Fabrication of sea urchin shaped polyaniline-modified magnetic microporous organic network for efficient extraction of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs from animal-derived food samples.

In this work, a novel polyaniline-modified magnetic microporous organic network (MMON-PANI) composite was fabricated for effective magnetic solid phase extraction (MSPE) of five typical nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) from animal-derived food samples before high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) detection. The core-shell sea urchin shaped MMON-PANI integrates the merits of Fe3O4, MON, and PANI, exhibiting large specific surface area, rapid magnetic responsiveness, good stability, and multiple binding sites to NSAIDs. Convenient and effective extraction of trace NSAIDs from chicken, beef and pork samples is realized on MMON-PANI via the synergetic π-π, hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic, and electrostatic interactions. Under optimal conditions, the MMON-PANI-MSPE-HPLC-UV method exhibits wide linear ranges (0.2-1000 µg L-1), low limits of detection (0.07-1.7 µg L-1), good precisions (intraday and inter-day RSDs < 5.4 %, n = 3), large enrichment factors (98.6-99.9), and less adsorbent consumption (3 mg). The extraction mechanism and selectivity of MMON-PANI are also evaluated in detail. This work proves the incorporation of PANI onto MMON is an efficient way to promote NSAIDs enrichment and provides a new strategy to synthesize multifunctional MON-based composites in sample pretreatment.

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Precipitation in the plum rain period accounts for 40%-50% of annual precipitation in the monsoon region. To clarify the temporal variability of the isotopic composition of precipitation during the plum rain period from event to interannual time scale and identify the influencing factors, we analyzed the isotopic composition of precipitation and its influencing factors in Nanjing from 2015 to 2022. By using the Hybrid Single-particle Lagran-gian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) model with specific humidity analysis, we investigated the water vapor source and influencing factors. The results showed that 1) the isotopic abundance of atmospheric precipitation was depleted in the summer and enriched in winter. dx was lower in summer and higher in winter. The isotopic abundance of precipitation from the plum rain was depleted compared to mean value of the whole-year. 2) There was no significant correlation between δ2H and δ18O of the plum rain (precipitation) with local meteorological factors. However, dx was lower in light rain, reflecting the effect of sub-cloud evaporation. The average dx was higher during plum rain period in years with more total plum rain precipitation. 3) The low-latitude South China Sea and the western Pacific Ocean source area provided water vapor for the plum rain. The shift of moisture source region led to abrupt changes in precipitation isotopes. Our results could provide data support for studies on precipitation isotopes in the monsoon region, as well as a reference point for further understanding the precipitation mechanism of the plum rain and stu-dying the seasonal variability of atmospheric circulation in the East Asian monsoon region.

Whole-genome sequencing of a worldwide collection of sugarcane cultivars (Saccharum spp.) reveals the genetic basis of cultivar improvement.

Sugarcane is the main source of sugar worldwide, and 80% of the sucrose production comes from sugarcane. However, the genetic differentiation and basis of agronomic traits remain obscure. Here, we sequenced the whole-genome of 219 elite worldwide sugarcane cultivar accessions. A total of approximately 6 million high-quality genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were detected. A genome-wide association study identified a total of 2198 SNPs that were significantly associated with sucrose content, stalk number, plant height, stalk diameter, cane yield, and sugar yield. We observed homozygous tendency of favor alleles of these loci, and over 80% of cultivar accessions carried the favor alleles of the SNPs or haplotypes associated with sucrose content. Gene introgression analysis showed that the number of chromosome segments from Saccharum spontaneum decreased with the breeding time of cultivars, while those from S. officinarum increased in recent cultivars. A series of selection signatures were identified in sugarcane improvement procession, of which 104 were simultaneously associated with agronomic traits and 45 of them were mainly associated with sucrose content. We further proposed that as per sugarcane transgenic experiments, ShN/AINV3.1 plays a positive role in increasing stalk number, plant height, and stalk diameter. These findings provide comprehensive resources for understanding the genetic basis of agronomic traits and will be beneficial to germplasm innovation, screening molecular markers, and future sugarcane cultivar improvement.

Enhanced long-term potentiation in the anterior cingulate cortex of tree shrew.

Synaptic plasticity is a key cellular model for learning, memory and chronic pain. Most previous studies were carried out in rats and mice, and less is known about synaptic plasticity in non-human primates. In the present study, we used integrative experimental approaches to study long-term potentiation (LTP) in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) of adult tree shrews. We found that glutamate is the major excitatory transmitter and α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionicacid (AMPA) receptors mediate postsynaptic responses. LTP in tree shrews was greater than that in adult mice and lasted for at least 5 h. N-methyl-d-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptors, Ca2+ influx and adenylyl cyclase 1 (AC1) contributed to tree shrew LTP. Our results suggest that LTP is a major form of synaptic plasticity in the ACC of primate-like animals. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Long-term potentiation: 50 years on'.

Increased gene dosage of RFWD2 causes autistic-like behaviors and aberrant synaptic formation and function in mice.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by impaired social interactions, communication deficits and repetitive behaviors. A study of autistic human subjects has identified RFWD2 as a susceptibility gene for autism, and autistic patients have 3 copies of the RFWD2 gene. The role of RFWD2 as an E3 ligase in neuronal functions, and its contribution to the pathophysiology of ASD, remain unknown. We generated RFWD2 knockin mice to model the human autistic condition of high gene dosage of RFWD2. We found that heterozygous knockin (Rfwd2+/-) male mice exhibited the core symptoms of autism. Rfwd2+/- male mice showed deficits in social interaction and communication, increased repetitive and anxiety-like behavior, and spatial memory deficits, whereas Rfwd2+/- female mice showed subtle deficits in social communication and spatial memory but were normal in anxiety-like, repetitive, and social behaviors. These autistic-like behaviors in males were accompanied by a reduction in dendritic spine density and abnormal synaptic function on layer II/III pyramidal neurons in the prelimbic area of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), as well as decreased expression of synaptic proteins. Impaired social behaviors in Rfwd2+/- male mice were rescued by the expression of ETV5, one of the major substrates of RFWD2, in the mPFC. These findings indicate an important role of RFWD2 in the pathogenesis of autism.

Rice husk and its derived biochar assist phytoremediation of heavy metals and PAHs co-contaminated soils but differently affect bacterial community.

In order to evaluate the feasibility of rice husk and rice husk biochar on assisting phytoremediation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and heavy metals (HMs) co-contaminated soils, a 150-day pot experiment planted with alfalfa was designed. Rice husk and its derived biochar were applied to remediate a PAHs, Zn, and Cr co-contaminated soil. The effects of rice husk and biochar on the removal and bioavailability of PAHs and HMs, PAH-ring hydroxylating dioxygenase gene abundance and bacterial community structure in rhizosphere soils were investigated. Results suggested that rice husk biochar had better performance on the removal of PAHs and immobilization of HMs than those of rice husk in co-contaminated rhizosphere soil. The abundance of PAH-degraders, which increased with the culture time, was positively correlated with PAHs removal. Rice husk biochar decreased the richness and diversity of bacterial community, enhanced the growth of Steroidobacter, Bacillus, and Sphingomonas in rhizosphere soils. However, Steroidobacter, Dongia and Acidibacter were stimulated in rice husk amended soils. According to the correlation analysis, Steroidobacter and Mycobacterium may play an important role in PAHs removal and HMs absorption. The combination of rice husk biochar and alfalfa would be a promising method to remediate PAHs and HMs co-contaminated soil.

Selective enhancement of fear extinction by inhibiting neuronal adenylyl cyclase 1 (AC1) in aged mice.

Adenylyl cyclase 1 (AC1) is a selective subtype of ACs, which is selectively expressed in neurons. The activation of AC1 is activity-dependent, and AC1 plays an important role in cortical excitation that contributes to chronic pain and related emotional disorders. Previous studies have reported that human-used NB001 (hNB001, a selective AC1 inhibitor) produced analgesic effects in different animal models of chronic pain. However, the potential effects of hNB001 on learning and memory have been less investigated. In the present study, we found that hNB001 affected neither the induction nor the expression of trace fear, but selectively enhanced the relearning ability during the extinction in aged mice. By contrast, the same application of hNB001 did not affect recent, remote auditory fear memory, or remote fear extinction in either adult or aged mice. Furthermore, a single or consecutive 30-day oral administration of hNB001 did not affect acute nociceptive response, motor function, or anxiety-like behavior in either adult or aged mice. Our results are consistent with previous findings that inhibition of AC1 did not affect general sensory, emotional, and motor functions in adult mice, and provide strong evidence that inhibiting the activity of AC1 may be beneficial for certain forms of learning and memory in aged mice.

Self-consistent force scheme in the spectral multiple-relaxation-time lattice Boltzmann model.

In the present work, the force term is first derived in the spectral multiple-relaxation-time high-order lattice Boltzmann model. The force term in the Boltzmann equation is expanded in the Hermite temperature rescaled central moment space (RCM), instead of the Hermite raw moment space (RM). The contribution of nonequilibrium RCM moments beyond second order are neglected. For the collision operator in the RCM space, each order of the force term can be incorporated directly. Through the transformation between the RCM space and the RM space, the force term for practical numerical implementation in the RM space can be derived. It can be demonstrated that the present force scheme is self-consistent for the isothermal flow and compressible thermal flow with adjustable Prandtl number via the numerical experiments.

PFKFB3 facilitates cell proliferation and migration in anaplastic thyroid carcinoma via the WNT/ß-catenin signaling pathway.

PURPOSE: Despite the involvement of 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-biphosphatase3 (PFKFB3) in the proliferation and metastasis of diverse tumor types, its biological functions and related molecular mechanisms in anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC) remain largely unclear. METHODS: Datasets from the Gene Expression Omnibus, the Cancer Genome Atlas and immunohistochemistry (IHC) analyses were employed to measure the expression level of PFKFB3 in ATC. A series of assays were performed to analyze the role of PFKFB3 and its inhibitor KAN0438757 in ATC cell proliferation and migration. Furthermore, Western blotting (WB), IHC and luciferase reporter assay were conducted to investigate the potential mechanisms underlying the involvement of PFKFB3 and KAN0438757 in ATC. Additionally, we established a subcutaneous xenograft tumor model in nude mice to evaluate the in vivo tumor growth. RESULTS: PFKFB3 exhibited a significant increase in its expression level in ATC tissues. The overexpression of PFKFB3 resulted in the stimulation of ATC cell proliferation and migration. Furthermore, this overexpression was associated with the elevated expression levels of p-AKT (ser473), p-GSK3α/ß (ser21/9), nuclear ß-catenin, fibronectin1 (FN1), matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP-9) and cyclin D1. It also promoted the nuclear translocation of ß-catenin and the transcription of downstream molecules. Conversely, contrasting results were observed with the downregulation or KAN0438757-mediated inhibition of PFKFB3 in ATC cells. The selective AKT inhibitor MK2206 was noted to reverse the increased expression of p-AKT (ser473) and p-GSK3α/ß (ser21/9) induced by PFKFB3 overexpression. The level of lactate was increased in PFKFB3-overexpressing ATC cells, while the presence of KAN0438757 inhibited lactate production. Moreover, the simultaneous use of PFKFB3 downregulation and KAN0438757 was found to suppress subcutaneous tumor growth in vivo. CONCLUSION: PFKFB3 can enhance ATC cell proliferation and migration via the WNT/ß-catenin signaling pathway and plays a crucial role in the regulation of aerobic glycolysis in ATC cells.

Machine learning assisted rational design of antimicrobial peptides based on human endogenous proteins and their applications for cosmetic preservative system optimization.

Preservatives are essential components in cosmetic products, but their safety issues have attracted widespread attention. There is an urgent need for safe and effective alternatives. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are part of the innate immune system and have potent antimicrobial properties. Using machine learning-assisted rational design, we obtained a novel antibacterial peptide, IK-16-1, with significant antibacterial activity and maintaining safety based on ß-defensins. IK-16-1 has broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans, and has no haemolytic activity. The use of IK-16-1 holds promise in the cosmetics industry, since it can serve as a preservative synergist to reduce the amount of other preservatives in cosmetics. This study verified the feasibility of combining computational design with artificial intelligence prediction to design AMPs, achieving rapid screening and reducing development costs.

Genome-wide association study of kernel colour traits and mining of elite alleles from the major loci in maize.

BACKGROUND: Maize kernel colour is an important index for evaluating maize quality and value and mainly entails two natural pigments, carotenoids and anthocyanins. To analyse the genetic mechanism of maize kernel colour and mine single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) related to kernel colour traits, an association panel including 244 superior maize inbred lines was used to measure and analyse the six traits related to kernel colour in two environments and was then combined with the about 3 million SNPs covering the whole maize genome in this study. Two models (Q + K, PCA + K) were used for genome-wide association analysis (GWAS) of kernel colour traits. RESULTS: We identified 1029QTLs, and two SNPs contained in those QTLs were located in coding regions of Y1 and R1 respectively, two known genes that regulate kernel colour. Fourteen QTLs which contain 19 SNPs were within 200 kb interval of the genes involved in the regulation of kernel colour. 13 high-confidence SNPs repeatedly detected for specific traits, and AA genotypes of rs1_40605594 and rs5_2392770 were the most popular alleles appeared in inbred lines with higher levels. By searching the confident interval of the 13 high-confidence SNPs, a total of 95 candidate genes were identified. CONCLUSIONS: The genetic loci and candidate genes of maize kernel colour provided in this study will be useful for uncovering the genetic mechanism of maize kernel colour, gene cloning in the future. Furthermore, the identified elite alleles can be used to molecular marker-assisted selection of kernel colour traits.

Amide and carboxyl dual-functionalized magnetic microporous organic networks for efficient extraction of cephalosporins.

Cephalosporins (CEFs) are a class of widely used toxic antibiotics. Development of a rapid and sensitive method for detecting trace CEF residues in food samples is still challenging. Herein, we report preparation of an amide and carboxyl groups dual-functionalized core-shelled magnetic microporous organic network MMON-COOH-2CONH for efficient magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) of CEFs from milk powder samples. Under optimal conditions, the established MMON-COOH-2CONH-MSPE-HPLC-UV method owns wide linear range (3-10000 µg kg-1), low limits of detection (1-3 µg kg-1), large enrichment factors (93.9-99.4), low adsorbent consumption (3 mg), and short extraction time (6 min). Synergistic extraction mechanisms of ionic bonding, hydrogen bonding, π-π, and hydrophobic interactions were elucidated by both theoretical density functional theory calculations and experimental data. This study confirms that preparation of dual-functionalized MMONs and introduction of ionic groups are feasible to promote MMONs application in sample pretreatment.

Brain microvascular endothelial cell-derived exosomes transmitting circ_0000495 promote microglial M1-polarization and endothelial cell injury under hypoxia condition.

Human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMVECs) and microglia play critical roles in regulating cerebral homeostasis during ischemic stroke. However, the role of HBMVECs-derived exosomes in microglia polarization after stroke remains unknown. We isolated exosomes (Exos) from oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD)-exposed HBMVECs, before added them into microglia. Microglia polarization markers were tested using RT-qPCR or flow cytometry. Inflammatory cytokines were measured with ELISA. Endothelial cell damage was assessed by cell viability, apoptosis, apoptosis-related proteins, oxidative stress, and angiogenic activity using CCK-8, flow cytometry, western blot, ELISA, and endothelial tube formation assay, respectively. We also established middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) mice model to examine the function of circ_0000495 on stroke in vivo. Our study found that HBMVECs-Exos reduced M2 markers (IL-10, CD163, and CD206), increased M1 markers (TNF-α, IL-1ß, and IL-12), CD86-positive cells, and inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-1ß), indicating the promotion of microglial M1-polarization. Microglial M1-polarization induced by HBMVECs-Exos reduced viability and promoted apoptosis and oxidative stress, revealing the aggravation of endothelial cell damage. However, circ_0000495 silencing inhibited HBMVECs-Exos-induced alterations. Mechanistically, circ_0000495 adsorbed miR-579-3p to upregulate toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in microglia; miR-579-3p suppressed HBMVECs-Exos-induced alterations via declining TLR4; furthermore, Yin Yang 1 (YY1) transcriptionally activated circ_0000495 in HBMVECs. Importantly, circ_0000495 aggravated ischemic brain injury in vivo via activating TLR4/nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathway. Collectively, OGD-treated HBMVECs-Exos transmitted circ_0000495 to regulate miR-579-3p/TLR4/NF-κB axis in microglia, thereby facilitating microglial M1-polarization and endothelial cell damage.

Activation of 5-HT5A receptor in the ventrolateral orbital cortex produces antinociceptive effects in rat models of neuropathic and inflammatory pain.

The ventrolateral orbital cortex (VLO) is identified as an integral component of the endogenous analgesic system comprising a spinal cord - thalamic nucleus submedius - VLO - periaqueductal gray (PAG) - spinal cord loop. The present study investigates the effects of 5-HT5A receptor activation in the VLO on allodynia induced by spared nerve injury and formalin-evoked flinching behavior and spinal c-Fos expression in male SD rats, and further examines whether GABAergic modulation is involved in the effects evoked by VLO 5-HT5A receptor activation. We found an upregulation of 5-HT5A receptor expression in the VLO during neuropathic and inflammatory pain states. Microinjection of the non-selective 5-HT5A receptor agonist 5-CT into the VLO dose dependently alleviated allodynia, and flinching behavior and spinal c-Fos expression, which were blocked by the selective 5-HT5A receptor antagonist SB-699551. Moreover, application of the GABAA receptor antagonist bicuculline in the VLO augmented the analgesic effects induced by 5-CT in neuropathic and inflammatory pain states, whereas the GABAA receptor agonist muscimol attenuated these analgesic effects. Additionally, the 5-HT5A receptors were found to be colocalized with GABAergic neurons in the VLO. These results provide new evidence for the involvement of central 5-HT5A receptors in the VLO in modulation of neuropathic and inflammatory pain and support the hypothesis that activation of 5-HT5A receptors may inhibit the inhibitory effect of GABAergic interneurons on output neurons projecting to the PAG (GABAergic disinhibitory mechanisms), consequently activating the brainstem descending inhibitory system that depresses nociceptive transmission at the spinal cord level.

Genetic dissection of maize (Zea maysL.) trace element traits using genome-wide association studies.

Maize (Zea mays L.) is an important food and feed crop worldwide and serves as a a vital source of biological trace elements, which are important breeding targets. In this study, 170 maize materials were used to detect QTNs related to the content of Mn, Fe and Mo in maize grains through two GWAS models, namely MLM_Q + K and MLM_PCA + K. The results identified 87 (Mn), 205 (Fe), and 310 (Mo) QTNs using both methods in the three environments. Considering comprehensive factors such as co-location across multiple environments, strict significance threshold, and phenotypic value in multiple environments, 8 QTNs related to Mn, 10 QTNs related to Fe, and 26 QTNs related to Mo were used to identify 44 superior alleles. Consequently, three cross combinations with higher Mn element, two combinations with higher Fe element, six combinations with higher Mo element, and two combinations with multiple element (Mn/Fe/Mo) were predicted to yield offspring with higher numbers of superior alleles, thereby increasing the likelihood of enriching the corresponding elements. Additionally, the candidate genes identified 100 kb downstream and upstream the QTNs featured function and pathways related to maize elemental transport and accumulation. These results are expected to facilitate the screening and development of high-quality maize varieties enriched with trace elements, establish an important theoretical foundation for molecular marker assisted breeding and contribute to a better understanding of the regulatory network governing trace elements in maize.

Activation of the glutamatergic cingulate cortical-cortical connection facilitates pain in adult mice.

The brain consists of the left and right cerebral hemispheres and both are connected by callosal projections. Less is known about the basic mechanism of this cortical-cortical connection and its functional importance. Here we investigate the cortical-cortical connection between the bilateral anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) by using the classic electrophysiological and optogenetic approach. We find that there is a direct synaptic projection from one side ACC to the contralateral ACC. Glutamate is the major excitatory transmitter for bilateral ACC connection, including projections to pyramidal cells in superficial (II/III) and deep (V/VI) layers of the ACC. Both AMPA and kainate receptors contribute to synaptic transmission. Repetitive stimulation of the projection also evoked postsynaptic Ca2+ influx in contralateral ACC pyramidal neurons. Behaviorally, light activation of the ACC-ACC connection facilitated behavioral withdrawal responses to mechanical stimuli and noxious heat. In an animal model of neuropathic pain, light inhibitory of ACC-ACC connection reduces both primary and secondary hyperalgesia. Our findings provide strong direct evidence for the excitatory or facilitatory contribution of ACC-ACC connection to pain perception, and this mechanism may provide therapeutic targets for future treatment of chronic pain and related emotional disorders.

[Soil Heavy Metal Contamination, Sources, and Health Risk of Typical Drinking Water Sources in the Suspended Reach of the Lower Yellow River].

With the implementation of ecological protection and a high-quality development strategy in the Yellow River Basin, the environmental conditions around the Yellow River have attracted wide attention from scholars. In this study, the soil of drinking water sources(Heichi and Liuchi) in the typical suspended reach of the lower reaches of the Yellow River was selected as the research object. The geo-accumulation index and pollution load index were used to analyze the pollution characteristics of seven heavy metals(Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, and As), and correlation analysis, principal component analysis, and absolute factor score-multiple linear regression(APCS-MLR) were employed to reveal the sources of soil heavy metals from both qualitative and quantitative perspectives. The health risk assessment model recommended by the United States Environmental Protection Agency(USEPA) was used to analyze the impact of soil heavy metals on human health, and the contribution rate of pollution sources to health risks was analyzed by combining the APCS-MLR model. The results showed that the average values of ω(Cr), ω(Ni), ω(Cu), ω(Zn), ω(Cd), ω(Pb), and ω(As) in the soil around the water source were 60.27, 30.00, 35.14, 77.75, 0.38, 21.74, and 9.70 mg·kg-1, respectively. Except for As, the contents of Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb were higher than the background values of soil elements in the fluvo-aquic soil area of the lower Yellow River, whereas the contents of Cu and Zn in the soil around Liuchi were significantly higher than those in Heichi. Both the geo-accumulation index and the single-factor index showed that the black pond and the willow pond were slightly polluted by heavy metals, and Cd was the main pollution factor. The pollution load index model showed that the number of non-polluted and mildly polluted samples in the study area accounted for 5% and 95% of the total samples, respectively, indicating that the study area was at a mild pollution level. The source apportionment showed that Cr, Ni, Cu, and As were mainly affected by parent materials. The analysis results of the APCS-MLR model showed that the soil pollutants in the study area were mainly from natural sources, traffic sources, agricultural sources, and unknown sources, and their contribution rates were 42.95%, 23.39%, 16.95%, and 16.71%, respectively. The health risk assessment showed that As was the main non-carcinogenic factor, and Ni was the main carcinogenic factor. The non-carcinogenic risk of heavy metals to adults and children was negligible, and there was a tolerable carcinogenic risk to the human body. For both adults and children, the non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risk contribution rates of the four pollution sources were:natural sources>unknown sources>traffic sources>agricultural sources, among which natural sources contributed the most to non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks. Therefore, it is of great significance to study the characteristics, sources, and effects of soil pollution on human health around the water source area of the suspended reach of the lower reaches of the Yellow River, which is of great significance for the protection of water sources and provides theoretical support for the high-quality development of the ecological environment along the Yellow River.

The Application of Computer Technology to Clinical Practice Guideline Implementation: A Scoping Review.

Implementation of clinical practice guidelines (CPG) is a complex and challenging task. Computer technology, including artificial intelligence (AI), has been explored to promote the CPG implementation. This study has reviewed the main domains where computer technology and AI has been applied to CPG implementation. PubMed, Embase, Web of science, the Cochrane Library, China National Knowledge Infrastructure database, WanFang DATA, VIP database, and China Biology Medicine disc database were searched from inception to December 2021. Studies involving the utilization of computer technology and AI to promote the implementation of CPGs were eligible for review. A total of 10429 published articles were identified, 117 met the inclusion criteria. 21 (17.9%) focused on the utilization of AI techniques to classify or extract the relative content of CPGs, such as recommendation sentence, condition-action sentences. 47 (40.2%) focused on the utilization of computer technology to represent guideline knowledge to make it understandable by computer. 15 (12.8%) focused on the utilization of AI techniques to verify the relative content of CPGs, such as conciliation of multiple single-disease guidelines for comorbid patients. 34 (29.1%) focused on the utilization of AI techniques to integrate guideline knowledge into different resources, such as clinical decision support systems. We conclude that the application of computer technology and AI to CPG implementation mainly concentrated on the guideline content classification and extraction, guideline knowledge representation, guideline knowledge verification, and guideline knowledge integration. The AI methods used for guideline content classification and extraction were pattern-based algorithm and machine learning. In guideline knowledge representation, guideline knowledge verification, and guideline knowledge integration, computer techniques of knowledge representation were the most used.

Influence of copper and aging on freely dissolved tetracycline concentration in soil.

Copper (Cu) and tetracyclines (TCs) often coexist in agricultural soils because of the use of manures on farmland; however, the influence of Cu on the bioavailability of TCs is still unclear, especially for cases with aging Cu. The freely dissolved concentrations (FDCs) of TCs are believed to be directly related to their bioavailability. In the present study, the FDCs of TCs were determined using organic-diffusive gradients in thin films (o-DGT), and the influence of Cu on the FDCs of TCs in soils was evaluated. The results showed that the FDCs of tetracycline (TC), oxytetracycline (OTC), and chlortetracycline (CTC) were 0.11-0.93, 0.28-1.02, and 0.24-0.53 µg/kg in the CK groups (no Cu added) and accounted for 0.09-0.58, 0.10-1.40, and 0.05-1.19‰ of their total concentrations which ranged from 0.2 to 10.0 mg/kg for TC, OTC, and CTC, respectively. The co-contamination of Cu reduced the FDCs of TCs in most cases, and aging increased the influence of Cu. The presence of Cu resulted in a decrease in the TC FDC by 35.48-95.04% in aged soils and 3.42-87.19% in newly prepared soils. FTIR analysis revealed that aging facilitated the bonding of Cu to soil particles via Cu-O, and Cu bonded to groups such as hydroxyl groups (-OH) in TCs. Our results suggested that the presence of Cu might reduce the bioavailability of TCs, and aging would enhance these effects. This is helpful for the bioavailability analysis of TCs under co-contamination of heavy metals.