Enhanced Oxygen Accumulation for a Hydrophobic Cathode in Lean-Oxygen Seawater Batteries.

The unsatisfactory oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) kinetics caused by the inherent lean-oxygen marine environment brings low power density for metal-dissolved oxygen seawater batteries (SWBs). In this study, we propose a seawater/electrode interfacial engineering strategy by constructing a hydrophobic coating to realize enhanced mass transfer of dissolved oxygen for the fully immersed cathode of SWBs. Accumulation of dissolved oxygen from seawater to the catalyst is particularly beneficial for improving the ORR performance under lean-oxygen conditions. As a result, SWB assembled with a hydrophobic cathode achieved a power density of up to 2.32 mW cm-2 and sustained discharge at 1.3 V for 250 h. Remarkably, even in environments with an oxygen concentration of 4 mg L-1, it can operate at a voltage approximately 100 mV higher than that of an unmodified SWB. The introduction of a hydrophobic interface enhances the discharge voltage and power of SWBs by improving interfacial oxygen mass transfer, providing new insights into improving the underwater ORR performance for practical SWBs.

Switching Hydrophobic Interface with Ionic Valves for Reversible Zinc Batteries.

Developing hydrophobic interface has proven effective in addressing dendrite growth and side reactions during zinc (Zn) plating in aqueous Zn batteries. However, this solution inadvertently impedes the solvation of Zn2+ with H2O and subsequent ionic transport during Zn stripping, leading to insufficient reversibility. Herein, an adaptive hydrophobic interface that can be switched "on" and "off" by ionic valves to accommodate the varying demands for interfacial H2O during both the Zn plating and stripping processes, is proposed. This concept is validated using octyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (C8TAB) as the ionic valve, which can initiatively establish and remove a hydrophobic interface in response to distinct electric-field directions during Zn plating and stripping, respectively. Consequently, the Zn anode exhibits an extended cycling life of over 2500 h with a high Coulombic efficiency of ≈99.8%. The full cells also show impressive capacity retention of over 85% after 1 000 cycles at 5 A g-1. These findings provide a new insight into interface design for aqueous metal batteries.

Journal requirement for data sharing statements in clinical trials: a cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVES: Data sharing statements are considered routine in clinical trial reporting and represent a step toward data transparency. The International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) required clinical trials to publish data sharing statements. We aimed to assess the requirement for data sharing statements of individual participant data by biomedical journals and explore associations between journal characteristics and journal requirements for data sharing statements. STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING: In this cross-sectional study, we included all biomedical journals that published clinical trials from January 1, 2019, to December 31, 2022, and that were indexed by the Journal Citation Reports. The study outcome was the journal requirement for data sharing statements. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to assess the relationship between journal characteristics and requirement for data sharing statements. RESULTS: Of the 3229 biomedical journals included in the analysis, 2345 (72.6%) required authors to include data sharing statements. Journals published in the UK (OR, 3.19 [95% CI, 2.43-4.22]) and endorsing the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (OR, 3.30 [95% CI, 2.78-3.92]) had greater odds of requiring data sharing statements. Journals that were open access, non-English language, in the Journal Citation Reports group of clinical medicine, and on the ICMJE list had lower odds of requiring data sharing statements, with ORs ranging from 0.18 to 0.81. CONCLUSION: Despite ICMJE recommendations, more than 27% of the biomedical journals that published clinical trials did not require clinical trials to include data sharing statements, highlighting room for improved transparency.

Biyang floral mushroom-derived exosome-like nanovesicles: characterization, absorption stability and ionizing radiation protection.

Diet-derived exosome-like nanovesicles are a class of natural active substances that have similar structures and functions to mammalian exosomes. Biyang floral mushrooms and their active extracts have been found to possess radioprotective effects and to deeply explore their novel active substances, the radioprotective effects of Biyang floral mushroom-derived exosome-like nanovesicles (BFMELNs) were investigated in this study. Results showed that these surface-negatively charged vesicles possessed an ideal size and good stability against environmental changes such as temperature and gastrointestinal digestion. Furthermore, BFMELNs could effectively be taken up by HL-7702 cells and Caco-2 cells through cellular phagocytosis mediated by clathrin and dynein. Emphatically, BFMELNs with an exosome-like morphology contained RNA, proteins, lipids, polyphenols and flavonoids to exert good antioxidant and radioprotective effects in vitro. Meanwhile, BFMELNs also exhibited good radioprotective effects by restoring peripheral blood indexes, mitigating damage to organs, and regulating the redox state in mice. Collectively, BFMELNs showed promise as novel and natural radioprotective nano-agents for preventing IR-induced oxidative stress damage.

Protective role of TRPV2 in synaptic plasticity through the ERK1/2-CREB-BDNF pathway in chronic unpredictable mild stress rats.

PURPOSE: Chronic stress is a significant risk factor for mood disorders such as depression, where synaptic plasticity plays a central role in pathogenesis. Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid Type-2 (TRPV2) Ion Channels are implicated in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis disorders. Previous proteomic analysis indicated a reduction in TRPV2 levels in the chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) rat model, yet its role in synaptic plasticity during depression remains to be elucidated. This study aims to investigate TRPV2's role in depression and its underlying mechanisms. METHODS: In vivo and in vitro experiments were conducted using the TRPV2-specific agonist probenecid and ERK1/2 inhibitors SCH772984. In vivo, rats underwent six weeks of CUMS before probenecid administration. Depressive-like behaviors were assessed through behavioral tests. ELISA kits measured 5-HT, DA, NE levels in rat hippocampal tissues. Hippocampal morphology was examined via Nissl staining. In vitro, rat hippocampal neuron cell lines were treated with ERK1/2 inhibitors SCH772984 and probenecid. Western blot, immunofluorescence, immunohistochemical staining, and RT-qPCR assessed TRPV2 expression, neurogenesis-related proteins, synaptic markers, and ERK1/2-CREB-BDNF signaling proteins. RESULTS: Decreased hippocampal TRPV2 levels were observed in CUMS rats. Probenecid treatment mitigated depressive-like behavior and enhanced hippocampal 5-HT, NE, and DA levels in CUMS rats. TRPV2 activation countered CUMS-induced synaptic plasticity inhibition. Probenecid activated the ERK1/2-CREB-BDNF pathway, suggesting TRPV2's involvement in this pathway via ERK1/2. CONCLUSION: These findings indicate that TRPV2 activation offers protective effects against depressive-like behaviors and enhances hippocampal synaptic plasticity in CUMS rats via the ERK1/2-CREB-BDNF pathway. TRPV2 emerges as a potential therapeutic target for depression.

iPP/HDPE blends compatibilized by a polyester: An unconventional concept to valuable products.

Polyolefins are the most widely used plastics accounting for a large fraction of the polymer waste stream. Although reusing polyolefins seems to be a logical choice, their recycling level remains disappointingly low. This is mainly due to the lack of large-scale availability of efficient and inexpensive compatibilizers for mixed polyolefin waste, typically consisting of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and isotactic polypropylene (iPP) that, despite their similar chemical hydrocarbon structure, are immiscible. Here, we describe an unconventional approach of using polypentadecalactone, a straightforward and simple-to-produce aliphatic polyester, as a compatibilizer for iPP/HDPE blends, especially the brittle iPP-rich ones. The unexpectedly effective compatibilizer transforms brittle iPP/HDPE blends into unexpectedly tough materials that even outperform the reference HDPE and iPP materials. This simple approach creates opportunities for upcycling polymer waste into valuable products.

Thermal evaporation-driven fabrication of Ru/RuO2 nanoparticles onto nickel foam for efficient overall water splitting.

Developing high-performance bifunctional electrocatalysts towards the hydrogen evolution reaction/oxygen evolution reaction (HER/OER) holds great significance for efficient water splitting. This work presents a two-stage metal-organic thermal evaporation strategy for the fabrication of Ru-based catalysts (Ru/NF) through growing ruthenium (Ru)/ruthenium dioxide (RuO2) nanoparticles (NPs) on nickel foam (NF). The optimal Ru/NF shows remarkable performance in both the HER (26.1 mV) and the OER (235.4 mV) at 10 mA cm-2 in an alkaline medium. The superior OER performance can be attributed to the synergistic interaction between Ru and RuO2, facilitating fast alkaline water splitting. Density functional theory studies reveal that the resulting Ru/RuO2 with the (110) crystal surface reinforces the adsorption of oxygen on RuO2, while metallic Ru improves water dissociation in alkaline electrolytes. Besides, Ru/NF requires only 1.50 V at 10 mA cm-2 for overall water splitting, surpassing 20 wt% Pt/C/NF||RuO2/NF. This work demonstrates the promising potential of a thermal evaporation approach for designing stable Ru-based nanomaterials loaded onto conductive substrates for high performance overall water splitting.

Structural characterization of a glycoprotein from white jade snails (Achatina Fulica) and its wound healing activity.

Snail mucus is rich in proteins and polysaccharides, which has been proved to promote wound healing in mice in our previous research. The aim of this study was to investigate the effective component in snail mucus that can exert the wound healing potential and its structural characterization. Here, the glycoprotein from the snail mucus (SM1S) was obtained by DEAE-Sepharose Fast Flow and Sephacryl S-300 columns. The structural characteristics of SM1S were investigated via chromatographic techniques, periodic acid oxidation, FT-IR spectroscopy and NMR spectroscopy. Results showed that SM1S was a glycoprotein with a molecular weight of 3.8 kDa (83.23 %), consists of mannose, glucuronic acid, glucose, galactose, xylose, arabinose, fucose at a ratio of 13.180:4.875:1043.173:7.552:1:3.501:2.058. In addition, the periodic acid oxidation and NMR analysis showed that SM1S contained 1,6-glycosidic bonds, and might also contain 1 â†’ 4 and 1 â†’ 2 glycosidic or 1 â†’ 3 glycosidic bonds. Furthermore, the migration experiment of human skin fibroblasts in vitro suggested that SM1S had a good effect to accelerate the scratch healing of cells. This study suggested that SM1S may be a prospective candidate as a natural wound dressing for the development of snail mucus products.

Combined exposure with microplastics increases the toxic effects of PFOS and its alternative F-53B in adult zebrafish.

Microplastics (MPs) can adsorb and desorb organic pollutants, which may alter their biotoxicities. Although the toxicity of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and its alternative 6:2 chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonate (F-53B) to organisms has been reported, the comparative study of their combined toxic effects with MPs on aquatic organisms is limited. In this study, adult female zebrafish were exposed to 10 µg/L PFOS/F-53B and 50 µg/L MPs alone or in combination for 14 days to investigate their single and combined toxicities. The results showed that the presence of MPs reduced the concentration of freely dissolved PFOS and F-53B in the exposure solution but did not affect their bioaccumulation in the zebrafish liver and gut. The combined exposure to PFOS and MPs had the greatest impact on liver oxidative stress, immunoinflammatory, and energy metabolism disorders. 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis revealed that the combined exposure to F-53B and MPs had the greatest impact on gut microbiota. Functional enrichment analysis predicted that the alternations in the gut microbiome could interfere with signaling pathways related to immune and energy metabolic processes. Moreover, significant correlations were observed between changes in gut microbiota and immune and energy metabolism indicators, highlighting the role of gut microbiota in host health. Together, our findings demonstrate that combined exposure to PFOS/F-53B and MPs exacerbates liver immunotoxicity and disturbances in energy metabolism in adult zebrafish compared to single exposure, potentially through dysregulation of gut microbiota.

Missing Outcome Data in Recent Perinatal and Neonatal Clinical Trials.

Missing outcome data in clinical trials may jeopardize the validity of the trial results and inferences for clinical practice. Although sick and preterm newborns are treated as a captive patient population during their stay in the NICUs, their long-term outcomes are often ascertained after discharge. This greatly increases the risk of attrition. We surveyed recently published perinatal and neonatal randomized trials in 7 high-impact general medical and pediatric journals to review the handling of missing primary outcome data and any choice of imputation methods. Of 87 eligible trials in this survey, 77 (89%) had incomplete primary outcome data. The missing outcome data were not discussed at all in 9 reports (12%). Most study teams restricted their main analysis to participants with complete information for the primary outcome (61 trials; 79%). Only 38 of the 77 teams (49%) performed sensitivity analyses using a variety of imputation methods. We conclude that the handling of missing primary outcome data was frequently inadequate in recent randomized perinatal and neonatal trials. To improve future approaches to missing outcome data, we discuss the strengths and limitations of different imputation methods, the appropriate estimation of sample size, and how to deal with data withdrawal. However, the best strategy to reduce bias from missing outcome data in perinatal and neonatal trials remains prevention. Investigators should anticipate and preempt missing data through careful study design, and closely monitor all incoming primary outcome data for completeness during the conduct of the trial.

Relationship between trajectories of dietary iron intake and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: evidence from a prospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: The association between dietary iron intake and the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) remains inconsistent. In this study, we aimed to investigate the relationship between trajectories of dietary iron intake and risk of T2DM. METHODS: This study comprised a total of 61,115 participants without a prior T2DM from the UK Biobank database. We used the group-based trajectory model (GBTM) to identify different dietary iron intake trajectories. Cox proportional hazards models were used to evaluate the relationship between trajectories of dietary iron intake and risk of T2DM. RESULTS: During a mean follow-up of 4.8 years, a total of 677 T2DM events were observed. Four trajectory groups of dietary iron intake were characterized by the GBTM: trajectory group 1 (with a mean dietary iron intake of 10.9 mg/day), 2 (12.3 mg/day), 3 (14.1 mg/day) and 4 (17.6 mg/day). Trajectory group 3 was significantly associated with a 38% decreased risk of T2DM when compared with trajectory group 1 (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.62, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.49-0.79), while group 4 was significantly related with a 30% risk reduction (HR = 0.70, 95% CI: 0.54-0.91). Significant effect modifications by obesity (p = 0.04) and history of cardiovascular disease (p < 0.01) were found to the relationship between trajectories of dietary iron intake and the risk of T2DM. CONCLUSIONS: We found that trajectories of dietary iron intake were significantly associated with the risk of T2DM, where the lowest T2DM risk was observed in trajectory group 3 with a mean iron intake of 14.1 mg/day. These findings may highlight the importance of adequate dietary iron intake to the T2DM prevention from a public health perspective. Further studies to assess the relationship between dietary iron intake and risk of T2DM are needed, as well as intervention studies to mitigate the risks of T2DM associated with dietary iron changes.

Relationship Between Lipoprotein(a), Renal Function Indicators, and Chronic Kidney Disease: Evidence From a Large Prospective Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) poses a significant global public health challenge. While lipoprotein(a) (Lp[a]) has been established as a significant factor in cardiovascular disease, its connection to CKD risk remains a topic of debate. Existing evidence indicates diverse risks of kidney disease among individuals with various renal function indicators, even when within the normal range. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to investigate the joint associations between different renal function indicators and Lp(a) regarding the risks of incident CKD in the general population. METHODS: The analysis involved a cohort of 329,415 participants without prior CKD who were enrolled in the UK Biobank between 2006 and 2010. The participants, with an average age of 56 (SD 8.1) years, included 154,298/329,415 (46.84%) males. At baseline, Lp(a) levels were measured using an immunoturbidimetric assay and classified into 2 groups: low (<75 nmol/L) and high (≥75 nmol/L). To assess participants' baseline renal function, we used the baseline urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR) and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). The relationship between Lp(a), renal function indicators, and the risk of CKD was evaluated using multivariable Cox regression models. These models were adjusted for various factors, including sociodemographic variables, lifestyle factors, comorbidities, and laboratory measures. RESULTS: A total of 6003 incident CKD events were documented over a median follow-up period of 12.5 years. The association between elevated Lp(a) levels and CKD risk did not achieve statistical significance among all participants, with a hazard ratio (HR) of 1.05 and a 95% CI ranging from 0.98 to 1.13 (P=.16). However, a notable interaction was identified between Lp(a) and UACR in relation to CKD risk (P for interaction=.04), whereas no significant interaction was observed between Lp(a) and eGFR (P for interaction=.96). When compared with the reference group with low Lp(a) and low-normal UACR (<10 mg/g), the group with high Lp(a) and low-normal UACR exhibited a nonsignificant association with CKD risk (HR 0.98, 95% CI 0.90-1.08; P=.74). By contrast, both the low Lp(a) and high-normal UACR (≥10 mg/g) group (HR 1.16, 95% CI 1.08-1.24; P<.001) and the high Lp(a) and high-normal UACR group (HR 1.32, 95% CI 1.19-1.46; P<.001) demonstrated significant associations with increased CKD risks. In individuals with high-normal UACR, elevated Lp(a) was linked to a significant increase in CKD risk, with an HR of 1.14 and a 95% CI ranging from 1.03 to 1.26 (P=.01). Subgroup analyses and sensitivity analyses consistently produced results that were largely in line with the main findings. CONCLUSIONS: The analysis revealed a significant interaction between Lp(a) and UACR in relation to CKD risk. This implies that Lp(a) may act as a risk factor for CKD even when considering UACR. Our findings have the potential to provide valuable insights into the assessment and prevention of CKD, emphasizing the combined impact of Lp(a) and UACR from a public health perspective within the general population. This could contribute to enhancing public awareness regarding the management of Lp(a) for the prevention of CKD.

Relationship between metabolic status, physical activity and cardiovascular disease in participants with obesity.

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to investigate the independent and joint associations between metabolic status, PA (physical activity) and risk of CVD (cardiovascular disease) in participants with obesity. METHODS: We included 109,301 adults with obesity free of baseline CVD enrolled from 2006 to 2010 in the UK Biobank cohort (aged 56 ± 7.9 years). Based on metabolic status, obesity was grouped into metabolically healthy obesity (MHO; free of hypertension, hypercholesterolemia and diabetes; n = 26,989; BMI 33 ± 3.3 kg/m2) and metabolically unhealthy obesity (MUO; n = 82,312; BMI 34 ± 4.0 kg/m2). PA was categorized into four groups according to moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA): none, low, medium, and high. Multivariable Cox regression models were used for the main analyses adjusting for sociodemographic factors, lifestyles and comorbidities. RESULTS: There were 8,059 CVD events during a median follow-up of 8.1 years. MHO was associated with a 42% reduced risk of CVD compared with MUO (HR = 0.58, 95% CI: 0.53-0.63). A significant interaction effect between PA and metabolic status on CVD risk was found. Among MUO participants, individuals with PA had significantly decreased CVD risk when compared with no MVPA (HR = 0.87, 95% CI: 0.81-0.94 for low PA; HR = 0.85, 95% CI: 0.78-0.93 for medium PA; and HR = 0.86, 95% CI: 0.80-0.92 for high PA). The lowest CVD risk was observed in MHO & medium PA group when compared with MUO & no MVPA (HR = 0.45, 95% CI: 0.37-0.56). CONCLUSIONS: Both MHO and any MVPA were associated with reduced risk of CVD in adults with obesity, while PA could modify the relationship between metabolic status and CVD risk.

Cognitive Load Prediction from Multimodal Physiological Signals using Multiview Learning.

Predicting cognitive load is a crucial issue in the emerging field of human-computer interaction and holds significant practical value, particularly in flight scenarios. Although previous studies have realized efficient cognitive load classification, new research is still needed to adapt the current state-of-the-art multimodal fusion methods. Here, we proposed a feature selection framework based on multiview learning to address the challenges of information redundancy and reveal the common physiological mechanisms underlying cognitive load. Specifically, the multimodal signal features (EEG, EDA, ECG, EOG, & eye movements) at three cognitive load levels were estimated during multiattribute task battery (MATB) tasks performed by 22 healthy participants and fed into a feature selection-multiview classification with cohesion and diversity (FS-MCCD) framework. The optimized feature set was extracted from the original feature set by integrating the weight of each view and the feature weights to formulate the ranking criteria. The cognitive load prediction model, evaluated using real-time classification results, achieved an average accuracy of 81.08% and an average F1-score of 80.94% for three-class classification among 22 participants. Furthermore, the weights of the physiological signal features revealed the physiological mechanisms related to cognitive load. Specifically, heightened cognitive load was linked to amplified δ and θ power in the frontal lobe, reduced α power in the parietal lobe, and an increase in pupil diameter. Thus, the proposed multimodal feature fusion framework emphasizes the effectiveness and efficiency of using these features to predict cognitive load.

Anti-epileptic and Neuroprotective Effects of Ultra-low Dose NADPH Oxidase Inhibitor Dextromethorphan on Kainic Acid-induced Chronic Temporal Lobe Epilepsy in Rats.

Neuroinflammation mediated by microglia and oxidative stress play pivotal roles in the development of chronic temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). We postulated that kainic acid (KA)-Induced status epilepticus triggers microglia-dependent inflammation, leading to neuronal damage, a lowered seizure threshold, and the emergence of spontaneous recurrent seizures (SRS). Extensive evidence from our laboratory suggests that dextromethorphan (DM), even in ultra-low doses, has anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects in many animal models of neurodegenerative disease. Our results showed that administration of DM (10 ng/kg per day; subcutaneously via osmotic minipump for 4 weeks) significantly mitigated the residual effects of KA, including the frequency of SRS and seizure susceptibility. In addition, DM-treated rats showed improved cognitive function and reduced hippocampal neuronal loss. We found suppressed microglial activation-mediated neuroinflammation and decreased expression of hippocampal gp91phox and p47phox proteins in KA-induced chronic TLE rats. Notably, even after discontinuation of DM treatment, ultra-low doses of DM continued to confer long-term anti-seizure and neuroprotective effects, which were attributed to the inhibition of microglial NADPH oxidase 2 as revealed by mechanistic studies.

Exploring the potential mechanism of Rubus corchorifolius L. fruit polyphenol-rich extract in mitigating non-alcoholic fatty liver disease by integration of metabolomics and transcriptomics profiling.

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), as the commonest chronic liver disease, is accompanied by liver oxidative stress and inflammatory responses. Herein, the extract obtained from Rubus corchorifolius fruits was purified and characterized for its polyphenol composition. The liver protective effect of the purified R. corchorifolius fruit extract (RCE) on mice with high-fat-diet (HFD)-induced NAFLD were investigated, and the potential mechanisms were explored through the integration of transcriptomics and metabolomics. Results showed that the polyphenolic compounds in RCE mainly included (-)-epigallocatechin, procyanidin B2, keracyanin, vanillin, dihydromyricetin, and ellagic acid. In addition, RCE intervention ameliorated liver and mitochondrial damage, which was evidenced by decreased indices of oxidative stress, liver function markers, and lipid profile levels. The liver metabonomics research revealed that RCE intervention affected the metabolic pathways of metabolites, including linoleic acid metabolism, galactose metabolism, alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism, retinol metabolism, glycine, serine and threonine metabolism, tryptophan metabolism, aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis, riboflavin metabolism, starch and sucrose metabolism, and arachidonic acid metabolism. Additionally, liver transcriptomics research indicated that pathways like fatty acid degradation, circadian rhythm, valine, leucine and isoleucine degradation, primary bile acid biosynthesis, cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, adipocytokine signaling pathway, glutathione metabolism, lipid and atherosclerosis were significantly enriched. The transcriptomics and metabolomics analysis demonstrated that RCE intervention had significant modulatory effects on the metabolic pathways associated with glycolipid metabolism. Moreover, RT-PCR results verified that RCE intervention regulated liver mRNA levels associated with the inflammatory response. Therefore, our findings suggest that the intake of RCE might be an effective strategy to alleviate liver damage.

Molecular catalysts with electronic axial stretching for high-performance lean-oxygen seawater batteries.

A dissolved-oxygen seawater battery (SWB) can generate electricity by reducing dissolved oxygen and sacrificing the metal anode at different depths and temperatures in the ocean, acting as the basic unit of spatially underwater energy networks for future maritime exploration. However, most traditional oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) catalysts are out of work at such ultralow dissolved oxygen concentration. Here, we proposed that the electronic axial stretching of the catalyst is essentially responsible for enhancing the catalyst's sensitivity to dissolved oxygen. By modulating the lattice of iron phthalocyanine (FePc) as a model catalyst, the unique electronic axial stretching in the z-direction of planar FePc molecules was realized to achieve a boosted adsorption and electron transfer and result in a much improved ORR activity in lean-oxygen seawater environment. The peak power density of a homemade SWB using a practical carbon brush electrode decorated by the FePc is estimated to be as high as 3 W L-1. These results provide inspiring insights into the interaction between the catalyst and complicated seawater environment, and propose the electronic axial stretching as an effective indicator for the rational design of catalysts to be used in extremely lean-oxygen environment.

Reversible Single-Crystal-to-Single-Crystal Transformations between Nanoscale 2D Nanosheets and 3D Metal-Organic Frameworks.

Single-crystal-to-single-crystal (SCSC) transformations provide more possibilities for phase transitions, which have attracted great attention in crystal engineering. In this paper, we report a series of reversible SCSC transformations between nanoscale two-dimensional layered double hydroxide (LDH) crystals and three-dimensional metal-organic framework crystals. They can proceed not only in solution systems but also on the surface of solid-state polyacrylonitrile films and fibers. Specifically, reversible SCSC transformations can be carried out between nanoscale ZIF-67 and Co-LDH. The Co-LDH nanomaterials displayed excellent oxygen evolution reaction performance. This work has good universality and scalability, which provides a novel avenue for the synthesis of crystal materials and is of great significance for the recycling of resources.

Utility of the pediatric liver contrast-enhanced ultrasound criteria in differentiating malignant and benign multifocal lesions.

BACKGROUND: The pediatric liver contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) criteria were developed to improve the diagnostic performance of CEUS in differentiating pediatric benign and malignant liver lesions. However, the diagnostic performance of CEUS in the evaluation of multiple focal liver lesions in the pediatric population has not yet been fully evaluated. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the diagnostic performance of the pediatric liver CEUS criteria in differentiating benign and malignant multifocal liver lesions in children. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From April 2017 to September 2022, the CEUS characteristics of multifocal liver lesions in patients < 18 years were analyzed. Lesions classified as CEUS-1, CEUS-2 or CEUS-3 were considered benign and lesions classified as CEUS-4 or CEUS-5 were considered malignant. The diagnostic performance of the pediatric liver CEUS criteria (i.e. sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value [PPV], negative predictive value [NPV] and accuracy) was assessed. RESULTS: After exclusion, 21 patients (median age, 36.0 months; range, 1.0-204 months; 7 boys) were included. There were significant differences in the serum alpha fetoprotein level (P= 0.039) and the presence of washout (P < 0.001) between children with malignant and benign lesions. The sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV and accuracy of the pediatric liver CEUS criteria were 100.0% (10/10), 90.9% (10/11), 90.9% (10/11), 100.0% (10/10) and 95.2% (20/21), respectively. CONCLUSION: The pediatric liver CEUS criteria had excellent diagnostic performance in differentiating benign and malignant multifocal liver lesions in children.

The involvement of ADAR1 in chronic unpredictable stress-induced cognitive impairment by targeting DARPP-32 with miR-874-3p in BALB/c mice.

Introduction: Chronic stress exposure is the main environmental factor leading to cognitive impairment, but the detailed molecular mechanism is still unclear. Adenosine Deaminase acting on double-stranded RNA1(ADAR1) is involved in the occurrence of chronic stress-induced cognitive impairment. In addition, dopamine and Adenosine 3'5'-monophosphate-regulated phospho-protein (DARPP-32) gene variation affects cognitive function. Therefore, we hypothesized that ADAR1 plays a key role in chronic stress-induced cognitive impairment by acting on DARPP-32. Methods: In this study, postnatal 21-day-old male BALB/c mice were exposed to chronic unpredictable stressors. After that, the mice were treated with ADAR1 inducer/inhibitor. The cognitive ability and cerebral DARPP-32 protein expression of BALB/c mice were evaluated. In order to explore the link between ADAR1 and DARPP-32, the effects of ADAR1 high/low expression on DARPP-32 protein expression in vitro were detected. Results: ADAR1 inducer alleviates cognitive impairment and recovers decreased DARPP-32 protein expression of the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex in BALB/c mice with chronic unpredictable stress exposure. In vivo and in vitro studies confirm the results predicted by bio-informatics; that is, ADAR1 affects DARPP-32 expression via miR-874-3p. Discussion: The results in this study demonstrate that ADAR1 affects the expression of DARPP-32 via miR-874-3p, which is involved in the molecular mechanism of pathogenesis in chronic unpredictable stress-induced cognitive impairment. The new findings of this study provide a new therapeutic strategy for the prevention and treatment of stress cognitive impairment from epigenetics.