed that haplotypes clearly separated from each other and formed clusters related to samples from the Northern Hemisphere (the USA and Mexico), and the second from the Southern Hemisphere (Argentina, Brazil and Peru).

Two Sources of Mesoderm in Brachiopods.

In Bilateria, the formation of the coelomic mesoderm occurs in various ways and is of great significance for comparative embryology and phylogeny. Several early ontogenetic stages were studied in the brachiopod Coptothyris grayi by scanning electron microscopy and cytochemistry combined with confocal laser microscopy. Two sources of the mesoderm were observed to form simultaneously from the anterior and posterior walls of the archenteron at the gastrula stage. Both anterior and posterior rudiments form enterocoely as unpaired protrusions of the wall of the archenteron and are subsequently separated from it. The findings confirmed the previous data on enterocoely in brachiopods. Moreover, a dual origin of the coelomic mesoderm from an anterior and a posterior precursor was for the first time demonstrated for all brachiopods. Analysis of the literature showed that two sources of the coelomic mesoderm in ontogeny are characteristic of representatives of various groups of protostomes and deuterostomes. This fact may provide evidence for the earlier hypothesis of plesiomorphy of two sources of the mesoderm in Bilateria.

[WAYS TO SOLVE THE PROBLEM OF HOME PARENTERAL NUTRITION IN PATIENTS WITH SHORT BOWEL SYNDROME].

The purpose of the work is to identify the most optimal ways to solve the problem of home parenteral nutrition for patients with short bowel syndrome.Basics. Discussion of the current situation will help optimize the work of the Orphan Diseases Center, lead to a greater introduction of online technology, and aim at the search and implementation of new methods of treating patients in this category.Conclusion. The most optimal strategy has been proposed to improve the interaction between various specialists and patients in need of long-term parenteral nutrition.

The role of highly dispersed silica nanoparticles in the realization of the effects of granulosa on the maturation and fertilization competence of Sus scrofa domesticus oocytes.

Reproductive technologies are some of the key directions in the context of the need to preserve and select highly productive farmed animals in terms of economically useful traits. Improvements of the existing models of the in vitro oocyte maturation system help to solve the problem of low yield of porcine embryos at the final stages of preimplantation development. In the present study, a model of culture medium for gametes (NCSU-23 with 10 % homologous follicular fluid, 10 IU hCG and 10 IU eCG) modernized by the addition of 1·106 granulosa cells (GCs) per ml and 0.001 % of highly dispersed silica nanoparticles (HDSn) is proposed for use in the IVM and IVF technology of donor porcine oocytes. Analysis of the oocyte chromatin status by the Tarkowsky method and assessment of the level of destructive changes in chromatin (apoptosis, pyknosis) revealed a significant percentage increase in matured oocytes and a decrease in the proportion of granulosa cells with degenerated chromatin when using the original culture system. The positive effects of a joint addition of GCs and HDSn to the maturation system have made it possible to increase the indicators of the meiotic maturation and fertilization of oocytes. Optimal results of developmental competence of oocytes were achieved with the joint use of GCs and HDSn in the maturation system (the proportion of matured cells reached 89 %, the level of oocytes with chromosome degeneration was 12 %, 39 % of embryos reached the final stage of preimplantation development). The positive effect of HDSn on oocyte fertilization was accompanied by an abrupt decrease in destructive processes in GCs during culture in the presence of HDSn. The level of somatic cells with pyknotic nuclei was 32 % and the level of apoptosis (TUNELtest), 21 %, compared with the control (43 and 31 %, p <0.01, respectively). Thus, a high efficiency of the porcine oocyte maturation system in the joint culture of gametes with GCs and HDSn was revealed. It makes it possible to recommend a model of this culture medium at the IVM of female gametes of Sus scrofa domesticus for improving the quality of donor oocytes used in cell and genetic engineering.

New perspectives on Aspersentis Megarhynchus (Acanthocephala: Heteracanthocephalidae) from Notothenia Coriiceps Richardson (Nototheniidae) in the West Antarctic, with emended generic diagnosis.

A number of variable descriptive accounts of Aspersentis megarhynchus (von Linstow, 1892) Golvan, 1960 have been reported from specimens collected from many species of fish in various locations off Antarctic islands. We have described a new population from Notothenia coriiceps Richardson (Nototheniidae) off Galindez Island, West Antarctica, and features not previously reported, resolved the taxonomic controversies and nomenclature, and emended and updated the generic diagnosis taking into account the newly observed structures. These are depicted in microscopic images and include the outer spiral wall of the proboscis receptacle, the thicker dorsal wall of the receptacle compared to the ventral wall, parts of the female reproductive system, the separate cement gland ducts, the dorsal position of the male gonopore and more detail of proboscis hooks and trunk spines. It is surprising that the newly observed features were missed from the many descriptions of A. megarhynchus created since the original description. The variability in A. megarhynchus is noted with a comparison of the morphometrics of our specimens vs. those in six other descriptions. We also analysed the metal composition of hooks and spines using energy-dispersive X-ray analysis and concluded a molecular characterization of the species based on 18S DNA gene, with related phylogenetic analyses.

[Chronic intestinal pseudoobstruction: difficulties in diagnosis and treatment. Case report].

The article presents a clinical case of a 23-year-old patient with an extremely severe congenital form of chronic intestinal pseudoobstruction coupled with a neuromyopathy,colon malrotation, malabsorption, bacterial overgrowth syndrome, cholelithiasis and gastrostasis, which excluded bowel transplantation. Long-term treatment in the intensive care unit with combined, mainly parenteral nutrition for 6 months, using antibiotics, prokinetics, intestinal decompression allowed to achieve partial stabilization of the patients condition and transfer to home treatment with the continuation of adequate complex therapy.

Assessment of wastewater treatment plant effluent impact on the ecosystem of the river on the basis of the quantitative development of ciliated protozoa characteristic of the aeration tank.

The work is devoted to the task of simplifying the assessment of the effect of effluents from treatment facilities on the river hydrobiocenosis. The studies were carried out on the mountain river Uzh (Uzhgorod, Ukraine). Our approach to assessing the impact of waste treatment facilities on the river receiver is based on the estimate of the similarity of species composition and quantitative characteristics of populations of organisms from the aerotank and from the river. It is shown that the quantitative development of populations of species of ciliates from the aeration tank is a good indicator for assessing the degradation of organic matter coming with wastewater. The use of qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the protozoa from the wastewater treatment plant as a criterion for assessing the quality of the environment in the area of wastewater discharge showed their representativeness and effectiveness. The use of a limited number of species makes it possible to conduct an express assessment of the effect of effluents on receiving reservoirs for specialists working with activated sludge in the laboratories of treatment facilities.

[The characteristics of health condition of students of medical university].

One of the priority areas of socio-economic development of Russia is concern about health status of young generation, as young people provide the near future and determine demographic economic and social potential of society. The purpose of the study is to implement comparative assessment of health status of students of Medical University and to identify risk factors of development of chronic non-communicable diseases. The article presents data of sociological survey and medical examination (indicators of systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, capillary blood for glucose and cholesterol). The risk factors were determined by 7 parameters: high blood pressure (systolic and diastolic), tachycardia, hyperglycemia, hypercholesterolemia, smoking, lack of exercise. The comparative evaluation of the average functional and biochemical parameters of medical students made it possible to identify statistically significant increasing of systolic blood pressure and total cholesterol in female students in 2018. The evaluation of the structure of risk factors demonstrated that tachycardia is the most frequently detected functional deviation. It was observed in 61% of boys and 27% of girls in 2015 and of boys and 33% of girls in 2018. The evaluation of state of health and identification of risk factors of development of chronic non-infectious diseases of student youth in the learning process involves differentiated focus on the development of preventive measures to strengthen and maintain health with the formation of healthy lifestyle. The effective solution of this problem is possible with the interaction of health care, system of higher professional education and other interested structures.

[Resected bowel syndrome: clinical course and treatment options].

The current concepts of the short bowel syndrome and malabsorption after intestinal surgery are generally accepted, but do not fully reflect the patients condition, making it difficult to diagnose and treat it. AIM: The purpose of the study is to analyze the clinical course of the patients after bowel resection, to create a classification based on the variants identified to allow for a differentiated treatment and to introduce the concept of the resected bowel syndrome. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We observed 239 patients (96 men and 143 women) aged 18 to 80 who underwent intestinal resection for 1 month to 16 years (from 2002 to 2018). The 1st group included 96 patients with small bowel resection (40 men and 56 women). The 2nd group included 39 men and 58 women with small bowel resection, including the resection of the ileocecal valve and the right-hand side of the colon (n=97). The 3rd group included 17 men and 29 women with the resection of the right-hand side of the colon or colectomy (n=46). The survey included the NRS-2002 (Nutritional Risk Screening 2002) screening test to identify nutritional risk, a clinical assessment of the symptoms that occurred after the surgery, instrumental methods (esophagogastroduodenoscopy, colonoscopy with biopsy, ultrasound of the abdominal cavity organs and the kidneys, a plain radiography of the abdominal cavity organs, an X-ray examination of the small intestine and the intestinal passage), serum citrulline and short-chain fatty acids in faeces. RESULTS: Based on the analysis of the clinical symptoms and the nutritional status of the patients, a new concept is proposed the resected bowel syndrome with two variants of its progression: either with or without the development of nutritional insufficiency of three types: the dehydration type, the protein-energy insufficiency type and a mixed type. Type 1 requires the use of antimicrobials with the control of SCFA concentrations in faeces. Type 2 requires the introduction of an optimal amount of easily digestible protein to correct protein-energy deficit. The 3rd (most severe) mixed type requires prescription of a parenteral nutrition component with the control of citrulline concentration in the blood serum. CONCLUSION: The proposed concept the resected bowel syndrome makes it possible to improve its diagnosis, take into account the variants of its progression and allow for a differentiated treatment.

[Iron deficiency syndromes and their correction with nutritional support in elderly patients with colo-rectal cancer.]

51 patients with operated colorectal cancer T1N0M0, T3N1M0 and T4N0M1 at the age of 67±2,3 years receiving adjuvant chemotherapy and nutritional support (NS) were examined. Nutritional status was assessed using alimentazione-volume diagnosis to the points on L.N.Kostyuchenko, nutritional risk - with NRI, body composition - with bioimpedance method, the iron metabolism - with basic markers (serum ferritin, transferrin saturation with iron, erythrocyte indices: erythrocyte saturation of iron, the average concentration of hemoglobin in the erythrocyte, mean corpuscular volume, hemoglobin, etc.), traditional settings, the staging of tumors - according to TNM. Iron deficiency before the development of anemia can be corrected with NS. Upon the occurrence of anemia requires additional pharmacological treatment iron supplementation, preferable with iron III hydroxide olygoisomaltazat 1000 + NS) for the prevention of toxic-metabolic complications.

Reversible and irreversible alterations of the optical thickness of PQ/PMMA volume recording media samples. Part 2: mathematical modeling.

A theoretical study of phenanthrenequinone-doped polymethyl methacrylate (PQ/PMMA) samples parameter changes during irradiation is presented. The research has been carried out on the basis of the experimental study (Part 1, [Appl. Opt.56, 7351 (2017)APOPAI0003-693510.1364/AO.56.007351]) and a mathematical model that describes space-time reversible and irreversible light-induced changes of the PQ/PMMA sample parameters during exposition. Based on the numerical modeling results and the use of analytical dependencies, a number of practically important characteristics of the PQ/PMMA sample-exposure process are considered: conversion-induction period of phenanthrenequinone into a photoproduct, Δtind; bleaching time of a sample, tbl; and thermal nonlocality of photoresponse, δlT. It is shown that the values Δtind and tbl are on the order of tens and hundreds of seconds, respectively, and can be comparable to the exposure time. It is established that temperature increase leads to δlT value change by hundreds of nanometers and can cause considerable deformation of the interference structure under recording. The sample heating during exposition is considered in detail, and an algorithm for estimation of the maximum temperature increase to be used in experiments is proposed. Recommendations are made for the reduction of negative influence of sample heating on the parameters of recorded holograms.

Digeneans of northern fur seals Callorhinus ursinus (Pinnipedia: Otariidae) from five subpopulations on St. Paul Island, Alaska.

A parasitological survey of 651 northern fur seals Callorhinus ursinus L. from five subpopulations was conducted on St. Paul Island, Alaska, during July-August 2012-2014. Digenean trematodes were found in 210 of 651 fur seals with a total prevalence of 32.3%. Intensity of infection varied from 1 to 1540 parasites with mean intensity 18.4 ± 111.1 SD and median intensity of 2 specimens per host. Significant differences in prevalence and intensity of infection in northern fur seals between separate rookeries was not observed (Mann-Whitney test; p > 0.05). Four species of digeneans belonging to the families Heterophyidae (Apophallus zalophi Price, 1932, Phocitrema fusiforme Goto and Ozaki, 1930, and Galactosomum ubelakeri (Dailey, 1969)) and Troglotrematidae (Nanophyetus salmincola (Chapin, 1926)) were found. Nanophyetus salmincola is reported from C. ursinus for the first time. We obtained partial 28S rDNA sequences for all digenean species and conducted molecular phylogenetic analysis to demonstrate their phylogenetic relationships.

[Community acquired bacterial pneumonia and comorbidity in elderly patients].

We analyzed the clinical course of pneumonia in 67 elderly patients (39 females and 28 males, mean age 74,4±5,2 years) with chronic heart failure and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Patients were divided into 2 groups: 1st group - patients with COPD, 2nd group - patients without COPD. Pharmacological treatment was performed according to temperature, oxygen saturation, acute phase proteins and included ampicillin and sulbactam. The normalization of temperature and oxygen saturation was observed on 3-4 day in patients of the 1st group and on 2 day in patients of the 2nd group, normalization of leukocyte count and erythrocyte sedimentation rate - on 12-13 and 7-8 days, acute phase indicators (C-reactive protein, fibrinogen) on 7 and 5 days, correspondingly. Positive dynamics of chest X-ray was observed on 13 day in patients of the 1st group (the second control and the replacement of antibiotic for levofloxacin) and on 8 day in patients of the 2nd group (the first control).

[Short bowel syndrome]. / Sindrom korotkoi kishki.

The paper gives information on the classification, pathogenesis, and clinical manifestations of short bowel syndrome following after intestinal resection. It discusses the treatment and rehabilitation of patients with this condition.

Determination of (241)Pu by the method of disturbed radioactive equilibrium using 2πα-counting and precision gamma-spectrometry.

A simple technique is proposed for the determination of the content of (241)Pu, which is based on disturbance of radioactive equilibrium in the genetically related (237)U←(241)Pu→(241)Am decay chain of radionuclides, with the subsequent use of 2πα-counting and precision gamma-spectroscopy for monitoring the process of restoration of that equilibrium. It has been shown that the data on dynamics of accumulation of the daughter (241)Am, which were obtained from the results of measurements of α- and γ-spectra of the samples, correspond to the estimates calculated for the chain of two genetically related radionuclides, the differences in the estimates of (241)Pu radioactivity not exceeding 2%. Combining the different methods of registration (2πα-counting, semiconductor alpha- and gamma-spectrometry) enables the proposed method to be efficiently applied both for calibration of (241)Pu-sources (from several hundreds of kBq and higher) and for radioisotopic analysis of plutonium mixtures. In doing so, there is a deep purification of (241)Pu from its daughter decay products required due to unavailability of commercial detectors that could make it possible, based only on analysis of alpha-spectra, to conduct quantitative analysis of the content of (238)Pu and (241)Am.

Larval development of Brachiopod Coptothyris grayi (Davidson, 1852) (Brachiopoda, Rhynchonelliformea).

The larval development of the Brachiopod Coptothyris grayi (Davidson, 1852) from the Sea of Japan is described for the first time. Ciliated blastula proved to represent the first free-swimming stage. The blastopore is initially formed as a rounded hole stretching later along the anteroposterior axis. The larva is first divided into two lobes (the apical lobe and the trunk); the mantle lobe is formed later as two lateral folds. Two pairs of seta bundles appear in the late stage larvae. The apical larval lobe in brachiopods is supposed to match the pre-oral lobe and anterior part of the trunk with tentacles in phoronids.

[THE PARTICIPATION OF THE ELEMENTS OF CYTOSKELETON IN THE MOBILIZATION OF Ca2+ FROM INTRACELLULAR STORES OF INTACT AND DEVITRIFIED PORCINE OOCYTES].

Joint action of theophylline and guanosine diphosphate leads to the additional release of Ca2+ from intracellular stores of oocytes with intact microfilaments and microtubules, additional release of Ca2+ was not observed in oocytes after the joint action of prolactin and guanosine triphosphate. In the presence of an inhibitor of polymerization microfilaments cytochalasin D additional release of Ca2+ not detected in oocytes treated by theophylline and guanosine diphosphate, but treatment of oocyte by prolactin with guanosine triphosphate leads to the additional release of Ca2+ from intracellular stores. Nocodazole had no effect on the release of Ca2+ from intracellular stores of oocytes treated by theophylline with guanosine diphosphate or prolactin with guanosine triphosphate. The joint action of prolactin and guanosine triphosphate on devitrified oocytes with destroyed microfilaments (as a result of defrosting) leads to additional Ca2+ exit from the intracellular stores. The obtained data expand ideas concerning features of regulation of intracellular processes in porcine oocytes.

[Mobilization of Ca2+ from intracellular stores of spermatozoa of Bos taurus depending on their functional status].

On the basis of inhibitory analysis by using a fluorescence probe chlortetracycline, calcium transduction pathway in spermatozoa of Bos taurus has been examined. Additional release of Ca2+ from intracellular stores of sperm was found after combiened action of prolactin and GTP, which took place under influence of protein kinase C inhibitor (compound Ro 31-8220); the combined effect of theophylline and GDP also stimulated additional release of Ca2+ from intracellular stores, which was missing when adding inhibitor of protein kinase A, compound H-89. Using chlortetracycline test (analysis localization of chlortetracycline fluorescence in spermatozoa), we have shown the combined action of prolactin and GTP increases the number of sperm with acrosome reaction, which is reduced after influence of Ro 31-8220; the combined effect of theophylline and GDP increases the percentage of capacitated spermatozoa, which was decreased in the presence of H-89. According with the data obtained, we propose the hypothesis that the transduction of Ca2+ between intracellular stores in bull spermatozoa stimulated by the combined action of prolactin and GTP, or theophylline and GDP, determines the functional status of the spermatozoa. Namely: the transduction of Ca2+ between intracellular stores in bull spermatozoa stimulated by the combined action of prolactin and GTP is involved in the regulation of acrosomal processes, while sperm capacitation is mediated by the transduction of calcium between intracellular stores activated by the combined influence of theophylline and GDP.

[THE CLINICAL COURSE OF THE ISOLATED EFFECTS OF EXTENSIVE SMALL INTESTINE RESECTION IN THE LATE POSTOPERATIVE PERIOD].

UNLABELLED: The purpose is the postoperative period study of clinical and functional status of patients after small intestine resection, which was performed in different volume MATERIAL AND METHODS: 91 patients with sequelae of small intestine resection in different terms after the operation were surveyed. Patients were assessed for clinical symptoms on a scale "Method of evaluating intestinal failure after gastric resection", in our own modifications, clinical-laboratory and biochemical blood examination, ultrasound examination of abdominal cavity and kidneys, x-ray examination of the gastrointestinal tract, esophagogastroduodenoscopy with histological examination of the mucosa. We determined the scatology, the consistency of the feces on the Bristol scale, concentration and profile of short chain fatty acids in coprofiltrates. Blood serum Citrulline was determined using high performance liquid chromatography on the chromatograph "Stayer". The degree of nutritional risk was assessed using screen questionnaire NRS-2002 RESULTS: Analysis of clinical, anthropometric and laboratory data showed that patients with residual stumps of the small intestine more than 2 meters have a distinct tendency to stabilize their condition, confirmed by the level of citrulline in the serum. At the same time complete adaptation does not occur, because the main reason of the operation is adhesive intestinal obstruction with chronic relapsing course. Patients with stumps of the small intestine less than 2 m have highly individual adaptation, which may be due to a small sample of patients in this group. The detected changes in the concentration and profile of coprofiltrat short-chain fatty acids allow differentiated approach to therapy of diarrhea syndrome as the main clinical manifestations of the effects of isolated small intestine resection.

Anisakids (Nematoda: Anisakidae) from stomachs of northern fur seals (Callorhinus ursinus) on St. Paul Island, Alaska: parasitological and pathological analysis.

Anisakid nematodes parasitize the alimentary tracts of aquatic vertebrates, including northern fur seals (Callorhinus ursinus) (NFS). The main purpose of this study was to estimate the prevalence, intensity, and species composition of anisakids in NFSs on St. Paul Island, Alaska, and to analyze changes in NFS infection with these nematodes during the last decades. The study was carried out on St. Paul Island, Alaska, in July-August 2011-2013. Stomachs of 443 humanely harvested NFS males were collected from five separate haul-out areas. A total of 4,460 anisakid specimens were collected and identified by morphological criteria. Gross and histological examinations of stomachs were also performed. The overall prevalence of NFS infection was 91.2%; overall mean intensity 10.9, and overall median intensity 6. Five species, Anisakis simplex s. l., Contracaecum osculatum s. l., Pseudoterranova decipiens s. l., P. azarazi and Phocascaris cystophorae, were found. The prevalence of Anisakis was 46.5%, its intensity 7.5. The prevalence and intensity of Contracaecum, Pseudoterranova, and Phocascaris were 33.6% and 3.5, 81.9% and 6.5, and 5.2% and 1.7, respectively. Significant differences in the prevalence of NFS infection were observed between separate haul-outs. Comparison of the present data with the results of studies performed in the North Pacific in the 1960s, showed a significant decrease in the intensity of NFS infection with anisakids during the last decades. The prevalence of mucosal lesions in NFS stomachs caused by anisakids also decreased from 92 to 20.9%. Possible reasons for the changes in NFS infection with anisakids are discussed.