An affordable, field-deployable detecting system for cyanide ion - Investigating applications in real time uses.

A highly efficient system that incorporates the instantaneous visualization of the cyanide ion in water was synthesized by keeping the fluorophore system (electron donor) as a julolidine-coumarin conjugate and changing the electron acceptor unit. The probes exhibit a notable color change in normal and UV light. The probe interaction modalities are based on the ICT process. With a detection limit in the nM range, it may preferentially react with cyanide, which is less than the tolerable level of 1.9 µM. According to 1H NMR data, the probes detect cyanide ions by nucleophilic addition reaction mechanism. Furthermore, current probe successfully determines real resources, including cyanide containing cassava powder, sprouted potatoes and various water samples. Besides the test strips, an electronic Arduino device was also employed to detect the cyanide ion. As such, the developed probes exhibit outstanding practical application with respect to the cyanide ion.

Synergistic integration of a rhodamine-labelled tripeptide into AIE-active fluorogenic probe: Enabling nanomolar detection of Al3+ ions through test strips, thin films, and Arduino-assisted optosensing platform.

Peptide-fluorophore conjugates (PFCs) have been expeditiously utilized for metal ion recognition owing to their distinctive characteristics. Selective detection and quantification of aluminum is essential to minimize health and environmental risks. Herein, we report the synthesis and characterization of a new chemoprobe with aggregation-induced emission characteristics by chemically conjugating rhodamine-B fluorophore with a tripeptide. The probe revealed ß-sheet secondary conformation in both solid and solution states, as confirmed by FT-IR, PXRD, and CD experiments. AIE characteristics of the probe in water-MeCN mixtures revealed the formation of spherically shaped nanoaggregates with an average size of 353 ± 7 nm, as confirmed by SEM, TEM, and DLS studies. The probe exhibited a large stokes shift (175 nm) and displayed selective colorimetric and fluorometric responses towards Al3+ ions with an extremely low detection limit (51 nm) and a fast response time (≤15 s). Comparative NMR studies confirmed the cleavage of spirolactam ring upon aluminum binding. The probe's practicality was enhanced through integration into test strips and thin films, allowing solid-phase detection of Al3+ ions. Furthermore, an RGB-Arduino enabled optosensing device has been developed to enable instant quantifiable analysis of aluminum concentrations in real-time conditions.

Synthesis and luminescent properties of a linear difluorene pyrazine (D-A-D) derivative as a selective indicator for a reversible acid-base vapour sensor.

We have synthesized a structure in which pyrazine is the core structure and fluorene derivatives are attached to both sides. Photo physical investigations such as aprotic solvents (Hexane to DMF) were carried out. A redshift was revealed from non-polar aprotic solvents to polar aprotic solvents. The luminescence intensity was gradually decreased, which is incredibly more complex towards changes in the solvent polarization than their UV/Vis absorption spectra. The compound showed a redshift from 445 nm to 473 nm when slowly increasing the water fraction (fw) from 0 to 30 %. Also, rising water fraction (fw > 40-90 %) effectively attenuated the instantaneous emission intensity was observed. At the same time, the intensity of the emission peak was reduced due to the TICT effect on fluorene and pyrazine rings due to enhanced solvent polarity. In addition, optically reversible acidofluorochromic properties were performed experimentally in both solvent and solid phases. For the acidic substances TFA and HF, which contain fluorine, new redshift peaks from 425 nm and 503 nm were observed upon reaction with the PDF solution, and the emission intensity was extinguished by more than 90 % and 60 %, respectively. Upon addition of TFA up to 1500 equal, the PDF mixture suffered from 50 % lower energy absorption intensity. The 1H NMR spectrum confirmed the proposed mechanism (TFA/TEA, ON-OFF-ON). Therefore, the present work presents a novel approach to fabricating ON-OFF-ON active-pull pyrazine scaffolds that can be used in DSEgens, referred to as "ON-OFF-ON" fluorescent sensors, for multifunctional applications.

Development of a novel sensory material for rapid detection of mercury ions in various water sources: Solution and solid-state analysis.

A xanthene propane nitrile-based sensor material was successfully prepared, and an attempt towards the preparation of polymer bead form was made for the sensitive or selective detection of mercury ions (Hg2+) in water. The sensor material in solution as well as in polymeric form showed amazing selectivity over other added metal ions with a naked eye color change, UV visible spectral and fluorescence spectral change, and a rapid and excellent color change from colorless to purple. The 1H NMR study exposed the probable binding site of the probe with the added mercury ion. In this study, the imine nitrogen and the C = O interact with the mercury ion, resulting in the ring opening of lactam with a vivid color change. The EDTA test was done to verify the reversible behavior of the probe and confirmed its reversibility by UV-visible and fluorescence spectral studies. The polymer bead made using this probe can be used as a tool for monitoring mercury ions in real time in different sources of water samples. The sensor molecule itself senses the mercury ion in its solid state by simple grinding and changes its color from pale yellow to deep purple. The sensor color change response is very rapid towards mercury detection, which is confirmed by the prepared test strip.

Optimizing cyanine dye properties for enhanced dyeing and inkjet printing on diverse Substrates: Photophysical and colorimetric investigations.

Cyanine-based cationic dyes with different substituents in the donor unit were easily synthesized using readily available starting materials. The prepared dye molecules were spectroscopically characterized by NMR, FT-IR, and HR-Mass, and their thermal stability was measured by TGA, DSC, and XRD. Based on the TGA and DSC measurements, it was concluded that all the dyes are thermally stable up to 200 °C. Also, powder XRD was studied for all dyes to identify the explicit crystallinity and morphological nature of the dyes. A dye dispersion solution was prepared for the proper dyeing of modacrylic fabric and the dyed fabric showed good color strength K/S for dyes R1, R2, and R6 and fragile color strength for R3, R4,and R5. These dyes are also used for printing on substrates like paper and fabric using ink-jet printing. These dyes were also used for transferability printing applications on various fabrics.

Tailored fluorophore design: Enhancing selectivity for cyanide ion sensing in water and food samples, and innovative device development.

A rigid fluorophore unit of Julolidine/coumarin fused with an indolium-conjugated system was built for the immediate and effective recognition of cyanide ions in a 90 % aq. DMSO solution. The probes are capable of displaying better sensitivity/selectivity for the cyanide ion over a wide range of other interfering ions. The probe JI showed an instant colorimetric variation, whereas the modified probe JCI showed both colorimetric and fluorimetric variation with cyanide ion. The observed detection limit values indicated excellent sensitivity of the probe to the cyanide ion. HRMS and 1H NMR studies confirmed that the mechanism of detection of CN- is via the nucleophilic attack on the electron-deficient indolium moiety of the molecule. Moreover, the probes are well proficient in selective recognition of cyanide in various real time applications (test strips, electronic sensor kit, food and water sample analysis).

An ICT-based highly fluorescent isoquinoline scaffold for selective Hg(II) detection in real-water samples: Development of a smart, low-cost RGB-Arduino electronic platform.

Selective detection and quantification of Hg2+ ions is crucial to minimize health and environmental risks. Fluorescent organic small-molecule probes have been expeditiously utilized owing to their unique set of improved properties. However, isoquinoline core has not been extensively explored as a fluorescence platform partly due to synthetic challenges. Herein, a serendipitously discovered synthetic route to access a small yet highly functionalized novel isoquinoline-based probe, IQ is reported. The synthesis is achieved through the in-situ generation of ammonia, followed by intermolecular [5C + 1 N] aza-annulation reaction with a ketendithioacetal-based precursor, P-IQ. IQ displayed excellent recognition ability towards Hg2+ ions in H2O:ACN (99:1, v/v) via ICT-off fluorescent quenching behavior. Comparative FT-IR, 1H/13C NMR, mass spectral studies, and DFT analyses were carried out to validate the suggested mechanisms. Reversible studies confirm the secondary recognition effect of in-situ generated (IQ + Hg2+) complex on cysteine. The binding constant and LOD were estimated to be 3.7 × 104 M-1 and 0.86 µM, respectively. Further, IQ was utilized to evaluate the mercury ion content in real water samples demonstrating its effectiveness in water quality monitoring. The practical utility of IQ was further explored by developing TLC strips, Whatman filter-paper strips, and a low-cost, portable Arduino-based platform. Arduino microcontroller is interfaced with an RGB sensor to detect color changes and quantify mercury concentration w.r.t. RGB values.

A novel fluorophore with multichromic effect and its application in LED light for the volatile vapor detection.

Successfully designed and synthesized diaryl maleimide DAM, and their structure was confirmed by mass spectroscopy and NMR techniques. They investigated their photophysical properties, such as solvatochromic and the aggregation effect of AIE/ACQ on the water/DMF ratio, and other studies of solid-state mechanofluorochromic, such as grinding, exposure to solvent fumes, hydrostatic pressures, and vapochromic. Interestingly, the solvent methods gave very similar results in both the dissolving phase and the vapor phase. For the solution state from hexane to CH2Cl2, a greenish-yellow to orange emission was observed. From hexane to dichloromethane, naked-eye colorimetric changes (from yellow to orange in a solid state) were observed. Very interesting results were obtained, the yellow solid was ground for 1 min, it turned into an orange color, and its wavelengths were red-shifted in both absorption and emission. Subsequently, the ground sample was exposed to diethyl ether vapors, which returned to the original green-yellow emission and absorption. The applied hydrostatic pressures (0-4Mpa) in DAM gave excellent red-shifted emission, and then their hydrostatic pressures were increased to 4-16 Mpa, and the red-shifted emission gradually decreased.

Highly emissions of TPA-linear based pyrazine derivatives with different mechanochromic luminosity.

We designed the TPA-based linear pyrazine derivatives of PP-1 and PP-2, synthesized using the conventional Suzuki cross-linking reaction. It was followed by photophysical studies such as aprotic solvent (Haxene to DMF). A red-shift was observed from the non-polar aprotic solvent to the polar aprotic solvent, and the emission intensity was gradually decreased. In addition, the Aggregation-induced emission (AIE) effect has been studied against the DMF/water addition of linear pyrazine compounds. It showed a classic aggregation-caused quenching effect (ACQ) and red-shifted at an increase of (fw) 0 to 40%. After this case, when the water fraction in these studies was increased by (fw) 50 to 90%, a blue shift and a mild AIE effect has occurred. And also, was investigated acidochromic effect of compounds PP-1 and PP-2 using TFA acid. Absorption and emission intensity were gradually reduced as the acid concentration increased for these studies, while the new peaks appeared red-shifted in the absorption spectrum. They were examined before and after exposure to UV light irradiation in the synthesized dye compounds.

Effects of Xanthene Fluorophore on Light Physical Properties and their Dyeing Performance on Modacrylic Fabrics.

We designed the new xanthene dyes by introducing the donor and acceptor group of electrons in the 5' position of the carboxyphenyl ring. These synthesized dye molecules were identified using spectroscopy. And the photophysical studies, such as solvent optimization, were further explored before and after photodegradation of all synthesized dye compounds in both states (solution and solid). The resulting dyed modacrylic fabrics and measured their K/S values, reflectance (%), solid UV absorbance, and photoluminescence. All compounds are plotted on a chromaticity map in the pink region. During photodegradation, the stability of the molecule depends on the effect of the functional groups (donor to acceptor). In this case, ln[C/C0] (%) became the decreasing sequence from an electron donor to acceptor, as the electrons followed from the donation function group to the carboxylic function group. Therefore, the electron-accepting group dyes decompose rapidly during ultraviolet radiation.

A novel class of xanthene dyes with chemically linked UV absorber molecule and their photophysical properties.

In this paper, we prepared a new class of chemically linked UV absorber XU2 & XU3, and their photophysical, chemical properties and substrate durability were investigated. Spectroscopic behavior at various solvent and pH levels for this dye solution has been evaluated. Successfully designed an open ring form of xanthene moiety, linked a UV absorber to it, and made XU2 & XU3 that have shown good absorbance and emission band maxima at all solvents and pH mediums. Further, the found UV-Vis absorbance band maxima (λmax), PL emission maxima (λem), molar extinction coefficient (εmax) and Stokes shifts (ΔνST) when compared to commercially available dye 1. The synthesised XU2 & XU3 have shown brilliant results from exposed UV light at irradiation processing time, due to the light energy passes through the molecule by keto-enol tautomerisation between phenolic hydrogen and carbonyl carbon like a six-member ring. So it can be acted as radioless behaviour in the visible region, and it can relax the energy without any assistance. Hence, the UV absorber has protected the compound like a UV Resistance.

A Pyrene-Tetrazole Fused Fluorescent Probe for Effective Real Time Detection Towards Aluminium Ion.

We constructed a novel-binding site for metal ion detection using a fused tetrazole ring conjugated with aminopyrene (R). The designed structure of the molecule was successfully synthesized and determined the probe's selectivity by testing various metal ions and found that the probe effectively detects Al3+ ion visually. Checked the sensing ability of the probe with different approaches (fluorimetric and colorimetric), and the effectiveness is double confirmed. The added Al3+ ion to R procured a rapid change in color from yellowish orange to colorless. Under the UV lamp, a turn-on blue fluorescence was observed after adding aluminium ion, whereas the probe was non-fluorescent before detecting aluminium ion. The probable interface of the probe with aluminium ion has also been expected from HRMS spectral analysis results. The probe's utility in real-time monitoring of Al3+ ion in water is confirmed by a simple test kit prepared using filter paper. The kit showed a possible naked-eye detection with a notable color change, and when checked, the aluminium ion detected test kit under a UV lamp showed blue fluorescence.

Simple easy to make xanthene based optical probe for solid and liquid state Hg2+ ion detection.

An easy to make xanthene based optical probe synthesized, precise recognition towards mercury ion been achieved by the probe RP and can detect Hg2+ effectively in both for solid and liquid state with a vivid color change. The other tested ion showed no interference, visual and instrumental methods confirms the probe selectivity. Stoichiometry (1:1) confirmed by job's plot, plausible binding of Hg2+ ion with the probe confirmed by mass and NMR studies. Test strip prepared for the prompt onsite detection in aqueous medium with outstanding color variation in daylight.

A simple tactic synthesis of hollow porous graphitic carbon nitride with significantly enhanced photocatalytic performance.

Hollow porous graphitic carbon nitride (porous CN) was synthesized via a simple tactic method, and the resulting porous CN showed an effectively modified surface area, crystal structure and enhanced photocatalytic performance. Optical and electrochemical characterization results demonstrated an increase in the charge transfer rate and a decrease in recombination tendency.

Spontaneous optical response towards cyanide ion in water by a reactive binding site probe.

Indolium derivatives bearing diphenyl amine (R1) and dibenzylamine (R2) linked through benzene was designed, synthesized, characterized and its cyanide recognizing abilities are studied in 100% water. The probes were exhibited dual channel properties i.e. both colorimetric and fluorimetric changes for the effective sensing of cyanide ion. The discrete color variation of probes with cyanide ion makes possible as colorimetric sensor and which was seen easily through naked eye. The recognition of cyanide ion is accomplished via the attachment of cyanide ion at the C atom of indolium CN group through nucleophilic addition. Also, the found detection limits of probes (nM range) were much lower than the WHO limit. Besides, the probes were effectively applied to determine cyanide ion in real water samples and thus was confirmed with HPLC method.

A Chromone Based Fluorescent Probe for the Effective Detection of Aluminium Ion.

A new chromone moiety fused with phenyl hydrazine carboxamide as a binding site for metal ion was designed and synthesized as a colorimetric/fluorimetric probe for selective sensing of Al3+ ion. The absorption and fluorescence spectral results showed selective and sensitive recognition of Al3+ with no significant interference from other competitive metal ions. The addition of Al3+ to R brought a prompt color change from colorless to yellow and the turn-on fluorescence response with Al3+ among different cations was studied. The visible color change and turn-on fluorescence Al3+ ion with R was attributed to the intra molecular charge transfer transition. The plausible binding nature of the receptor with Al3+ has also been anticipated by the results of 1H NMR and mass spectral analysis. For the practical effectiveness, test strip prepared using probe R was successfully applied to monitor the presence of Al3+ ion in aqueous medium.

Ultrasonic synthesis of α-MnO2 nanorods: An efficient catalytic conversion of refractory pollutant, methylene blue.

In this work, uniform α-MnO2 nanorods were synthesized via a simple hydrothermal followed by ultrasonication method using ultrasonic bath (20 kHz, 100 W) without using any surfactant and template. The crystallographic phases and surface morphology were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transition electron microscopy (TEM) analysis, respectively. Functional group identification and chemical states of α-MnO2 nanorods were confirmed by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The as-synthesized uniform nanorods of α-MnO2 exhibit excellent catalytic conversion of toxic organic contaminant (methylene blue (MB)) in the presence of NaBH4 as reductant. The α-MnO2 exhibits excellent stability up to four repeated catalytic cycles with nearly 92% conversion. The kinetic rate constant (k), and turnover frequency (TOF) were 0.736 min-1 and 0.02 mmol mg-1 min-1, respectively. In addition, the fast electron transfer mechanism were investigated and discussed. These results open a new avenue for developing various metal oxide catalysts, which are expected to be very useful catalytic conversions.

Ultrasound-assisted method to improve the structure of CeO2@polyprrole core-shell nanosphere and its photocatalytic reduction of hazardous Cr6.

In this work, the CeO2@polypyrrole (CeO2@PPy) core-shell nanosphere has been synthesized via an ultra-sonication method using bath type (WUC-D22H, Daihan Scientific, Korea) and they are utilized for the photo-reduction of hazardous Cr6+ to benign Cr3+. The ultrasonic frequency and power were 20 kHz and 100 W, respectively. The PPy shielded CeO2 in aqueous solution could prevent the dissolution of CeO2 and to improve the photocatalytic ability of CeO2. X-ray diffraction was used to confirm the crystalline structure of as prepared CeO2@PPy core-shell and FT-IR was used to identify the functional groups. The uniform sized core of PPy and shell of CeO2 were observed by transition electron microscopy. The ultrasonic assisted synthesized CeO2@PPy core-shell exhibits a narrow bandgap (UV-DRS) and good reduction efficiency with higher reusability and stability compared to pure CeO2, PPy and mechanical mixing of CeO2@PPy. Moreover, the synergistic effect of CeO2 and PPy core-shell structure facilitate a higher electron transfer rate and prolong lifetime of photogenerated electron-hole pairs which can achieve good reduction rate of 98.6% within 30 min. In particular, the pH, catalyst, and Cr6+ concentration effects were optimized in photocatalytic reduction reactions. Meanwhile, this photocatalysis with fast and effective electron transfer mechanism for the Cr6+ reduction was elucidated. This method opens a new window for simple fabrication of conducting polymers-based metal oxide nanocomposite towards wastewater remediation and beyond.

Visible Light Photo-Sensitized Metallo-Porphyrin/TiO2 Photocatalyst and Its Related Self-Cleaning Effects in Poly Ethylene Terephthalate.

Dye degrading property to exhibit self-cleaning effect in Poly Ethylene Terephthalate (PET) through photocatalytic effect by Metallo porphyrin and TiO2 has been studied in detail. PET has been modified by step wise deposition of anatase TiO2 and Metallo porphyrin (CuTCNPP, NiTCNPP, ZnTCNPP), self-cleaning property of the modified PET has been studied by photo degradation of rhodamine B (RB) by irradiation under visible light and the degrading ability and the efficiency has been monitored using UV-Vis spectral technique by measuring the change in concentration of RB in the PET at different time intervals. Stability of Metallo porphyrin in PET also measured by UV-Vis spectral method. Indicating the porphyrin attached in PET are highly stable after washing the samples with detergent, water even after irradiating under visible light for more than 5 h. The degradation effectiveness found to be in the order of PET/TiO2/ZnTCNPP > PET/TiO2/CuTCNPP > PET/TiO2/NiTCNPP > TiO2 > PET. The modification made in the PET samples were characterized and confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), Field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) analysis and the prepared Metallo porphyrin has been confirmed through mass analysis.