Mixotrophic aerobic denitrification facilitated by denitrifying bacterial-fungal communities assisted with iron in micro-polluted water: Performance, metabolic activity, functional genes abundance, and community co-occurrence.

Low-dosage nitrate pollutants can contribute to eutrophication in surface water bodies, such as lakes and reservoirs. This study employed assembled denitrifying bacterial-fungal communities as bio-denitrifiers, in combination with zero-valent iron (ZVI), to treat micro-polluted water. Immobilized bacterial-fungal mixed communities (IBFMC) reactors demonstrated their ability to reduce nitrate and organic carbon by over 43.2 % and 53.7 %, respectively. Compared to IBFMC reactors, IBFMC combined with ZVI (IBFMC@ZVI) reactors exhibited enhanced removal efficiencies for nitrate and organic carbon, reaching the highest of 31.55 % and 17.66 %, respectively. The presence of ZVI in the IBFMC@ZVI reactors stimulated various aspects of microbial activity, including the metabolic processes, electron transfer system activities, abundance of functional genes and enzymes, and diversity and richness of microbial communities. The contents of adenosine triphosphate and electron transfer system activities enhanced more than 5.6 and 1.43 folds in the IBFMC@ZVI reactors compared with IBFMC reactors. Furthermore, significant improvement of crucial genes and enzyme denitrification chains was observed in the IBFMC@ZVI reactors. Iron played a central role in enhancing microbial diversity and activity, and promoting the supply, and transfer of inorganic electron donors. This study presents an innovative approach for applying denitrifying bacterial-fungal communities combined with iron enhancing efficient denitrification in micro-polluted water.

Subcutaneous implantation after endoscopic and traditional thyroid surgery: a retrospective case report.

Subcutaneous implantation is an unexpected complication of thyroid surgery. Our study aimed to analyze the clinical features and outcomes of implantation after thyroid surgery. We retrospectively searched for the patients with implants of thyroid tumor after surgery from our database prior to August 2023. The clinical and pathological data were reviewed. Six female patients with a mean age of 33.6 ± 13.3 years were enrolled in this study. There was a rare case with mucinous adenocarcinoma, three follicular thyroid carcinoma, and two papillary thyroid carcinoma. The case with primary enteric adenocarcinoma of thyroid with subcutaneous implantation was first reported. The patient with mucinous adenocarcinoma received six courses of TP regimen chemotherapy. Five cases received radioactive iodine therapy. After a mean of 69.5 months of follow-up, one case recurred in the lateral region, and no metastasis or recurrence happened in the other five cases. Although the implantation after thyroid surgery is uncommon, the cases serve as a reminder to take greater care to avoid implantation.

Feasibility of the enhanced neuromuscular blockade recovery protocol with selective use of sugammadex in thyroid surgery with intraoperative neuromonitoring.

BACKGROUND: To investigate feasibility of utilizing enhanced neuromuscular blocking agents with selective recovery protocol during thyroid surgery with intraoperative neuromonitoring (IONM). METHODS: Two-hundred and ninety patients were randomized into two groups: group A 0.3 mg/kg rocuronium and group B 0.6 mg/kg. Sugammadex 2 mg/kg was injected if needed followed initial vagal stimulation (V0). Electromyography signals from vagus and recurrent laryngeal nerves before and after resection were recorded as V1, V2, R1, and R2. RESULTS: In group B, 30 patients (20.7%) had V0 signals <100 µV, compared to 9 (6.2%) in group A. After sugammadex administration, 144 patients (99.3%) in both groups achieved positive V1 signals. Group B demonstrated a shorter surgical time from rocuronium injection to V2 stimulation compared to group A, accompanied by a significantly lower incidence of intraoperative body movement (0 vs. 16 patients). CONCLUSIONS: 0.6 mg/kg rocuronium with selective use 2 mg/kg sugammadex for IONM in thyroid surgery can meet both anesthesia and surgery demands.

Effect of SlSAHH2 on metabolites in over-expressed and wild-type tomato fruit.

Background: Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is an annual or perennial herb that occupies an important position in daily agricultural production. It is an essential food crop for humans and its ripening process is regulated by a number of genes. S-adenosyl-l-homocysteine hydrolase (AdoHcyase, EC 3.3.1.1) is widespread in organisms and plays an important role in regulating biological methylation reactions. Previous studies have revealed that transgenic tomato that over-express SlSAHH2 ripen earlier than the wild-type (WT). However, the differences in metabolites and the mechanisms driving how these differences affect the ripening cycle are unclear. Objective: To investigate the effects of SlSAHH2 on metabolites in over-expressed tomato and WT tomato. Methods: SlSAHH2 over-expressed tomato fruit (OE-5# and OE-6#) and WT tomato fruit at the breaker stage (Br) were selected for non-targeted metabolome analysis. Results: A total of 733 metabolites were identified by mass spectrometry using the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database and the Human Metabolome database (HMDB). The metabolites were divided into 12 categories based on the superclass results and a comparison with the HMDB. The differences between the two databases were analyzed by PLS-DA. Based on a variable important in projection value >1 and P < 0.05, 103 differential metabolites were found between tomato variety OE-5# and WT and 63 differential metabolites were found between OE-6# and WT. These included dehydrotomatine, L-serine, and gallic acid amongst others. Many metabolites are associated with fruit ripening and eight common metabolites were found between the OE-5# vs. WT and OE-6# vs. WT comparison groups. The low L-tryptophan expression in OE-5# and OE-6# is consistent with previous reports that its content decreases with fruit ripening. A KEGG pathway enrichment analysis of the significantly different metabolites revealed that in the OE-5# and WT groups, up-regulated metabolites were enriched in 23 metabolic pathways and down-regulated metabolites were enriched in 11 metabolic pathways. In the OE-6# and WT groups, up-regulated metabolites were enriched in 29 pathways and down-regulated metabolites were enriched in six metabolic pathways. In addition, the differential metabolite changes in the L-serine to flavonoid transformation metabolic pathway also provide evidence that there is a phenotypic explanation for the changes in transgenic tomato. Discussion: The metabolomic mechanism controlling SlSAHH2 promotion of tomato fruit ripening has been further elucidated.

Older adults preferences for long-term caregivers in China: a discrete choice experiment.

OBJECTIVE: Understanding the preferences of old-age adults for their long-term caregivers can improve person-centred health care and the quality of long-term care (LTC). This study examines Chinese older adults' preferences for long-term caregivers. STUDY DESIGN: This is a cross-sectional study. METHODS: A national representative discrete choice experiment (DCE) surveyed 2031 adults aged 50-70 across 12 provinces in China. Each DCE scenario described five attributes: type of caregivers, place of LTC, contents of LTC, out-of-pocket payments, and quality of life (QoL). Preferences and the marginal willingness to pay (WTP) were derived using mixed-logit and latent class models. RESULTS: Older adults displayed higher preferences for long-term caregivers who improve their QoL, incur lower out-of-pocket payments, and provide medical LTC services at home, with the maximum WTP of $22.832 per month. QoL was rated as the most important LTC factor, followed by the place of LTC and the type of caregivers. When the level of QoL improved from poor to good, respondents would be willing to pay $18.375 per month more (95% confidence interval: 16.858 to 20.137), and the uptake rate increased by 76.47%. There was preference heterogeneity among older people with different sex, education, family size, and knowledge of LTC insurance. CONCLUSION: QoL was the most important factor in older Chinese adults' preference for caregivers. Home care and medical care from formal caregivers was preferred by older adults. We recommend training family caregivers, raising older people's awareness of LTC insurance, and guiding policymakers in developing people-oriented LTC and a multi-level LTC system.

Optimal Preparation and Performance Study of Eco-Friendly Composite Chemical Dust Suppressants: A Case Study in a Construction Site in Chengdu.

To mitigate dust pollution generated during various stages of construction activities and reduce the environmental and health hazards posed by airborne dust, this study utilized hydroxyethyl cellulose, glycerol, and isomeric tridecyl alcohol polyoxyethylene ether as raw materials to formulate a composite chemical dust suppressant. The properties of the dust suppressant were characterized through analysis. Employing single-factor experiments, the optimal proportions of the binder, water-retaining agent, and surfactant for the composite dust suppressant were determined. Subsequently, a response surface model was established, and, after analysis and optimization, the optimal mass ratios of each component in the composite dust suppressant were obtained. Under optimal ratios, the physicochemical properties and wind erosion resistance of the composite dust suppressant were analyzed. Finally, the practical application of the suppressant was validated through on-site trials at a construction site. This study revealed that the optimal formulation for the dust suppressant was as follows: 0.2% hydroxyethyl cellulose, 2.097% glycerol, 0.693% isomeric tridecyl alcohol polyoxyethylene ether, and the remainder was pure water. The suppressant is non-toxic, non-corrosive, environmentally friendly, and exhibits excellent moisture retention and bonding properties compared to water. The research findings provide valuable insights for addressing dust pollution issues on construction sites.

Metamaterial Absorbers with Archimedean Tiling Structures: Toward Response and Absorption of Multiband Electromagnetic Waves.

With the continuous development of electromagnetic wave-absorbing materials, the design of artificial structures for electromagnetic absorbers based on the concept of metamaterials is becoming more abundant. However, in the design process, it is difficult to further broaden the effective absorption band due to the limitation that the traditional single-size structure responds to electromagnetic waves only in specific frequency bands. Therefore, in this paper, based on the moth-eye bionic hexagonal structure absorber with antireflection performance, an Archimedean tiling structure is designed to optimize it, and through the introduction of a variety of primitives with large differences in dimensions, a multifrequency band-response mechanism is achieved to enhance the multireflection mechanism, which can effectively broaden the absorption band and improve the wave absorption performance. Ultimately, the moth-eye bionic structure absorber optimized by (3.4.6.4) can achieve an effective absorption of 10.26 GHz at a thickness of 2 mm. This work presents a new idea for the design work of electromagnetic wave-absorbing metamaterials, which has a broad application prospect in the aerospace, electronic information countermeasures, communication, and detection industries.

Integrated proteogenomic and metabolomic characterization of papillary thyroid cancer with different recurrence risks.

Although papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) has a good prognosis, its recurrence rate is high and remains a core concern in the clinic. Molecular factors contributing to different recurrence risks (RRs) remain poorly defined. Here, we perform an integrative proteogenomic and metabolomic characterization of 102 Chinese PTC patients with different RRs. Genomic profiling reveals that mutations in MUC16 and TERT promoter as well as multiple gene fusions like NCOA4-RET are enriched by the high RR. Integrative multi-omics analyses further describe the multi-dimensional characteristics of PTC, especially in metabolism pathways, and delineate dominated molecular patterns of different RRs. Moreover, the PTC patients are clustered into four subtypes (CS1: low RR and BRAF-like; CS2: high RR and metabolism type, worst prognosis; CS3: high RR and immune type, better prognosis; CS4: high RR and BRAF-like) based on the omics data. Notably, the subtypes display significant differences considering BRAF and TERT promoter mutations, metabolism and immune pathway profiles, epithelial cell compositions, and various clinical factors (especially RRs and prognosis) as well as druggable targets. This study can provide insights into the complex molecular characteristics of PTC recurrences and help promote early diagnosis and precision treatment of recurrent PTC.

Feasibility and safety of robotic liver resection for huge (≥10 cm) hepatocellular carcinoma in a single centre: A propensity score-matched single-surgeon study.

BACKGROUND: The applicability of robot-assisted resection for huge hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) of ≥10 cm remains contentious with limited available data. METHODS: This retrospective analysis involved 337 patients who underwent robotic liver resection for HCC by a single surgeon. Propensity score matching (PSM) was employed to compare perioperative indicators between patients with regular and huge HCC. RESULTS: The regular HCC group exhibited a shorter median operative duration than the huge HCC group. The IWATE criteria revealed higher scores in the huge HCC group than in the regular HCC group. No significant differences were observed between the two groups in Pringle time, drainage tube removal, duration of hospital stays, blood loss volume, blood product transfusion, margin status, conversion rate to open surgery, bile leakage, in-hospital mortality, and reoperation rate. CONCLUSION: Robotic liver resection is feasible for huge HCC, with effective perioperative risk management potentially improving outcomes for subsequent minimally invasive surgeries.

Algicidal activity synchronized with nitrogen removal by actinomycetes: Algicidal mechanism, stress response of algal cells, denitrification performance, and indigenous bacterial community co-occurrence.

The harmful algal blooms (HABs) can damage the ecological equilibrium of aquatic ecosystems and threaten human health. The bio-degradation of algal by algicidal bacteria is an environmentally friendly and economical approach to control HABs. This study applied an aerobic denitrification synchronization algicidal strain Streptomyces sp. LJH-12-1 (L1) to control HABs. The cell-free filtrate of the strain L1 showed a great algolytic effect on bloom-forming cyanobacterium, Microcystis aeruginosa (M. aeruginosa). The optimal algicidal property of strain L1 was indirect light-dependent algicidal with an algicidal rate of 85.0%. The functional metabolism, light-trapping, light-transfer efficiency, the content of pigments, and inhibition of photosynthesis of M. aeruginosa decreased after the addition of the supernatant of the strain L1 due to oxidative stress. Moreover, 96.05% nitrate removal rate synchronized with algicidal activity was achieved with the strain L1. The relative abundance of N cycling functional genes significantly increased during the strain L1 effect on M. aeruginosa. The algicidal efficiency of the strain L1 in the raw water was 76.70% with nitrate removal efficiency of 81.4%. Overall, this study provides a novel route to apply bacterial strain with the property of denitrification coupled with algicidal activity in treating micro-polluted water bodies.

Increased Diabetes Complications in a Mouse Model of Oxidative Stress Due to 'Mismatched' Mitochondrial DNA.

Associations between chronic diabetes complications and mitochondrial dysfunction represent a subject of major importance, given the diabetes pandemic and high personal and socioeconomic costs of diabetes and its complications. Modelling diabetes complications in inbred laboratory animals is challenging due to incomplete recapitulation of human features, but offer mechanistic insights and preclinical testing. As mitochondrial-based oxidative stress is implicated in human diabetic complications, herein we evaluate diabetes in a unique mouse model that harbors a mitochondrial DNA from a divergent mouse species (the 'xenomitochondrial mouse'), which has mild mitochondrial dysfunction and increased oxidative stress. We use the streptozotocin-induced diabetes model with insulin supplementation, with 20-weeks diabetes. We compare C57BL/6 mice and the 'xenomitochondrial' mouse, with measures of heart and kidney function, histology, and skin oxidative stress markers. Compared to C57BL/6 mice, the xenomitochondrial mouse has increased diabetic heart and kidney damage, with cardiac dysfunction, and increased cardiac and renal fibrosis. Our results show that mitochondrial oxidative stress consequent to divergent mtDNA can worsen diabetes complications. This has implications for novel therapeutics to counter diabetes complications, and for genetic studies of risk, as mtDNA genotypes may contribute to clinical outcomes.

Different seasonal dynamics, ecological drivers, and assembly mechanisms of algae in southern and northern drinking water reservoirs.

The role of environmental factors on the community structure of algae has been intensively studied, but there are few analyses on the assembly mechanism of the algal community structure. Here, changes in the community structure of algae in different seasons, the effects of environmental variables on the algal community structure, and the assembly mechanism of the algal community structure in northern and southern reservoirs were investigated in this study. The study revealed that Bacillariophyta, Cyanophyta, and Chlorophyta were the predominant algal species in the reservoirs, with Bacillariophyta and Cyanophyta exhibiting seasonal outbreaks. Compared to the northern reservoirs, the algal diversity in the southern reservoirs was greater. The diversity and algal community structure could be significantly impacted by variations in water temperature and nitrogen level. According to the ecological model, the interaction among algal communities in reservoirs was primarily cooperation. The key taxa in the northern reservoirs was Aphanizomenon sp., while the outbreak in the southern reservoirs was Coelosphaerium sp. The community formation pattern of reservoirs was stochastic, with a higher degree of explanation observed in the southern reservoirs compared to the northern reservoirs. This study preliminarily explored the assembly mechanism of the algal community, providing a theoretical basis for the control of eutrophication in drinking water reservoirs.

Synthesis of Acylhydroquinones through Visible-Light-Mediated Hydroacylation of Quinones with α-Keto Acids.

A mild and eco-friendly visible-light-induced protocol for the hydroacylation of quinones with α-keto acids has been developed. In the absence of any catalyst or additive, the decarboxylative hydroacylation proceeded smoothly under visible-light irradiation at room temperature. A wide range of quinones and α-keto acids were well-tolerated and afforded hydroacylation products up to 88% isolated yield. The reaction can be scaled up, and the induced groups are useful for further synthetic applications. Preliminarily, mechanistic studies indicated that photoactive quinones absorb visible light to facilitate the transformation.

Ecological evolution of algae in connected reservoirs under the influence of water transfer: Algal density, community structure, and assembly processes.

Reservoir connectivity provides a solution for regional water shortages. Understanding the water quality of reservoirs and the response of algal communities to water transfer could provide the basis for a long-term evolutionary model of reservoirs. In this study, a water-algal community model was established to study the effects of water transfer on water quality and algal communities in reservoirs. The results showed that water transfer significantly decreased total nitrogen and nitrate concentrations. However, the water transfer resulted in an increase in the CODMn concentration and conductivity in the receiving reservoir. Additionally, the algal density and chlorophyll-a (chl-a) concentration showed an increase with water transfer. Bacillariophyta, Cyanophyta, and Chlorophyta were the dominant algal phyllum in all three reservoirs. Water transfer induced the evolution of the algal community by driving changes in the chemical parameters of the receiving reservoir and led to more complex relationships within the algal community. The effects of stochastic processes on algal communities were also enhanced in the receiving reservoirs. These results provide specific information for water quality safety management and eutrophication prevention in connected reservoirs.

Comprehensive DNA Methylation Profiling of Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma: Molecular Classification, Potential Therapeutic Target, and Classifier System.

PURPOSE: Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) presents a distinct biological context from other thyroid cancers due to its specific cellular origin. This heterogeneous and rare tumor has a high prevalence of advanced diseases, making it crucial to address the limited therapeutic options and enhance complex clinical management. Given the high clinical accessibility of methylation information, we construct the largest MTC methylation cohort to date. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: Seventy-eight fresh-frozen MTC samples constituted our methylation cohort. The comprehensive study process incorporated machine learning, statistical analysis, and in vitro experiments. RESULTS: Our study pioneered the identification of a three-class clustering system for risk stratification, exhibiting pronounced epigenomic heterogeneity. The elevated overall methylation status in MTC-B, combined with the "mutual exclusivity" of hypomethylated sites displayed by MTC-A and MTC-C, distinctively characterized the MTC-specific methylation pattern. Integrating with the transcriptome, we further depicted the features of these three clusters to scrutinize biological properties. Several MTC-specific aberrant DNA methylation events were emphasized in our study. NNAT expression was found to be notably reduced in poor-prognostic MTC-C, with its promoter region overlapping with an upregulated differentially methylated region. In vitro experiments further affirmed NNAT's therapeutic potential. Moreover, we built an elastic-net logistic regression model with a relatively high AUC encompassing 68 probes, intended for future validation and systematic clinical application. CONCLUSIONS: Conducting research on diseases with low incidence poses significant challenges, and we provide a robust resource and comprehensive research framework to assist in ongoing MTC case inclusion and facilitate in-depth dissection of its molecular biological features.

Aerobic Denitrification Promoting by Actinomycetes Coculture: Investigating Performance, Carbon Source Metabolic Characteristic, and Raw Water Restoration.

The coculture theory that promotes denitrification relies on effectively utilizing the resources of low-efficiency denitrification microbes. Here, the strains Streptomyces sp. PYX97 and Streptomyces sp. TSJ96 were isolated and showed lower denitrification capacity when cultured individually. However, the coculture of strains PYX97 and TSJ96 enhanced nitrogen removal (removed 96.40% of total nitrogen) and organic carbon reduction (removed 92.13% of dissolved organic carbon) under aerobic conditions. Nitrogen balance analysis indicated that coculturing enhanced the efficiency of nitrate converted into gaseous nitrogen reaching 70.42%. Meanwhile, the coculturing promoted the cell metabolism capacity and carbon source metabolic activity. The coculture strains PYX97 and TSJ96 thrived in conditions of C/N = 10, alkalescence, and 150 rpm shaking speed. The coculturing reduced total nitrogen and CODMn in the raw water treatment by 83.32 and 84.21%, respectively. During this treatment, the cell metabolic activity and cell density increased in the coculture strains PYX97 and TSJ96 reactor. Moreover, the coculture strains could utilize aromatic protein and soluble microbial products during aerobic denitrification processes in raw water treatment. This study suggests that coculturing inefficient actinomycete strains could be a promising approach for treating polluted water bodies.

Performance of aerobic denitrifying fungal community for promoting nitrogen reduction and its application in drinking water reservoirs.

The effect of mix-cultured aerobic denitrifying microorganisms on the water remediation has been extensively explored, but little is known about the performance of mix-cultured low efficiency fungi on denitrification. In this study, two kinds of aerobic denitrifying fungi (Trichoderma afroharzianum H1 and Aspergillus niger C1) were isolated from reservoirs, improved the capacity by mix-cultured. The results showed a difference between northern and southern reservoirs, the dominants of genera were Cystobasidium and Acremonium. The removals of total nitrogen (TN) was 12.00%, 7.53% and 69.33% in Trichoderma afroharzianum H1, Aspergillus niger C1 and mix-cultured (C1 and H1) under the denitrification medium. The contents of ATP and electron transport system activity in mix-cultured amendment were increased by 42.54% and 67.52%, 1.72 and 2.91 times, respectively. Besides, the raw water experiment indicated that TN removals were 24.05%, 12.66% and 73.42% in Trichoderma afroharzianum H1, Aspergillus niger C1 and mix-cultured. The removals of dissolved organic carbon in mix-cultured were increased 35.02% and 50.46% compared to Trichoderma afroharzianum H1 and Aspergillus niger C1. Therefore, mix-cultured of two low efficiency aerobic denitrifying fungi has been considered as a novelty perspective for mitigation of drinking water source.

A multicenter prospective study of lateral neck lymph node mapping in papillary thyroid cancer.

Background: Despite the high incidence of lateral neck lymph node (LN) metastasis in papillary thyroid cancer (PTC), the management of the lateral neck remains controversial. We aimed to map the draining LNs in the lateral neck using carbon nanoparticles and explore its potential in neck evaluation. Methods: We conducted a multicenter, prospective study in PTC patients who had non-palpable yet suspicious metastatic lateral LNs on ultrasound and/or computed tomography (CT) but could not be confirmed by fine needle aspiration. Carbon nanoparticle suspension was injected peritumorally into the thyroid and modified lateral neck dissection was subsequently performed. Results: A total of 154 patients were enrolled for analysis. And 5,070 lateral LNs were removed, of which 1,079 (21.3%) were dyed. The median of dyed LNs was 6 per case (range, 1-33). The distribution of dyed LNs in neck compartments was IV > III > IIA > IIB/V, independent of tumor size, location, multifocality or microscopic extra-thyroidal extension (ETE). Compared with undyed LNs, the probabilities of metastasis in dyed LNs were significantly increased in compartment III, IV, V, and II-V (III: 29.3% vs. 15.4%, P<0.001; IV: 26.3% vs. 14.5%, P<0.001; V: 16.7% vs. 3.3%, P=0.005; II-V: 26.3% vs. 10.0%, P<0.001). The relative risks of metastasis in dyed LNs compared with undyed LNs were 1.90, 1.82, 5.04 and 2.62 in compartment III, IV, V, and II-V, respectively. Conclusions: It was the first prospective multicenter study to map the lateral neck LNs with carbon nanoparticles, which could help surgeons visualize the suspicious LNs during surgery. Instead of unguided LN biopsy, this method has a potential role in lateral neck assessment for indeterminate lateral LNs in PTC.

ZmEREB92 plays a negative role in seed germination by regulating ethylene signaling and starch mobilization in maize.

Rapid and uniform seed germination is required for modern cropping system. Thus, it is important to optimize germination performance through breeding strategies in maize, in which identification for key regulators is needed. Here, we characterized an AP2/ERF transcription factor, ZmEREB92, as a negative regulator of seed germination in maize. Enhanced germination in ereb92 mutants is contributed by elevated ethylene signaling and starch degradation. Consistently, an ethylene signaling gene ZmEIL7 and an α-amylase gene ZmAMYa2 are identified as direct targets repressed by ZmEREB92. OsERF74, the rice ortholog of ZmEREB92, shows conserved function in negatively regulating seed germination in rice. Importantly, this orthologous gene pair is likely experienced convergently selection during maize and rice domestication. Besides, mutation of ZmEREB92 and OsERF74 both lead to enhanced germination under cold condition, suggesting their regulation on seed germination might be coupled with temperature sensitivity. Collectively, our findings uncovered the ZmEREB92-mediated regulatory mechanism of seed germination in maize and provide breeding targets for maize and rice to optimize seed germination performance towards changing climates.

Active-site stabilized Bi metal-organic framework-based catalyst for highly active and selective electroreduction of CO2 to formate over a wide potential window.

Bismuth-based materials have been validated to be a kind of effective electrocatalyst for electrocatalytic CO2 reduction (ECR) to formate (HCOO-). However, the established studies still encounter the problems of low current density, low selectivity, narrow potential window, and poor catalyst stability. Herein, a bismuth-terephthalate framework (Bi-BDC MOF) material was successfully synthesized. The optimized Bi-BDC-120 °C exhibited excellent activity, selectivity, and durability for formate production. At an operating potential of -1.1 V vs. RHE in 0.1 mol L-1 KHCO3 electrolyte, the ECR catalyzed by Bi-BDC-120 °C achieved a Faraday efficiency (FE) of 97.2% towards formate generation, and the total current density reached about 30 mA cm-2. The operating potential window with FEformate values > 95% ranged in -0.9 to -1.5 V vs. RHE. The density-functional theory (DFT) calculation demonstrated that the (001) crystalline planes of Bi-BDC are preferable for the adsorption of CO2 and the conversion of *OCHO intermediates, thus ultimately promoting the electrocatalytic production of formate. Although the MOF structure of Bi-BDC-120 °C was insufficiently stabilized, the FEformate could be maintained at around 90% after 36 h of ECR operation. The long-term durability for formate production was attributed to the fact that the in situ reconstructed Bi2O2CO3 could retain the Bi-O active sites in the structure. These results offer an opportunity to design CO2 reduction electrocatalysts with high activity and selectivity for potential applications.