Potential role and therapeutic implications of glutathione peroxidase 4 in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.

Alzheimer's disease is an age-related neurodegenerative disorder with a complex and incompletely understood pathogenesis. Despite extensive research, a cure for Alzheimer's disease has not yet been found. Oxidative stress mediates excessive oxidative responses, and its involvement in Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis as a primary or secondary pathological event is widely accepted. As a member of the selenium-containing antioxidant enzyme family, glutathione peroxidase 4 reduces esterified phospholipid hydroperoxides to maintain cellular redox homeostasis. With the discovery of ferroptosis, the central role of glutathione peroxidase 4 in anti-lipid peroxidation in several diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, has received widespread attention. Increasing evidence suggests that glutathione peroxidase 4 expression is inhibited in the Alzheimer's disease brain, resulting in oxidative stress, inflammation, ferroptosis, and apoptosis, which are closely associated with pathological damage in Alzheimer's disease. Several therapeutic approaches, such as small molecule drugs, natural plant products, and non-pharmacological treatments, ameliorate pathological damage and cognitive function in Alzheimer's disease by promoting glutathione peroxidase 4 expression and enhancing glutathione peroxidase 4 activity. Therefore, glutathione peroxidase 4 upregulation may be a promising strategy for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. This review provides an overview of the gene structure, biological functions, and regulatory mechanisms of glutathione peroxidase 4, a discussion on the important role of glutathione peroxidase 4 in pathological events closely related to Alzheimer's disease, and a summary of the advances in small-molecule drugs, natural plant products, and non-pharmacological therapies targeting glutathione peroxidase 4 for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Most prior studies on this subject used animal models, and relevant clinical studies are lacking. Future clinical trials are required to validate the therapeutic effects of strategies targeting glutathione peroxidase 4 in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.

Dahuang Huanglian Xiexin Decoction ameliorates obesity via modulating adipocyte differentiation and lipid degradation through inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum stress.

Dahuang Huanglian Xiexin Decoction (DHXD) is the representative clinical formula for treating epigastric oppression. In this study, we aim to explore the effect of DHXD on obesity and attempt to investigate its potential mechanism. 3T3-L1 preadipocytes were differentiated and high-fat diet-induced obese rat model was established. DHXD was used for treatment and tunicamycin, the activator of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, was adopted to investigate the related regulatory mechanism. Cell viability was evaluated using CCK-8 assay. Oil-Red O staining was performed to determine lipid accumulation. Glycerol production and Triglyceride content were measured using their commercial kits. Western blot was conducted to examine the expression of critical proteins. Results indicated that DHXD could greatly reduce intracellular lipid droplets and triglyceride in differentiated 3T3-L1 cells. Moreover, the elevated expression of mature adipocytes markers, PPARγ, aP2, during adipogenesis was decreased by DHXD treatment. In addition, DHXD aggravated the lipolysis in differentiated 3T3-L1 cells, as evidenced by the upregulated ATGL expression and the downregulated HSL expression. Besides, DHXD inhibited endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in 3T3-L1 cells. Further experiments indicated that the impacts of DHXD on adipocyte differentiation and lipid degradation were partly abolished by tunicamycin. Finally, DHXD alleviated lipid accumulation and ER stress in obese rats. In conclusion, DHXD ameliorates obesity via modulating adipocyte differentiation and lipid degradation through inhibiting ER stress.

Enhanced Cr(VI) removal and stabilization from bioleached wastewater by zero-valent iron coupled with hetero and autotrophic bacteria.

Zero-valent iron (Fe0) usually suffers from organic acid complexation and ferrochrome layer passivation in Cr(VI) removal from bioleached wastewater of Cr slag. In this work, a synergetic system combined Fe0 and mixed hetero/autotrophic bacteria was established to reduce and stabilize Cr(VI) from bioleached wastewater. Due to bacterial consumption of organic acid and hydrogen, severe iron corrosion and structured-Fe(II) mineral generation (e.g., magnetite and green rust) occurred on biotic Fe0 surface in terms of solid-phase characterization, which was crucial for Cr(VI) adsorption and reduction. Therefore, compared with the abiotic Fe0 system, this integrated system exhibited a 6.1-fold increase in Cr(VI) removal, with heterotrophic reduction contributing 3.4-fold and abiotic part promoted by hydrogen-autotrophic bacteria enhancing 2.7-fold. After reaction, the Cr valence distribution and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy indicated that most Cr(VI) was converted into immobilized products such as FexCr1-x(OH)3, Cr2O3, and FeCr2O4 by biotic Fe0. Reoxidation experiment revealed that these products exhibited superior stability to the immobilized products generated by Fe0 or bacteria. Additionally, organic acid concentration and Fe0 dosage showed significantly positive correlation with Cr(VI) removal within the range of biological adaptation, which emphasized that heterotrophic and autotrophic bacteria acted essential roles in Cr(VI) removal. This work highlighted the enhanced effect of heterotrophic and autotrophic activities on Cr(VI) reduction and stabilization by Fe0 and offered a promising approach for bioleached wastewater treatment.

Urinary complement factor D is increased in primary malignant hypertension: a single-center, cross-sectional study.

Kidney injury is one of the detrimental consequences of primary malignant hypertension (pMHTN). There is a paucity of non-invasive biomarkers to enhance diagnosis and elucidate the underlying mechanisms. This study aims to explore urine protein biomarkers for pMHTN associated renal damage. In the discovery phase, urine samples were collected from 8 pMHTN, 19 disease controls (DCs), and 5 healthy controls (HCs). In-gel digestion combined with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) approach was used for identification of proteins associated with pMHTN. In the validation phase, the differentially expressed proteins were validated by ELISA assay in cohort with 10 pMHTN patients, 37 DCs, and 30 HCs. Compared to DCs and HCs, a specific band between 15 and 25 kDa was found in 7 out of 8 patients with pMHTN. Further LC-MS/MS analysis revealed 5 differentially expressed proteins. ELISA validation demonstrated that urinary complement factor D (CFD) was significantly up regulated in pMHTN. By receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, urinary CFD/Cr showed moderate potential in discriminating pMHTN from DCs (the area under curve: 0.822, 95% CI 0.618-0.962). Urinary CFD may be a potential biomarker for pMHTN with its elevation indicative of the activation of the alternative complement pathway in pMHTN.

Lateral Quadratus Lumborum Block Versus Acupuncture for Postcaesarean Analgesia: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

BACKGROUND: Improved pain control after caesarean section remains a challenging objective. Although both the lateral quadratus lumborum block and acupuncture have been reported to provide superior postoperative analgesia after caesarean section when compared to placebo, the efficacy of these techniques has never been compared head-to-head. OBJECTIVE: This study was conducted to investigate the comparative analgesic efficacy of lateral quadratus lumborum block and acupuncture following elective caesarean section. STUDY DESIGN: In this prospective, randomized, controlled clinical trial, a total of 190 patients with singleton term pregnancies scheduled for caesarean section under spinal-epidural anesthesia were enrolled. Patients were randomized 1:1 to acupuncture group or lateral quadratus lumborum block group. Lateral quadratus lumborum block group received bilateral lateral quadratus lumborum block with 0.33% ropivacaine and sham acupuncture, acupuncture group received transcutaneous electrical acupoint stimulation and press needle therapy and sham lateral quadratus lumborum block. All patients received the standard postoperative pain treatment. The primary outcome was pain scores on movement at 24 h. Secondary endpoints included pain scores in the first 48 h postoperatively, patient-controlled intravenous analgesia demands, analgesia-related adverse effects, postoperative complications, QoR-15, the time to mobilization, and gastrointestinal function. RESULTS: Median (IQR [range]) pain scores at 24 h on movement was similar in patients receiving acupuncture or lateral quadratus lumborum block (3 (2-4) vs. 3 (2-4), respectively; P = 0.40). Patient-controlled intravenous analgesia consumption and pain scores within 48 h postoperatively also showed no difference between the two groups. The acupuncture improved QoR-15 scores at 24 and 48 h postoperatively (P<0.001), as well as shortened the time to first flatus (P=0.03) and first drinking (P<0.001) compared to lateral quadratus lumborum block. In addition, the median time to mobilization in the lateral quadratus lumborum block group was markedly prolonged compare with acupuncture group (17.0 (15.0-19.0) h vs. 15.3 (13.3-17.0) h, estimated median difference, 1.5; 95%CI, 1-2; P<0.001;). CONCLUSIONS: As a component of multimodal analgesia regimen after caesarean section, acupuncture did not lower postoperative pain scores or reduce analgesic medication consumption compared to lateral quadratus lumborum block.

A Near-Infrared Fluorescent Dye with Tunable Emission Wavelength and Stokes Shift as a High-Sensitivity Cysteine Nanoprobe for Monitoring Ischemic Stroke.

Sulfur-substituted dicyanomethylene-4H-chromene (DCM) derivatives based on the intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) mechanism were designed as near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent dyes. Using the Knoevenagel condensation method, the S-DCM-OH(835) fluorescence dye was synthesized, which had an emission wavelength exceeding 800 nm and 220 nm of a Stokes shift. Compared to commercial ICG, S-DCM-OH(835) was not only synchronized in emission wavelength but also far superior in Stokes shifts. These advantages made the design of S-DCM-NIR(835) based on this dye potentially valuable for biological applications. Based on this chemical structure, a fluorescent S-DCM-NIR(835) nanoprobe with a mean diameter of 17.69 nm was fabricated as the NIR imaging nanoprobe. Results showed that the nanoprobe maintained the high-specificity identification of cysteine (Cys) via the Michael addition reaction, with the detection limitation of 0.11 µM endogenous Cys. More importantly, in an ischemic stroke mouse model, the S-DCM-NIR(835) nanoprobe could monitor the Cys concentration change at stroke lesion due to the disruption of Cys metabolism under the ischemic stroke condition. Such a S-DCM-NIR(835) nanoprobe could not only differentiate the severity of the ischemic stroke using response time but also quantify the concentration of Cys in real-time in vivo.

To analyze the relationship between gut microbiota, metabolites and migraine: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study.

Background: It has been suggested in several observational studies that migraines are associated with the gut microbiota. It remains unclear, however, how the gut microbiota and migraines are causally related. Methods: We performed a bidirectional two-sample mendelian randomization study. Genome-wide association study (GWAS) summary statistics for the gut microbiota were obtained from the MiBioGen consortium (n = 18,340) and the Dutch Microbiota Project (n = 7,738). Pooled GWAS data for plasma metabolites were obtained from four different human metabolomics studies. GWAS summary data for migraine (cases = 48,975; controls = 450,381) were sourced from the International Headache Genetics Consortium. We used inverse-variance weighting as the primary analysis. Multiple sensitivity analyses were performed to ensure the robustness of the estimated results. We also conducted reverse mendelian randomization when a causal relationship between exposure and migraine was found. Results: LachnospiraceaeUCG001 (OR = 1.12, 95% CI: 1.05-1.20) was a risk factor for migraine. Blautia (OR = 0.93, 95% CI: 0.88-0.99), Eubacterium (nodatum group; OR = 0.94, 95% CI: 0.90-0.98), and Bacteroides fragilis (OR = 0.97, 95% CI: 0.94-1.00) may have a suggestive association with a lower migraine risk. Functional pathways of methionine synthesis (OR = 0.89, 95% CI: 0.83-0.95) associated with microbiota abundance and plasma hydrocinnamate (OR = 0.85, 95% CI: 0.73-1.00), which are downstream metabolites of Blautia and Bacteroides fragilis, respectively, may also be associated with lower migraine risk. No causal association between migraine and the gut microbiota or metabolites was found in reverse mendelian randomization analysis. Both significant horizontal pleiotropy and significant heterogeneity were not clearly identified. Conclusion: This Mendelian randomization analysis showed that LachnospiraceaeUCG001 was associated with an increased risk of migraine, while some bacteria in the gut microbiota may reduce migraine risk. These findings provide a reference for a deeper comprehension of the role of the gut-brain axis in migraine as well as possible targets for treatment interventions.

HMG-CoA reductase is a potential therapeutic target for migraine: a mendelian randomization study.

Statins are thought to have positive effects on migraine but existing data are inconclusive. We aimed to evaluate the causal effect of such drugs on migraines using Mendelian randomization. We used four types of genetic instruments as proxies for HMG-CoA reductase inhibition. We included the expression quantitative trait loci of the HMG-CoA reductase gene and genetic variation within or near the HMG-CoA reductase gene region. Variants were associated with low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, apolipoprotein B, and total cholesterol. Genome-wide association study summary data for the three lipids were obtained from the UK Biobank. Comparable data for migraine were obtained from the International Headache Genetic Consortium and the FinnGen Consortium. Inverse variance weighting method was used for the primary analysis. Additional analyses included pleiotropic robust methods, colocalization, and meta-analysis. Genetically determined high expression of HMG-CoA reductase was associated with an increased risk of migraines (OR = 1.55, 95% CI 1.30-1.84, P = 6.87 × 10-7). Similarly, three genetically determined HMG-CoA reductase-mediated lipids were associated with an increased risk of migraine. These conclusions were consistent across meta-analyses. We found no evidence of bias caused by pleiotropy or genetic confounding factors. These findings support the hypothesis that statins can be used to treat migraine.

Diverse tillage practices with straw mulched management strategies to improve water use efficiency and maize productivity under a dryland farming system.

Straw mulching incorporation has a wide range of environmental benefits that make it an effective practice for sustainable agro-ecosystem in the semi-arid regions. There is an urgent need to improve the 13C-photosynthates distribution, water use efficiency (WUE) and maize canopy characteristics under the diverse tillage practices with straw mulched management strategies for sustainable intensification of maize production. The field study consists of three diverse tillage systems (RT: rotary tillage; CT, conventional tillage; MT, minimum tillage) with three straws mulching (NS: no straw mulch; SS: straw mulch on the soil surface; SI: straw incorporated into the soil) were assessed under the ridge-furrow rainfall harvesting system. Our results showed that the rotary tillage with straw incorporated into the soil significantly reduces the ET rate (11 %), and leaf rolling index; as a result considerably improves LAI, LEI, 13C-photosynthates distribution, N accumulation, and above ground biomass under various growth stages. The RTSI treatment significantly improved soil water storage, soil organic carbon (52 %, SOC), soil C storage (39 %, SCS), and NPK nutrients uptake (70 %, 62 %, and 69 %) of maize than observed for the rest of all other treatments, respectively. The RTSI treatment improves soil water balance, grain yield (53 %), biomass yield (37 %), WUEg (51 %), WUEb (35 %), nutrients uptake, and mitigating soil water depletion than the MTNS treatment. Although RTSS can achieve optimal soil water storage in the short term, RTSI has a great potential in improving soil carbon stability, canopy characteristics, soil water storage, and WUE, contributing to sustainable and intensive corn production in agricultural ecosystems in semi-arid regions.

A population-based cohort of drug exposures and adverse pregnancy outcomes in China (DEEP): rationale, design, and baseline characteristics.

The DEEP cohort is the first population-based cohort of pregnant population in China that longitudinally documented drug uses throughout the pregnancy life course and adverse pregnancy outcomes. The main goal of the study aims to monitor and evaluate the safety of drug use through the pregnancy life course in the Chinese setting. The DEEP cohort is developed primarily based on the population-based data platforms in Xiamen, a municipal city of 5 million population in southeast China. Based on these data platforms, we developed a pregnancy database that documented health care services and outcomes in the maternal and other departments. For identifying drug uses, we developed a drug prescription database using electronic healthcare records documented in the platforms across the primary, secondary and tertiary hospitals. By linking these two databases, we developed the DEEP cohort. All the pregnant women and their offspring in Xiamen are provided with health care and followed up according to standard protocols, and the primary adverse outcomes - congenital malformations - are collected using a standardized Case Report Form. From January 2013 to December 2021, the DEEP cohort included 564,740 pregnancies among 470,137 mothers, and documented 526,276 live births, 14,090 miscarriages and 6,058 fetal deaths/stillbirths and 25,723 continuing pregnancies. In total, 13,284,982 prescriptions were documented, in which 2,096 chemicals drugs, 163 biological products, 847 Chinese patent medicines and 655 herbal medicines were prescribed. The overall incidence rate of congenital malformations was 2.0% (10,444/526,276), while there were 25,526 (4.9%) preterm births and 25,605 (4.9%) live births with low birth weight.

Platelet Membrane-Coated r-SAK Improves Thrombolytic Efficacy by Targeting Thrombus.

Thrombolytic therapy is one of the most effective treatments for thrombus dissolution and recanalization of blocked vessels in thrombotic diseases. However, the application of the thrombolytic strategy has been limited due to unsatisfactory thrombolytic efficacy, relatively higher bleeding complications, and consequently restricted indications. Recombinant staphylokinase (r-SAK) is a third-generation thrombolytic agent produced by genetic engineering technology, which exhibits a better thrombolytic efficacy than urokinase and recombinant streptokinase. Inspired by the natural affinity of platelets in hemostasis and pathological thrombosis, we developed a platelet membrane (PM)-coated r-SAK (PM-r-SAK). Results from animal experiments and human in vitro studies showed that the PM-r-SAK had a thrombolytic efficacy equal to or better than its 4-fold dose of r-SAK. In a totally occluded rabbit femoral artery thrombosis model, the PM-r-SAK significantly shortened the initial recanalization time compared to the same dose and 4-fold dose of r-SAK. Regarding the recanalized vessels, the PM-r-SAK prolonged the time of reperfusion compared to the same dose and 4-fold dose of r-SAK, though the differences were not significant. An in vitro thrombolytic experiment demonstrated that the thrombolytic efficacy of PM-r-SAK could be inhibited by platelet-poor plasma from patients taking aspirin and ticagrelor. PM coating significantly improves the thrombolytic efficacy of r-SAK, which is related to the thrombus-targeting activity of the PM-r-SAK and can be inhibited by aspirin- and ticagrelor-treated plasma.

Association between the circulating very long-chain saturated fatty acid and cognitive function in older adults: findings from the NHANES.

BACKGROUND: Age-related cognitive decline has a significant impact on the health and longevity of older adults. Circulating very long-chain saturated fatty acids (VLSFAs) may actively contribute to the improvement of cognitive function. The objective of this study was to investigate the associations between arachidic acid (20:0), docosanoic acid (22:0), tricosanoic acid (23:0), and lignoceric acid (24:0) with cognitive function in older adults. METHODS: This study used a dataset derived from the 2011-2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). A total of 806 adults (≥ 60 years) were included who underwent comprehensive cognitive testing and plasma fatty acid measurements. Multivariable linear regression, restricted cubic spline (RCS), and interaction analyses were used to assess associations between VLSFAs and cognitive function. Partial Spearman' s correlation analysis was used to examine the correlations between VLSFAs and palmitic acid (16:0), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, total cholesterol, triglycerides, systemic inflammatory markers, and dietary nutrients. RESULTS: Multivariable linear regression analysis, adjusting for sociodemographic, clinical conditions, and lifestyle factors, showed that 22:0 and 24:0 levels were positively associated with better global cognitive function (ß = 0.37, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.01, 0.73; ß = 0.73, 95% CI = 0.29, 1.2, respectively) as well as better CEARD-DR Z-score (ß = 0.82, 95% CI = 0.36, 1.3 and ß = 1.2, 95% CI = 0.63, 1.8, respectively). RCS analysis showed linear associations between higher 22:0 and 24:0 levels and better cognitive performance in both global cognitive function and CERAD-DR tests. CONCLUSIONS: The study suggests that higher levels of 22:0 and 24:0 are associated with better global cognitive function in older adults. 22:0 and 24:0 may be important biomarkers for recognizing cognitive impairment, and supplementation with specific VLSFAs (22:0 and 24:0) may be an important intervention to improve cognitive function. Further studies are needed to elucidate the underlying biological mechanisms between VLSFAs and cognitive function.

Controllable Thrombolysis Using a Nanobubble-Imaging-Guided rtPA Targeted Delivery Strategy.

Objective: The objective of this work is to design and fabricate a novel multifunctional nanocarrier combining thrombus-targeted imaging and ultrasound-mediated drug delivery for the theranostics of thrombotic diseases. Impact Statement: This study develops a new technology that can accurately visualize the thrombus and deliver drugs with controllable properties to diagnose and treat thrombotic diseases. Introduction: Thrombotic diseases are a serious threat to human life and health. The diagnosis and treatment of thrombotic diseases have always been a challenge. In recent years, nanomedicine has brought new ideas and new methods for the theranostics of thrombotic diseases. However, there are also many problems need to be solved, such as biosafety and stability of nanocarriers, early diagnosis, and timely treatment of thrombotic diseases, difficulty in clinical translation. Methods: The S1P@CD-PLGA-rtPA nanobubbles (NBs) were prepared by integrating sulfur hexafluoride (SF6)-loaded poly (D, L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) NBs, cyclodextrin (CD), sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), and recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rtPA). Results: S1P@CD-PLGA-rtPA NBs had rapid and excellent thrombosis targeting imaging performance based on the specific interaction of S1P-S1PR1 (sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1). Furthermore, S1P@CD-PLGA-rtPA NBs that specifically targeting to the thrombosis regions could also respond to external ultrasound to achieve accurate and efficient delivery of rtPA to enhance the thrombolysis effectiveness and efficiency. Conclusion: This study proposes a new idea and strategy of targeting thrombus in rats via the specific interaction of S1P-S1PR1. On this basis, the acoustic response properties of bubble carriers could be fully utilized by combining thrombus-specific targeted imaging and ultrasound-mediated drug delivery for effective thrombolysis, which is expected to be applied in targeted diagnosis and treatment of thrombotic diseases in the future.

A case report of youth-onset lipoprotein glomerulopathy with APOE Chicago mutation.

BACKGROUND: This article reports an extremely rare case of lipoprotein glomerulopathy (LPG) with apolipoprotein E gene (APOE) Chicago mutation in a young Chinese male. Only five cases or families with APOE Chicago mutations have been reported in the literature. CASE PRESENTATION: The young male patient is manifested with nephrotic syndrome, accompanied by hyperlipidemia with a preferable increase in triglycerides and elevated ApoE level. Renal biopsy of the patient showed highly dilated glomerular capillaries filled with vacuolar lipids, segmentally fused podocyte foot processes, vacuolar degeneration of renal tubular epithelial cells and absence of electron-dense material, which indicates the diagnosis of LPG. Whole-exome gene sequencing identified the heterozygous mutation of NM_000041.4:c.494G > C (p.Arg165Pro), which is in the exon 4 of the APOE gene and also known as APOE Chicago mutation, a rare mutation of LPG. Further family pedigree gene analysis clarified that the mutation was inherited from the patient's mother, who does not have high ApoE levels or renal manifestations. This is also consistent with the incomplete penetrance of APOE gene mutations in LPG. Under lipid-lowering treatments, including a low-fat diet and fenofibrate, the patient's urinary protein was partially controlled, and the albumin level was recovered. CONCLUSION: Patients with nephrotic syndrome and elevated ApoE levels should be prompted into renal biopsy to avoid delay of appropriate treatment and unnecessary use of glucocorticoids. This case of LPG was diagnosed by renal biopsy and further verified with genetic sequencing. The timely diagnosis and treatment improved the patient's symptoms. This case is one of only six reported LPG cases or families with APOE Chicago mutation in the world.

Study on the Efficacy and Potential Mechanism of Topical Shen Bai Hair Growing Decoction against Androgenetic Alopecia Based on Ultrahigh Performance Liquid Chromatography Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry and RNA-seq.

Androgenetic alopecia (AGA) is a major problem that can happen to people of all ages, leading to psychological problems, such as anxiety and depression. Topical Shen Bai hair growing decoction (TSBHGD) is based on the pathogenesis of AGA, combined with Traditional Chinese Medicine theory, improved by the Tianjin Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated Hospital according to its clinical treatment experience. This study was designed to demonstrate the therapeutic efficacy of TSBHGD against AGA, analyze the chemical components of TSBHGD as well as the skin-retained and blood-retained components in mice after topical administration of TSBHGD, and clarify the mechanism of its therapeutic efficacy. It was demonstrated that TSBHGD could suppress TNF-α and IL-6 levels and improve pathological phenomena such as hair loss, reduced follicle density, and dermal thickness caused by testosterone solution. Totally 35 components were identified in TSBHGD extracts, 12 skin-retained components were identified in drug-containing skin, and 7 blood-retained components were identified in drug-containing plasma, according to ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Transcriptomic sequencing revealed that some of the genes in AGA mice had altered expression patterns, which could be reversed by TSBHGD. Through network pharmacology analysis, it was found that TSBHGD mainly regulated eight signaling pathways, among which the apoptosis signaling pathway ranked first with a significance of 0.00149. Finally, both Bcl-2 and Caspase family proteins in the apoptosis signaling pathway were examined by Western blot. It was confirmed that TSBHGD could inhibit the apoptosis level in AGA mice's skin tissue to exert an anti-AGA effect. This will facilitate the development of new-generation herbal compound formulas with precise efficacy and provide novel ideas for AGA therapy.

The impact of varying trolley case usage modes and weights on body posture.

OBJECTIVE: To study the body posture characteristics when walking with trolley case, and to explore the effects of different usage methods and weights of trolley case on body posture characteristics. METHODS: Fifteen subjects pushed and pulled(Condition 1 and 2) the case with three load weights of 10 %, 20 % and 30 % of their own body weight with 0 % no load as baseline for both conditions. The basic gait parameters, kinematic and kinetic data were collected using the VICON infrared motion capture system and a 3D force platform. Two repeated measures factor (condition×weight) analysis of variance was used for statistical analysis of the gait temporal and spatial parameters, as well as trunk angle, kinetic ground reaction force, shoulder joint force, and trunk moment. RESULTS: Significant condition*weight interactions were detected in DLST (Double Limb Stance Time) (F=5.341，P = 0.006), GRF (Ground Reaction Force) in frontal plane (F=10.507, p < 0.001) and vertical plane (F=3.751, p = 0.021), shoulder joint force in sagittal plane (F=21.129, p < 0.001), and flexion-extension angle of the trunk in the sagittal plane (F=4.888, p < 0.010). Significant main effects were detected in walking speed (F=35.842, p < 0.001), right support time (F=12.156, p < 0.001), left swing time (F=8.506, p < 0.001), left support time (F=1.122, p < 0.001), right step length (F=33.900, p < 0.001), and left step length (F=14.960, p < 0.001) under different weights. A significant main effect was detected in sagittal GRF (F=11.77, p < 0.001), trunk rotation angle (F=4.124, p = 0.016), amplitude of COM (F=2.993, p = 0.046), under different weights. CONCLUSION: When the weight of the case exceeds 20 % of the body weight, from the perspective of energy efficiency, the push method is more advantageous than the pull method. When walking with luggage, people tend to maintain the stability of their trunk posture by adjusting the force on their arms more often.

New-onset metabolic syndrome is associated with accelerated renal function decline partially through elevated uric acid: an epidemiological cohort study.

Background: The burden of metabolic syndrome (MetS) continues to rise globally and is associated with complications of multiple organ systems. We aimed to identify the association between changes in MetS status and accelerated renal function progression through a regional epidemiological survey in China, thus discovering influence factors with treatable potential. Methods: This study was a population-based survey conducted in 2008 and 2014, assessing a representative sample of 5,225 individuals from rural areas of China. They were divided into four subgroups according to their MetS status in 2008 and 2014 (Never, Previously abnormal, New-onset, and Consistent). Multivariate logistic regression and stratification analysis evaluated the relationship between clinical factors and renal function decline under different MetS statuses. Smooth curve fitting further addressed the role of serum uric acid, illustrating the vital turning point of uric acid levels in the background of renal function deterioration. Results: Of all groups of MetS states, the new-onset MetS showed the most significant eGFR decline, with a 6.66 ± 8.21 mL/min/1.73 m2 decrease over 6 years. The population with newly-onset MetS showed a considerable risk increase in delta eGFR with a beta coefficient of 1.66 (95%CI=1.09-2.23) after necessary correction. In searching for the drivers, the strength of the association was significantly reduced after additional adjustment for uric acid levels (ß=0.91, 95%CI=0.35-1.45). Regarding the turning point, uric acid levels exceeding 426 µmol/L were more significantly associated with the stepped-up deterioration of kidney function for those with new-onset MetS. Conclusion: Metabolic syndrome demonstrated a solid correlation with the progression of renal function, particularly in those with newly-onset MetS status. In addition to the diagnostic components of MetS, hyperuricemia could be used as a marker to identify the high risk of accelerating eGFR decline early. Furthermore, we suggested a potential renal benefit for the newly-onset MetS population when maintaining their serum uric acid level below the criteria for asymptomatic hyperuricemia.

Platelet Membrane Nanocarriers Cascade Targeting Delivery System to Improve Myocardial Remodeling Post Myocardial Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury.

Although treatments for myocardial infarction have advanced significantly, the global mortality due to ischemia and subsequent reperfusion injury remains high. Here, a platelet (PLT) membrane nanocarrier (PL720) that encapsulates L-arginine and FTY720 to facilitate the cascade-targeted delivery of these substances to the myocardial injury site and enable the controlled release of L-arginine and FTY720 is developed. Such an innovative approach shows enhanced cardioprotection through multiple target strategies involved in ischemia-reperfusion injury and late reperfusion inflammation. During the ischemia-reperfusion phase, PL720 targets and accumulates in damaged coronary arteries. PL720 rapidly releases L-arginine, stimulating endothelial cells to produce NO, thereby dilating blood vessels and promoting blood flow recovery, while FTY720's sustained release exerts anti-apoptotic effects. During the late reperfusion inflammatory phase, PL720 is captured by circulating inflammatory monocytes and transported into a deeper ischemic myocardial lesion. PL720 promotes macrophage polarization and accelerates the inflammatory repair. Furthermore, the issue of bradycardia associated with the clinical use of FTY720 is innovatively relieved. Therefore, PL720 is a vascular injury and inflammation dual targeting strategy, exhibiting significant potential for multi-targeted therapy and clinical translation for cardiac injury.

The effects of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F on renal outcomes in type 2 diabetic kidney disease patients with severe proteinuria: a single-center cohort study.

AIM: Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F (TwHF) has been shown to substantially reduce proteinuria in patients with diabetic kidney disease (DKD); however, the effect of TwHF on renal outcomes in DKD remains unknown. Accordingly, we aimed to establish the effects of TwHF on renal outcomes in patients with DKD. METHODS: Overall, 124 patients with DKD, induced by type 2 diabetes mellitus, with 24-h proteinuria > 2 g, and an estimated glomerular filtration rate > 30 mL/min/1.73 m2 were retrospectively investigated. The renal outcomes were defined as doubling serum creatinine levels or end-stage kidney disease. Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox regression analyses were performed to analyze prognostic factors for renal outcomes. RESULTS: By the end of the follow-up, renal outcomes were observed in 23 and 11 patients in the non-TwHF and TwHF groups, respectively (p = 0.006). TwHF significantly reduced the risk of renal outcomes (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 0.271, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.111-0.660, p = 0.004) in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) G3 (adjusted HR 0.274, 95%CI 0.081-0.932, p = 0.039). Based on the Kaplan-Meier analysis, 1- and 3-year proportions of patients without renal outcomes were significantly lower in the non-TwHF group than those in the TwHF group (92.8% vs. 95.5% and 47.2% vs. 76.8%, respectively; p = 0.0018). CONCLUSION: In DKD patients with severe proteinuria, TwHF could prevent DKD progression, especially in patients with CKD G3. A randomized clinical trial is needed to elucidate the benefits of TwHF on renal outcomes in patients with DKD.