Finishing season and feeding resources influence the quality of products from extensive-system Gascon pigs. Part 2: muscle traits and sensory quality of dry-cured ham.

The quality of pork products from local breeds in extensive systems depends, among other things, on pig production. In particular, the variability in climatic conditions and feeding resources may influence the properties of tissues at slaughter and the quality of pork and processed products. The present study (part 2) was part of a larger project that assessed the influence of the finishing season and feeding resources on carcass and tissue traits and the quality of meat and dry-cured ham from Gascon pigs in an extensive system. Following the specifications of the Protected Designation of Origin "Noir de Bigorre", castrated Gascon males were reared on rangelands (grassland and forest areas) and received a supplementary diet from 5 to 6 months of age until slaughter at a minimum of 12 months and ca. 170 kg BW. Three finishing seasons were considered: Winter (n = 18), Spring (n = 22) and Autumn (n = 23). To estimate the specific effects of season on quality traits and avoid bias due to effects of genes known to influence these traits, polymorphisms in the RYR1, PRKAG3, MC4R and LEPR genes were included in the analysis models. Compared to Winter pigs, Spring and Autumn pigs had higher ultimate pH in the semimembranosus and gluteus medius (GM) muscles, lower meat lightness (P < 0.05) and tended to have higher GM intramuscular fat (IMF) content (P < 0.10). They also had higher GM contents of saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids (FAs) than Winter pigs (P < 0.05). Spring pigs had the lowest n-6:n-3 polyunsaturated FA ratio and the highest GM α-tocopherol content (P < 0.001), indicating pig grazing. The finishing season did not influence the processing yield of dry-cured hams (24-month process). Within each seasonal group, ten hams selected for genetic variability and IMF content were analyzed by a trained sensory panel. The season did not modify the appearance or odor, but influenced texture and taste. Hams from Winter and Spring pigs had higher tenderness and melting fat scores than hams from Autumn pigs (P < 0.01). Hams from Spring pigs had higher taste intensity and salty taste (P < 0.01) but lower positive tastes (e.g. fruits, forest) than hams from the other groups. Overall, finishing season had moderate effects on ham sensory traits. Furthermore, our results reveal high redness, tenderness, taste and odor intensity, and low rancid flavor of hams from Gascon pigs produced in an extensive system.

Finishing season and feeding resources influence the quality of products from extensive-system Gascon pigs. Part 1: Carcass traits and quality of fresh loin.

Consumers perceive pork products from local breeds reared in extensive systems positively because of their specific quality properties and regional identity. The sensory, nutritional and technological qualities of these products depend, among other things, on pig production, especially its climatic conditions and the availability of feed resources, which can influence traits of muscle and fat tissue. The present study (part 1) was part of a larger project that assessed the influence of the finishing season and feeding resources on carcass and tissue traits and the quality of meat and dry-cured ham from Gascon pigs in an extensive system. Following the specifications of the Protected Designation of Origin "Noir de Bigorre", castrated Gascon males were reared on rangelands (grassland and forest areas) and received a supplementary diet from 5 to 6 months of age until slaughter at a minimum of 12 months of age and ca. 170 kg live weight. Three finishing seasons were considered as follows: Winter (n = 18), Spring (n = 22) and Autumn (n = 23). To estimate specific effects of season on productive and quality traits and avoid bias due to effects of genes known to influence these traits, polymorphisms in the RYR1, PRKAG3, MC4R and LEPR genes were included in the analysis models. The finishing season did not influence growth rate. Compared to Winter pigs, Spring and Autumn pigs had slightly lower carcass fatness (P < 0.05), higher ultimate pH and redder and darker color of the Longissimus muscle (LM) (P < 0.01). Loin drip loss was low overall, but was higher for Spring pigs, whereas cooking loss and shear force were similar among seasons. Spring pigs tended to have the lowest LM lipid content, whereas LM myoglobin content remained unaffected. Autumn pigs had lower potential of lipid oxidation in LM than Winter and Spring pigs (P < 0.01), but muscle metabolic traits assessed via glycolytic and oxidative enzyme activities did not differ among seasons. The finishing season modified the backfat fatty acid (FA) profile, with a lower polyunsaturated FA percentage in Autumn pigs than Winter or Spring pigs (P < 0.001), even though the saturated and monounsaturated FA percentages did not differ. In particular, Spring pigs had the lowest n-6:n-3 and C18:2:C18:3 ratios (P < 0.001), as a result of grazing. Overall, Spring and Autumn finishing seasons seem more favorable to technological and sensory pork attributes, with an additional positive effect of Spring finishing on pork nutritional value.

Coracoid bone block transfer procedure: Correlation between subscapularis volume below the bone graft and shoulder stability.

INTRODUCTION: Coracoid bone graft transfer has become the gold standard in patients with recurrent anterior shoulder instability associated with bony defect. Several studies have shown that the main stabilizing component of this procedure is the sling effect by the conjoint tendon and the lower portion of subscapularis (SS). The purpose of this study was to determine whether a larger SS volume below the bone block was correlated to greater postoperative shoulder stability. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This prospective study included a cohort of patients who underwent open coracoid bone graft transfer for post-traumatic recurrent anterior shoulder instability. Forty patients were reviewed at 2 years with a clinical and CT scan evaluation. A correlation analysis assessed the relation between the SS volume index (ratio of SS volume below the bone block to volume over the bone block) and Rowe and Walch-Duplay instability scores. RESULTS: There exists a positive and significant correlation between SS volume index and postoperative Rowe score, r=0.37 (P=0.03). The same trend was observed for Walch-Duplay score without statistical significance. A larger inferior SS volume did not result in a limitation of external rotation, greater fatty infiltration, or malposition of the coracoid graft. CONCLUSION: A larger SS volume below the bone block is related to greater postoperative shoulder stability. We recommend performing the split in the middle of the SS or higher instead of the junction of the superior two-thirds and inferior one-third as usually reported. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: III, prospective study.

Clinical outcomes of proximal row carpectomy by preoperative midcarpal joint morphological classification: Viegas type I versus type II.

The midcarpal joint can be classified into two anatomical types - Viegas type I and Viegas type II - based on the absence or presence of a medial facet for the hamate on the lunate (lunohamate facet). Type I is associated with a round capitate shape, which theoretically allows better congruence with the lunate fossa of the distal radius following proximal row carpectomy (PRC). This morphological feature has never been considered as a predictive factor of clinical outcome for this surgical procedure. This study aimed to compare the clinical and radiological outcomes of the two Viegas types following PRC. A retrospective single-center study was carried out on patients who underwent PRC for wrist osteoarthritis. Minimum follow-up was 2 years. Lunate type was determined based on preoperative CT arthrography. The clinical evaluation included range of motion (ROM) and strength as well as the functional DASH, Mayo Wrist scores and a VAS for pain. The outcome of radiocapitate osteoarthritis was assessed on plain radiographs. Forty patients were reviewed with a mean follow-up of 57 months. Twenty-one Viegas type I and 19 Viegas type II were identified on preoperative CT arthrography. The etiologies included 23 SLAC wrists (12 Viegas type I, 11 type II), 8 SNAC wrists (4 Viegas type I, 4 type II), 6 cases of Kienböck's disease (3 type IIIa, 3 type IIIb with 3 Viegas type I and 3 type II), 1 Preiser's disease and 2 cases of transscaphoid perilunate dislocation of the carpus. Patients with a Viegas type I lunate had significantly greater flexion-extension ROM: 83.5° vs. 71° (P=0.04) and radial deviation: 12° vs. 7° (P=0.013) than those with Viegas type II. However, three cases of complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) were reported in the Viegas type II group vs. zero in the Viegas type I group. There were no differences between the two groups in terms of strength, functional scores or VAS pain. The outcome of radiocapitate osteoarthritis was similar in both groups. Considering the number of CRPS cases in the Viegas type II group and similar functional results in both groups, the worse outcomes of the Viegas type II patients in terms of ROM cannot be considered as clinically relevant. This comparative study does not provide a reasonable basis for concluding that Viegas type I patients are better candidates for PRC than Viegas type II patients.

[Extra-articular distal radius fractures in young adults]. / Fractures extra-articulaires de l'extrémité distale du radius chez l'adulte jeune.

Extra-articular distal radius fractures in young active patients are typically the result of sport injuries or traffic accidents. Displaced fractures are less well tolerated in young patients than in older people, especially in terms of dorsal tilt and radial shortening. Non-surgical treatment is only indicated when the fracture is minimally or not displaced. No fracture fixation method is superior to another, however, the treatment goal is a rapid return to previous activities.

Trapeziectomy and ligament reconstruction tendon interposition after failed trapeziometacarpal joint replacement.

Total trapeziometacarpal (TMC) joint replacement is increasingly being performed for the treatment of basal joint arthritis. However, complications such as instability or loosening are also frequent with TMC ball-and-socket joint replacement. Management of these complications lacks consensus. The purpose of this study was to report the results of 12 cases of failed TMC joint replacement that were treated by trapeziectomy with ligament reconstruction and tendon interposition (LRTI) arthroplasty. The follow-up consisted of functional (numerical scale, DASH score, satisfaction), physical (range of motion, strength) and radiological (Barron and Eaton ratio measurement) assessments. At a mean follow-up of 21 months, 11 patients were satisfied or very satisfied after surgery. The mean pain score was 2/10 and the mean DASH score 30/100. Mean thumb palmar and radial abduction was 40°. Thumb opposition measured by the Kapandji technique was 9/10. The height ratio was slightly increased. Trapeziectomy with LRTI after TMC joint replacement appears to be an attractive salvage procedure.

Proximal row carpectomy in total arthrodesis of the rheumatoid wrist.

BACKGROUND: Advanced proximal carpal row damage is common in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Proximal row carpectomy (PRC) simplifies total wrist arthrodesis, obviating the need for an iliac bone graft. In theory, PRC also improves the chances of healing, as fusion of a single joint space is needed for the procedure to be successful. Potential effects of the loss of carpal height related to PRC are unknown. HYPOTHESIS: We hypothesised that PRC performed concomitantly with total wrist arthrodesis in patients with RA produces good clinical and radiological outcomes, without inducing loss of strength or digital deformities. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In 38 total arthrodeses of rheumatoid wrists, a clinical evaluation was performed, including a visual analogue scale (VAS) pain score, the Patient-Rated Wrist Evaluation (PRWE), grip strength, digital deformities, and patient satisfaction. A standard radiographic workup was obtained to assess healing and carpal height indices. RESULTS: After a mean follow-up of 50 months, the mean VAS pain score was 0.4 (range: 0-7), the mean PRWE score was 21 (range: 0-80.5), and grip strength as a percentage of the contralateral limb was 76%. The healing rate was 92% (35/38 wrists), and 34 (90%) patients reported being satisfied or very satisfied. No effects of carpal height loss on clinical or radiographic parameters was detected. DISCUSSION: Total wrist arthrodesis combined with PRC provides reliable and reproducible benefits. This study found no evidence of adverse effects related to the loss of carpal height. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: IV, retrospective study.

The effect of the anatomy of the distal humerus and proximal ulna on the positioning of the components in total elbow arthroplasty.

Determining and accurately restoring the flexion-extension axis of the elbow is essential for functional recovery after total elbow arthroplasty (TEA). We evaluated the effect of morphological features of the elbow on variations of alignment of the components at TEA. Morphological and positioning variables were compared by systematic CT scans of 22 elbows in 21 patients after TEA. There were five men and 16 women, and the mean age was 63 years (38 to 80). The mean follow-up was 22 months (11 to 44). The anterior offset and version of the humeral components were significantly affected by the anterior angulation of the humerus (p = 0.052 and p = 0.004, respectively). The anterior offset and version of the ulnar components were strongly significantly affected by the anterior angulation of the ulna (p < 0.001 and p < 0.001). The closer the anterior angulation of the ulna was to the joint, the lower the ulnar anterior offset (p = 0.030) and version of the ulnar component (p = 0.010). The distance from the joint to the varus angulation also affected the lateral offset of the ulnar component (p = 0.046). Anatomical variations at the distal humerus and proximal ulna affect the alignment of the components at TEA. This is explained by abutment of the stems of the components and is particularly severe when there are substantial deformities or the deformities are close to the joint.

Revision surgery for recurrent and persistent carpal tunnel syndrome: Clinical results and factors affecting outcomes.

Thirty-eight hands in 36 patients with recurrent or persistent carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) were reviewed retrospectively after a mean of 51 months (range 12-86) to identify factors that may lead to poor outcomes after surgical management. Clinical assessment focused on pain and sensitivity recovery, measured with a VAS and Weber's two-point discrimination test, respectively. At the latest follow-up, we found 11 excellent, 15 good, nine fair and three poor results. The risk of fair or poor results was significantly higher in the presence of intraneural fibrosis, severe preoperative sensory deficit, neuroma of the palmar cutaneous branch of the median nerve, workers compensation claims and number of previous surgeries. This last factor also significantly increased the risk of intraneural fibrosis. Despite disappointing outcomes, identification of these factors may improve our prognostic ability for revision surgery in cases of recurrent CTS.

Radial nerve palsy in surgical revision of total elbow arthroplasties: A study of 4 cases and anatomical study, possible aetiologies and prevention.

BACKGROUND: Damage to the radial nerve in the arm during revision of total elbow arthroplasty is a serious complication; which is still not well documented. The aim of this study was to define a way on how to avoid this complication and to prevent it. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Four patients underwent radial palsy after revision of total elbow arthroplasty. An anatomical study on 20 upper limbs was performed to define landmarks for the radial nerve in the arm and elbow. RESULTS: Radial nerve damage occurred near the proximal tip of the stem in all four patients, due to cement seepage caused by cortical effraction in two patients, and to damage caused by the retractors in the two other patients. The anatomical study made it possible to specify landmarks for the radial nerve in relation to the humerus. A high-risk area located 14cm away from the tip of the olecranon fossa, and 15.5cm from the medial epicondyle, was identified. CONCLUSION: A high-risk area for the radial nerve was defined and suggested targeted landmarks with a posterior proximal counter-incision situated at about 14cm above the olecranon fossa. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: IV.

Total elbow arthroplasty: Influence of implant positioning on functional outcomes.

BACKGROUND: Restoring the axis of rotation is often considered crucial to achieving good functional outcomes of total elbow arthroplasty. The objective of this work was to evaluate whether variations in implant positioning correlated with clinical outcomes. HYPOTHESIS: Clinical outcomes are dictated by the quality of implant positioning. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective review was conducted of data from 25 patients (26 elbows). Function was assessed using a pain score, the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (DASH) Score, and the Mayo Elbow Performance Score (MEPS). The patients also underwent a clinical evaluation for measurements of motion range and flexion/extension strength. Position of the humeral and ulnar implants was assessed by computed tomography with reconstruction using OsiriX software. Indices reflecting anterior offset, lateral offset, valgus, height, and rotation were computed by subtracting the ulnar value of each of these variables from the corresponding humeral value. These indices provided a quantitative assessment of whether position errors for the two components had additive effects or, on the contrary, counterbalanced each other. Elbows with prosthetic loosening or extensive epiphyseal destruction were excluded. RESULTS: Of the 26 elbows, 5 were excluded. In the remaining 21 elbows, the discrepancy between the humeral and ulnar lateral offsets was significantly associated with pain intensity (P ≤ 0.05) and the MEPS (P ≤ 0.05). Anterior position of the ulna relative to the humerus was associated with decreased extension strength (P ≤ 0.05) and worse results for all functional parameters (P ≤ 0.05). DISCUSSION: In the absence of loosening, positioning errors seem to adversely affect functional outcomes, probably by placing inappropriate stress on the soft tissues. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: III.

Free vascularized fibular graft as a salvage procedure for large clavicular defect: a two cases report.

UNLABELLED: The gold standard technique for treating clavicle non-union is based on cortico-cancellous bone graft harvested from the iliac crest and fixed with a plate. In cases of large clavicular defects, this surgical procedure becomes ineffective and only reconstruction using vascularized bone grafts can be considered. Nevertheless, there are few reports in the literature dealing with this procedure and surgical technique remains unclear. We expose here a technique and results of free vascularized fibular graft for two patients with large clavicular defects. LEVELS OF EVIDENCE: Level IV, technical note.

Idiopathic avascular necrosis of the scaphoid: 10 new cases and a review of the literature. Indications for Preiser's disease.

INTRODUCTION: Avascular necrosis of the scaphoid (Preiser's disease) is a rare entity for which there are no treatment guidelines to date. The aim of this study was to delineate the optimal treatment at different stages of this disease, based on an analysis of the cases treated in our department. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ten wrists (nine patients) were retrospectively reviewed after a mean 92 months of follow-up. The initial diagnosis was stage II avascular necrosis in four cases, stage III in four cases and stage IV in two cases. These patients were treated by conservative treatment (non surgical) in three cases, vascularized bone graft in two and palliative treatments (proximal row carpectomy or partial fusion) in five. Radiological examination, sometimes completed by MRI, and functional assessment of range of motion, grip strength and Mayo Wrist Score were performed. RESULTS: Completely different results were obtained in the two stage II cases treated by conservative treatment, while functional results improved in the two cases treated by vascularized bone graft with regression of necrosis on MRI. Pain improved following palliative treatment in 4/5 stage III and IV wrists. Functional results were satisfactory with conservative treatment in one stage IV case for 13 years but worsened at the final follow-up assessment. DISCUSSION: A review of the literature, including 126 cases in 29 articles clarified the role of conservative treatment, vascularized bone grafts and proximal row carpectomy in the treatment of avascular necrosis of the scaphoid. Conservative treatment is ineffective in the early stages and nearly always results in disease progression. In contrast vascularized bone grafts can stop or even reverse damage at stage II. Palliative treatment is indicated when facing irreversible lesions. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV - Retrospective study.

[Long-term results of surgical treatment of scaphoid non union: influence of the correction of dorsal intercalated segment instability]. / Résultats à long terme du traitement chirurgical des pseudarthroses du scaphoïde : influence de la correction du DISI.

OBJECTIVES: The publications dealing with scaphoid non-union emphasize importance of correction of the Dorsal Intercalated Segment Instability (DISI) to achieve good functional results and to prevent osteoarthritis. The purpose of this study was to assess, over 10 years follow-up, the functional outcomes of 25 patients with scaphoid non-union surgery. X-ray and DISI deformity were assessed. METHODS: Between 1994 and 1998, 53 patients underwent surgery for scaphoid non-union. Over 10 years follow-up, functional evaluation based on pain, QuickDASH and Mayo Wrist Score was performed, and a physical examination including mobility, strength and pain on the region of the scaphoid. Outcomes on X-rays were assessed by searching osteoarthritis damages and by measuring carpal height index and intracarpal angles. RESULTS: Eight patients had pain on the scaphotrapeziotrapezoidal joint without degenerative lesions on radiography. Compared to other patients, they had worse functional results, decrease of scapholunate angle, decrease of the DISI and increase of carpal height. CONCLUSIONS: The correction of the DISI is not always associated with good functional results. Although there were no osteoarthritic changes on the radiography, residual pain may be related to affection of the scapho-trapezo-trapezoidal joint. Surgical treatment with osteotomy of the scaphoid seems to be dangerous because of the moderate impact on function for these patients.

Regional differences in effects of APOE ε4 on cognitive impairment in non-demented subjects.

BACKGROUND: The APOE ε4 allele is a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD). APOE ε4 is common in non-demented subjects with cognitive impairment. In both healthy people and people with AD, its prevalence has a north-south gradient across Europe. In the present study, we investigated whether the relation between the APOE ε4 allele and cognitive impairment varied across Northern, Middle and Southern Europe. We also investigated whether a north-south gradient existed in subjects with subjective cognitive impairment (SCI), amnestic mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and non-amnestic MCI. METHODS: Data from 16 centers across Europe were analyzed. RESULTS: A north-south gradient in APOE ε4 prevalence existed in the total sample (62.7% for APOE ε4 carriers in the northern region, 42.1% in the middle region, and 31.5% in the southern region) and in subjects with SCI and amnestic MCI separately. Only in Middle Europe was the APOE ε4 allele significantly associated with poor performance on tests of delayed recall and learning, as well as with the amnestic subtype of MCI. CONCLUSION: The APOE ε4 allele frequencies in subjects with SCI and amnestic MCI have a north-south gradient. The relation between the APOE ε4 allele and cognition is region dependent.

[What is the most relevant definition of orthostatic hypotension: systolic blood pressure drop, diastolic blood pressure drop, or both?]. / Quelle baisse de pression artérielle choisir pour définir l'hypotension orthostatique chez le sujet âgé: Chute de la pression artérielle systolique, de la diastolique ou des deux?

UNLABELLED: The agreed definition of orthostatic hypotension (OH) is a drop of 20 mmHg systolic and/or 10 mmHg diastolic blood pressure (BP) within the first 3 min of erect posture. For elderly people, a question can be raised about diastolic BP relevance in OH's definition. OBJECTIVE: To determinate HO's prevalence and risks factors considering systolic blood pressure (SBP)'s drop, or diastolic blood pressure (DBP)'s drop, or either. METHODS: We assessed OH for 554 consecutive, ambulatory, elderly subjects, attending a geriatric outpatient clinic. OH was defined as a SBP drop>20mmHg (SBP-OH), or a DBP drop>10 mmHg (DBP-OH), or a drop in either (SBP. DBP-OH). OH's prevalence and risks factors were determined. RESULTS: In this population, 76 +/- 6 years of age, (70% hypertension), SBP-OH's prevalence was 17%, DBP-OH's prevalence was 12% and SBP. DBP-OH's prevalence was 25%. OH's risks factors varied considering OH's definition. After adjusting for significant determinants, SBP-OH's risk factors were: Antihypertensive therapy (OR=2.95; IC 95%: 1.21-4.04), age>75years (OR=2.11; IC 95%: 1.22-3.66), anti-hypertensive poly therapy (OR=2.01; IC 95%: 1.39-2.92) and SBP level (OR=1.16; IC 95%: 1.01-1.33). Considering DBP-OH, the only significant risk factor was DBP's level (OR=2.64; IC 95%: 1.89-3.68). SBP. DBP-OH was only determined by anti-hypertensive poly therapy (OR=1.61; IC 95%: 1.13-2.29) and DPB level (OR=1.32; IC 95%: 1.08-1.60). CONCLUSION: For elderly people, OH's prevalence and risks factors vary considering OH's definition. SBP's drop seems to be more relevant than DBP's drop. A long term follow up is necessary to determine if SBP-OH is correlated with HO' s side effects and to establish the dangerous level of SBP' s drop.

Relevance of 10-min delayed recall in dementia screening.

Within the context of early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), there is a growing interest in neuropsychological screening tests. Amongst these tests, we focused on the largely used Memory Impairment Screen (MIS). The objective of the present work was to show that adding a 10-min delayed recall to the MIS, improves the test psychometric characteristics in order to detect dementia in the earliest stages. A prospective study was carried out on a cohort of 270 consecutive elderly ambulatory subjects attending the Broca Hospital Memory Clinic: normal controls (n = 67), mild cognitive impairment subjects (n = 98) and mildly demented patients [n = 105, Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) = 23 +/- 4]. This study consisted in testing the advantage of the 10-min delayed recall entitled MIS-D compared with the MIS. At a cut-off score of 6, the MIS-D revealed satisfying psychometric characteristics with a sensitivity of 81% and a specificity of 91%, whilst the MIS alone indicated a sensitivity of 60% and a specificity of 88% in detecting dementia. In demented patients with MMSE score > or =26, MIS-D properties still remained satisfying (sensitivity: 75%, specificity: 92%). MIS-D is a more relevant screening test than MIS alone at very early stages of dementia.

Evolution of blood pressure in patients with Alzheimer's disease: a one year survey of a French Cohort (REAL.FR).

OBJECTIVES: To determine the evolution of blood pressure in patients with moderate Alzheimer's disease among a one year longitudinal survey and to evaluate the relationship between blood pressure and cognitive functions. METHODS: In 327 subjects selected from the French research program on Alzheimer's disease (REAL.FR), systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP, DBP) were measured at the time of inclusion (M0), after 6 months (M6) and after 12 months (M12). All subjects were assessed to determine both cognitive functions and capabilities in the activities of daily living using validated cognitive scales [Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE), Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale--Cognitive part (ADAS-Cog), Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL), Activities of Daily Living (ADL), Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR)], at M0, M6, M12. RESULTS: In this population of patients with moderate Alzheimer's disease, mean age was 78 +/- 7 years and 242 subjects were females (74%). After adjustment for age, gender, body mass index (BMI) and antihypertensive therapy, a significant decrease of blood pressure was observed between M0 and M12, for SBP (139.1 +/- 18 to 136.5 +/- 17 mmHg, p < 0.05) and DBP, (77.6 +/- 12 to 75.8 +/- 10 mmHg , p < 0.05). Demented subjects with the worst cognitive impairment at baseline (tertile1 MMSE, tertile 3 ADAS-Cog, ADL scores between 0 and 4, CDR scores between 10 to 18) showed a larger decrease in SBP and DBP after 12 months. The worst impairment in dementia at baseline was associated with the highest SBP decrease between M0 and M12 (delta SBP tertile 1 MMSE vs tertile 3 MMSE = -5.9 vs + 1.0 mmHg , p < 0.05; Delta SBP tertile 3 ADAS-Cog vs tertile 1 ADAS-Cog = - 5.98 vs + 2.98 mmHg, p < 0.05, Delta SBP ADL 0-4 vs ADL -6 = - 8.7 vs -1.5 mmHg, p < 0.05, delta SBP CDR 10-18 vs CDR 0.5-9.5 = - 6.9 vs -1.7 mmHg, p < 0.05). All these results persisted after adjustment for age, gender and the antihypertensive therapy. Baseline SBP [OR 95% CI = 1.05 (1.02-1.08), BMI [OR 95% CI = 0.88 (0.81-0.95)], ADL score [OR 95% CI = 0.42 (0.22-0.81)] and ADAS-Cog score [OR 95% CI = 1.07 (1.01-1.14)] were significantly associated with the decrease of blood pressure after one year of follow up, independently of age, gender and antihypertensive therapy. In contrast, patients with larger blood pressure decrease (over 10 mmHg reduction of SBP and/or 5 mmHg of DBP) did not demonstrate a more significant worsening of dementia at 12 months in the different scales used. CONCLUSIONS: This study indicates a significant decrease in blood pressure in patients with Alzheimer's disease after one year of follow up, independently of age, gender, BMI and antihypertensive therapy. The largest decrease in blood pressure was observed in patients with the most severe impairment in dementia at baseline, suggesting that blood pressure decrease seems to be mainly a secondary phenomenon in Alzheimer's disorders.

[Cognitive functions and hypertension]. / Fonctions cognitives et hypertension artérielle.

The prevention of cognitive disorders and dementia represents a major challenge in the coming years. Hypertension is one of the principal risk factors for cerebrovascular diseases and is also closely correlated with cognitive decline and dementia. Most longitudinal studies have shown that cognitive functioning is often inversely proportional to blood pressure values measured 15 or 20 years previously. The higher blood pressure was, the poorer cognitive function is. Data from recent therapeutic trials (SYST-EUR, PROGRESS) open the way toward the prevention of dementia (vascular or Alzheimer's type) by antihypertensive treatments. In this context, the effect of antihypertensive treatment on cognitive functions should represent one of the primary criteria of assessment in future morbidity and mortality studies in hypertensive patients.

Diuretics for cardiovascular prevention in the elderly.

High blood pressure (BP) is a major risk factor for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases in elderly subjects. Antihypertensive drugs have shown clinical benefit both in primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular events. If BP lowering represents the major determinant of the effects conferred by the antihypertensive treatment for prevention, recent studies have suggested some differences between classes of antihypertensive drugs according to age. Based on the available clinical data, the recent medical guidelines have recommended thiazide-type diuretics as the preferred drug for the treatment of elderly hypertensive patients, followed by long-acting calcium antagonists. Indeed, diuretics constitute one of the most valuable classes of antihypertensive drugs, and in the elderly, diuretic-based treatment studies have been clearly shown to prevent major cardiovascular events, including stroke, heart failure and coronary heart disease.